HISTORY OF
THE OLD CHERAWS
SOUTH CAROLINA
HERITAGE SERIES
NO. 9
A DRAFT OF
QUEENSBOROUGH TOWNSHIP.
TAKEN FROM OLD RECORD BOOK,
in Secretary of States 1 Office,
COLUMBIA, SOUTH CAROLINA.
TUSCAROR A S
T\ A W
tit
\
USCOCEES
CREEKS
A MAP OF THE SITES
OF THE
CHERAWS AND CATAWBAS,
WITH SURROUNDING TRIBES,
TAKEN FROM MAP IN VOL. I,
Transactions of American
Ethnological Society.
*=*?*=*
E
CTO
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HISTORY
THE OLD CHERAVS:
' J
CONTAINING
AN ACCOUNT OP THE ABOEIGINES OP THE PEDEE,
THE FIRST WHITE SETTLEMENTS,
THEIE SUBSEQUENT PROGRESS, CIVIL CHANGES, THE STRUGGLE OP THE
REVOLUTION, AND GROWTH OP THB COUNTRY AFTERWARD ;
EXTENDING PROM ABOUT A.D. 1730 TO 1810,
WITH
NOTICES OF FAMILIES AND SKETCHES OF INDIVIDUALS.
BY THE
EIGHT EEV. ALEXANDER GREGG, D.D.
BISHOP OF THB P. B. OHUEOH IK TBXAS,
POBMERLY RBCTOH OF ST. DAYID's OHT7BOH, CHBHAW, SO. OA.
NEW YORK:
RICHARDSON AND COMPANY,
14, BOND STREET.
1867.
ENTERED, ACCORDING TO ACT OF CONGRESS, IN THE
YEAR 1867, BY
RICHARDSON & COMPANY,
IN THE CLERK'S Omcs OP THE DISTRICT COURT o? THE SOUTHERN
DISTRICT of NEW YORK.
TO
THE DESCENDANTS OF THE FIRST SETTLERS ON THE UPPER PEDEE,
or
THE WHIOS OF THE OLD CHERAW DISTRICT AND LIBERTY
PRECINCT,
WHEREVER THEY ARE TO BE FOUND:
THIS TRIBUTE TO THE MEMORY OF THEIR FATHERS,
fs
BY
THE AUTHOB.
INTRODUCTION.
THE Author was induced some years since, at the instance of
the " Cheraw Lyceum," to investigate the history of the
Indian tribes formerly inhabiting the valley of the Pedee.
In the course of his researches, some very interesting
documentary matter connected with the first white settlers
of this region was unexpectedly discovered, which led to
renewed effort in that direction, and resulted in the collec-
tion from various sources of an amount of matter far beyond
anything which the most sanguine hopes in the outset could
have anticipated. This was the more gratifying, inasmuch
as in the histories of the State and the published memoirs
of some of the distinguished leaders of the Revolution, the
region of the Upper Pedee, embraced within the limits of
the Old Cheraw District, had literally found no place. It
was far removed from Charles-town, as well as from the
main routes of emigration, travel, and the Indian trade, all
which tended to the west and north-westward, where the
Cherokees held sway. None of the important battles of the
Revolution were fought in this portion of Carolina, though
it contributed largely to the number of those who took an
active part in the strife. The operations of Marion were
confined chiefly to the parts lower down on the river. Even
Judge James, who served in early life under that dis-
tinguished partizan leader, remarks, in his " Life of
Marion:" -"-As io the Old Cheraw District, where a
VI INTRODUCTION.
sanguinary warfare was waged between the Whigs and
Tories under General Thomas, their leader, nothing is known,
and it will, perhaps, remain ever unrecorded."
It may, therefore, be readily imagined with what delight
the materials of this unwritten history were recovered, how
the desire was naturally excited to give it publicity, and the
pride justly felt by one in the region of his nativity, to
rescue the noble deeds of those who had long since passed
away, from oblivion.
After gathering the materials for his narrative from every
accessible source, and carefully collating them, the Author
was called, in the providence of God, to make a permanent
removal from the State of his birth and the scenes of his
former labors. He has since found time to bring the work
to completion, esteeming it a tribute of affection due to those
ties and associations, ever so dear to man, which he has left
behind him.
Though in the main a local history, and for that reason
chiefly interesting to those who by nativity or descent are
more immediately connected with this portion of Carolina,
there is yet of necessity a close and continuous connexion
throughout with the history of the State at large a history
which, except by the aid of such detailed accounts of par-
ticular localities, can never be fully written. Much, there-
fore, of general interest will be found in the following pages,
more especially in the period which immediately preceded
the Revolution, and during the progress of that eventful
conflict. To the Whigs of the Old Cheraws, though with
very few exceptions hitherto unknown to fame, must a con-
spicuous place be assigned, for the part they took in pre-
paring the way for that early struggle for independence, and
in its prosecution afterwards.
If omissions appear in the account of families which came
at an early period to the Pedee, and are known to have taken
INTRODUCTION. Vll
an active and influential part in its subsequent history, it
is to be attributed to the fact, which none can regret more
than the Author, that after diligent and unremitting effort,
information was either not to be obtained, or failed, after
repeated application, to be procured from their descendants.
It is a melancholy fact, indeed, as has been painfully experi-
enced here in not a few instances, how little is known by
their posterity of the third and fourth generations, of ances-
tors who are worthy of being held in honored remembrance.
In this connexion facts could be given which would scarcely
be credited. Too little attention has been generally paid to
the preservation of such ancestral accounts, and of documen-
tary matter, invaluable in connexion with the history of
communities and public events of importance. To a few
such collections which happily escaped the ravages of time,
the Author has been largely indebted in filling up some of the
links of his narrative. He is under weighty obligations to
those who kindly furnished information and materials within
their reach j also to others who gave him access to public
libraries and the archives of the State, and desires in this
lasting form to give expression to his acknowledgments.
In a local history like the following, much of minute
detail as to persons and places is to be expected, constituting,
as it does, one of the chief attractions of such a narrative.
Where printed or documentary matter of permanent interest
and value could be given in full as recorded, the object has
been to present it literally in its original form, rather than
in the language of the Author. In this way only can the
materials necessary for general use in the future be preserved,
and the labor of those to come in more important paths of
historical inquiry be lightened. The hope is therefore
cherished that the intrinsic value of the matter collected, not
the style of its narration, may interest the reader. And if
a work, begun and prosecuted under the constant pressure of
Vlll INTRODUCTION.
other pursuits and labors, shall serve to make those for whom
he has chiefly written, better acquainted with the history of
their fathers, and do justice, though at so late a period, to
the memory of the noble men who have gone before, the
Author will feel that his effort is abundantly rewarded.
SAN ANTOIHO, TEXAS,
April, 1867.
HISTORY
OF
THE OLD CHERAWS,
CHAPTER I.
Indian tribes in Carolina Extent of their territory Other tribes Pedees
Kadapaws Localities of each Their origin Advent of the Catawbas
Their tradition Subsequent relation to tribes on the Pedee Lederer's
narrative Localities identified Sara, where First mention in public records
of tribes on the Pedee Visit of the Cheraws to Charlestown Governor's
visit to the Congerees Interview with Pedees Governor Glenn writes to
Governor Clinton Evans's Journal Cheraws visit Charlestowu Small-
pox prevails Removal of Cheraws and union with Catawbas Catawba
History Languages of tribes on the Pedee Meaning of " Cheraw"
"Pedee" Indian remains on the Pedee Indian habits and customs
Lawson's narrative Last of Cheraws and Catawbas.
THERE is a sad chapter in the history of the New World :
it is that relating to the Aborigines of America a people,
as all accounts agree, distinguished for many noble traits,
but invariably degenerating in character and habit as they
have come in contact with the " pale-faces," and taken
up their mournful line of march towards the setting sun.
When first known to the colonists, South Carolina is said
to have contained not less than twenty-eight tribes of
Indians, with settlements extending from the ocean to the
mountains. Of these tribes but a few names survive to
mark the localities they once inhabited; and these, with
such scattered remains as the waste of time and the level-
ling work of the white man have sparejd, are the only memo-
rials left to tell of their early occupancy of the soil. Of the
tribes which dwelt upon the Pedee and its tributaries, the
Saras, or Saraws, as they were first called afterwards
Charrows, Charraws, and Cheraws occupied the region still
* B
2 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHEBAWS.
identified by the name : their territory extending thence to
the coast, and along the coast from the Cape Fear to the
Pedee. This extensive region has been assigned to the
Cheraws by one of the most eminent ethnologists of America,
as among the sites of the Indian tribes when first known to
the Europeans, about the year 1600, along the coast of
the Atlantic.*
If such was the extent of their territory at that early
period, it would indicate a population which must have
been greatly diminished, when, upon the approach of the
Catawbas, a half century later, the supremacy of the Che-
raws over the smaller tribes around them, and even over
their own distinct nationality, would seem to have been lost,
or at least unacknowledged. Within these early territorial
limits of the Cheraws, and along the middle and lower
parts of the valley of the river, must be assigned the Pedees ;
and about the mouth of the river, the Winyaws. The
Kadapaws were found on Lynche's Creek, after the name of
which tribe that stream was called in the Indian tongue.
Of these, the Cheraws however they may have been dimi-
nished in number by disease and war, or perchance by some
dismemberment of their nation, and the removal of many,
of which no record or tradition remains continued to be
the dominant race on the Pedee ; the others having ever
been reckoned among the smaller and inferior tribes. Of
their origin nothing is known beyond the conjectures of
ethnologists. They have been assigned, but upon what
grounds does not appear, to the extensive family of Algon-
kins. These occupied that portion of North America on
the east extending from 35 to 60 N. latitude, and reaching
along the northern line of extension almost to the Pacific
on the west. Beyond this, as the track of aboriginal descent
and migration begins to be traced back, even conjecture is
lost in a sea of uncertainty.
The tribes on the Pedee continued in their feeble and
disconnected state (the Cheraws maintaining the supremacy)
until the arrival of the Catawbas from the north, with the
* See map annexed, by the late Albert Qallatin, vol. i. of " Transactions of
American Ethnological Society/'
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 3
history of whom their own was ever after to be inseparably
blended.
According to their tradition,* as it has been handed
down to very recent times, the Catawbas, at a period prior
or not long subsequent to the discovery and settlement of
North America by the whites, occupied a region far to the
northward, from whence, in course of time, they removed
to the south. Being a numerous and warlike race, they
vanquished the tribes with whom they came successively in
conflict on the way, until they met the Cherokees on the
banks of the river, afterwards called by their own name,
Catawba.
Here, as the tradition relates, a sanguinary ba.ttle ensued
between them, which lasted from morning until night,
darkness alone serving to put an end to the conflict. The
loss on both sides was heavy, though neither party gained
the victory. They slept on the field of blood among their
dead and wounded. With the approach of morning, pro-
positions of peace were made by the Catawbas, and accepted
by the Cherokees. According to the terms of the agree-
ment, the former were to occupy the country east of the
river, and the latter the territory on the west. Here they
solemnly agreed to live together as brothers; and, after
burying their dead, and erecting piles of stones as monu-
ments alike of their common loss, and of the peace and
friendship established between them, returned to their en-
campments, ever afterwards sacredly observing the terms of
the compact. This tradition of the Catawbas is confirmed
throughout by the fuller details which ethnological research
has added to their history. They appear to have been a
Canadian tribe, and to have left their ancient home about
the year 1650, pursued by the Connewangas, a superior and
more warlike tribe, with whom they had come in conflict.
Forced thus to remove, they turned their faces to the south-
ward, and fought their way, when necessary to do so, until
they approached the head waters of the Kentucky River.
* For this interesting traditional account, as given by the Catawbas, the
author is indebted to W. H. Thomas, Esq., of Qualla Town, No. Ca., who has
been intimately connected with them, as their head man, or chief, since their
removal to the western part of that State.
*' B 2
4 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
Here a separation took place, the larger number becoming
absorbed in the great families of the Chickasaws and Choc-
taws.
The remainder of the tribe stopped in what was after-
wards known as Bottetourt County, Virginia, but without
making any permanent settlement.
They removed thence in the year 1660, continuing their
journey to the south, and, as Adair wrote, " settled on the
east side of a broad, purling river, that heads in the great
blue ridge of mountains, and empties itself into San tee
River, in Amelia township, then running eastward of Charles-
town, disgorges itself into the Atlantic/'
On the banks of this river, the Eswa Tavora (as it was
called in the Indian tongue), they met the Cherokees,
whose extensive territory ran thence to the westward, and
there followed the sanguinary conflict, of which some ac-
count has been given.
In this battle 1000 of the bravest warriors were lost
on each side, greatly reducing the force of the Catawbas,
and doubtless making a permanent impression on their spirit
as a warlike race, for which they had been so celebrated in
the earlier periods of their history.
How the approach of the Catawbas was regarded by the
Cheraws, and whether any conflict ensued between them,
tradition does not inform us. The approach of a strong
and formidable tribe was generally regarded by the Indians
as a hostile demonstration and claim to dominion. Already,
doubtless, the decline of the Cheraws had commenced and
made such progress as to unfit them for contesting the
claim to supremacy. It was to be the story of a continuous
decline, and of a race scattered or absorbed into another
superior to themselves, the beginning of the last and most
mournful chapter in their history. A portion of the
Cheraws, however, must have remained distinct and inde-
pendent for more than a century later, as will be found in
tracing their subsequent course. They were henceforth to
be wanderers, the remains of their once extensive dominion,
with those of the smaller tribes around them, having passed
away to the Catawbas. The territory of the latter was
placed in 34 north latitude, being bounded on the north
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 5
and north-east by North Carolina ; on the east and south
by South Carolina; and about west and south-west by the
Cherokee nation.*
The smaller tribes on the waters of the Pedee, appear
after this period to have had but a nominal existence.
They had doubtless degenerated through the operation of
those wasting and destructive agencies at work in the his-
tory of the aboriginal races ; and, in addition, had under-
gone the process, common among the Indians, of becoming
absorbed in their conquerors or in the larger tribes around
them.
In this instance they were merged chiefly in the Cataw-
bas. About the year 1743, the language of the Catawbas
is said to have consisted of twenty different dialects, of
which the " Katahba" was the standard, or court dialect,
the " Cherah" being another. Scarcely anything beyond a
bare allusion to them by name is found relating to the
tribes on the Pedee in the earliest accounts of the Indians
of Carolina. With the exception of the Cheraws, they were
reckoned among the smaller and inferior tribes, most of
whom had then greatly degenerated and were rapidly ap-
proaching extinction. Brief allusions are found at an early
period to the several tribes in the Acts of the Assembly,
passed for the regulation and support of the Indian trade.
The larger tribes on the northern and western boundaries
of the Province engaged the attention of the Government
almost exclusively. The Catawbas formed a sort of barrier
against their incursions, and of them there is frequent
mention.
Of the Cheraws the first distinct relation in any contem-
poraneous record, is found in the explorations of John
Lederer, "in three several marches from Virginia to the
west of Carolina and other parts of the Continent ; begun
in March, 1669, and ended in September, 1670."f
Such at least is the case, if we are to understand by
" Sara/' as he writes it, the locality of the " Saraws," as
they were sometimes called, or Cheraw Indians. Thus, in
* Adair, p. 224.
f For a full account of this early American traveller, the reader is referred
to Dr. Hawks' " History of No. Ca.," voU ". pp. 4368, with maps annexed.
6 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
one of his journeys, Lederer says, " I departed from Watery
the one-and-twentieth of June, and keeping a west course
for near thirty miles, I came to Sara. Here I found the
ways more level and easy. I did likewise, to my no small
admiration, find hard cakes of white salt among them ; but
whether they were made of sea-water or taken out of salt-
pits I know not, but am apt to believe the latter, because
the sea is so remote from them. From Sara I kept a south-
west course until the five-and-twentieth of June, and then I
reached Wisacky. This three days' march was more trouble-
some to me than all my travels besides, for the direct way
which I took from Sara to Wisacky is over a continued
marsh overgrown with weeds, from whose roots spring
knotty stumps, as hard and sharp as flint.
" I was forced to lead my horse most part of the way, and
wonder that he was not either plunged in the bogs or lamed
by those rugged knots. This nation is subject to a neighbor
king residing upon the bank of a great lake called Ushery,
environed of all sides with mountains and Wisacky marsh."*
There is great difficulty throughout Lederer's narrative,
as Dr. Hawks more than once remarks, in determining the
routes by which he passed and the localities described. If
by " Watery/' the Wateree of the present day is to be un-
derstood, he could not by going west thirty miles to
" Wisacky/' and thence three days' march by a south-west
course to " Ushery," have reached the Santee; for by
" Ushery" the Santee was meant, if the authority quoted by
Dr. Hawks is correct : Col. Byrd, he adds, says that the
Indians living on the Santee River were called " Usheries."
If, on the other hand, amid the confusion of names which
could not have been very well defined at that early period,
we may understand by " Watery" the Pedee of the present
day, a journey of thirty miles to the west would have
brought Lederer to Lynche's Creek, the " Wisacky," and
three days' march from thence south- westwardly along the
swamp of Wateree, would have enabled him to reach the
Santee, environed by the " High Hills" which have since
become so famous, called by this early explorer, " Moun-
* Hawks' "History of N. C.," vol. ii. p. 49.
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 7
tains," and with an almost impenetrable swamp of vast ex-
tent, to which his description of a " marsh overgrown with
reeds/' would very well answer.
In support of this view, we find in Oldmixon's " History
of Carolina," published in 1708, reason for supposing that
the Pedee was then called by that name (Watery). De-
scribing the six counties into which Carolina, North and
South, was then divided, he begins with Albemarle, on the
borders of Virginia. Then follows an account of Clarendon
County, in which, he says, " is the famous promontory, called
also Cape Fear, at the mouth of Clarendon River, called
also Cape Fear River. The next river is named Waterey
River, or Winyan, about twenty-five leagues distant from
Ashley River : it is capable of receiving large ships, but in-
ferior to Port Royal, nor is yet inhabited. There is another
small river called Wingon River, and a little settlement
honoured with the name of Charles-town, but so thinly
inhabited that His not worth taking notice of. We come now
to South Carolina, which is parted from North by Zantee
River. The adjacent county is called Craven County."*
It is evident that the ' ' Waterey" here spoken of, was
the Waccamaw, or the lower Pedee, and not the Wateree
of the present day.
The Pedee being a much longer stream than the Wacca-
maw, it is not impossible that though the latter was known
by the name of Waterey, or Winyan near its mouth, the
former being supposed to form its extension higher up, was
also in like manner designated. Dr. Hawks remarks,
" Watery, Sara, Wisacky, and Ushery, would all appear to
have been in South Carolina, the last directly west of
Charles-town. If he made his journey then, entering the
State somewhere in Robeson County, he must have crossed
in a south-western line, and passing through Robeson
County into South Carolina, must have traversed that State
also in its entire width. The time occupied would not have
been sufficient for it. Lederer's Itinerary presents difficul-
ties which we confess we cannot satisfactorily solve."f
Oldmixon's " History," in Carroll's Collections, vol. ii. p. 446.
f Hawks' " History of N. C.," vol. ii. p. 52.
8 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
If, as is here conjectured, Lederer passed through Robeson
County into South Carolina, the supposition we have made
will appear the more probable. And it brings to light the
fact never before suggested or imagined, perhaps, that the
Pedee, in the earlier days of aboriginal history, was known
as " Sara." If it was so, the time and reason of the change
to Pedee can be left to conjecture only.
It might have taken place after the advent of the
Catawbas, and been brought about by them in order that
such a standing memorial of the " Sara" dominion might
be for ever obliterated ; or, what is yet more probable, the
" Sara" territory, once embracing the region higher up, but
afterwards confined to the coast, the Pedees, if succeeding
to it, would naturally have called the river after their own
name.
The earliest mention in the provincial records of any of
the tribes inhabiting the Valley of the Pedee, is found in
the proceedings of the Council or Upper House of Assembly,
December 15th, 1732.* It is in these words: "Mr.
Sanders and Mr. Waties came from the Lower House with
the following message. We herewith send your Excellency
a letter of great moment to this Government, relating to
the murder of a Pedee Indian, by one Kemp. We desire
your Excellency to take the proper measures to prevent the
ill consequences of it, by causing the offender to be appre-
hended and brought to justice, or otherwise as your
Excellency shall see fit."
Upon reading the message from the Lower House of
Assembly, and likewise the letter therein mentioned, com-
plaining that one Kemp, or Camp, an overseer at Black
River, or Georgetown, has barbarously murdered one of
the Peedee Indians,
''Ordered, That James Neale, Esq., Provost Marshal,
do immediately attach the said Kemp, or Camp, and bring
him before his Excellency, the Governor, in Charlestown,
to be dealt with according to law, and that all Constables
and other officers and subjects of his Majesty be aiding and
"Council Journal/' No. 5, p. 258, Secretary States Office, Columbia.
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 9
assisting to the said Provost Marshal in the execution of
this order."
This proceeding of the House was based upon the
following facts : " Appeared before this Board, Thomas
Burton and Wm. Kemp, and upon the affidavit of Thomas
Burton, and the information of Wm. Kemp concerning the
fact of an Indian fellow being killed, name Corn-White
Johnny, his Excellency issued the following order. On
the 17th January, 1733, in Council, upon hearing this day
the information of William Kemp, relating to the death of
Corn- White Johnny, and the affidavit of Thomas Burton,
it is ordered that King Harry, Captain Billy, George and
Dancing Johnny, and some of the relations of the deceased,
be and appear before me, the second Wednesday in February
next ensuing, to give an account of what they know of the
death of the said Indian, and that Wm. Kemp do attend
at the same time ; likewise that Mr. John Thompson, jun.,
is desired to acquaint the said Indians of this order."
This record is of interest now as evincing the jealous care
exercised by the Provincial Government for the protection
of those scattered and defenceless remnants of the Indian
tribes whose domain was fast passing away from them, and
who continued faithful to the whites to the close of their
history.
Of the result of the proceedings referred to no further
account appears.
We have next a brief, but interesting notice* of a visit
made to Charles-town by a few of the leading men of the
Cheraw and Catawbas in July 1739 : " On Saturday
last," said the Gazette of that day, " arrived in this town
eleven of the chief men among the Catawbas and Cheraw
Indians, who came to pay a visit to his Honour, the Lieu-
tenant- Governor, and inform him that some time since a
party of their people went out to war, and not meeting
with their enemies, had cut off a white family on the
* South Carolina Gazette, June 30 July 7tli, 1739. For access to this
invaluable historical collection a complete file of the old Gazettes, commencing
about 1730 the author is indebted to the courtesy of A. H. Mazyck, Esq., of
the Charleston Library. Only a few of the earlier numbers of the Gazette are
missing. At a later period a small portion was burned.
10 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
borders of Virginia ; that upon complaint made to them of
the said barbarous murder, they examined into the . facts,
and had put five of the ringleaders to death ; and that they
were determined to prosecute in the same rigorous manner
any of their people who for the future should be found
guilty of the like cruel practices. They met with a kind
reception from his Honour the Lieutenant- Governor, and
having received the usual presents from the country, they
set out this day on their return home, well pleased and
content."
The signal punishment visited by these tribes upon the
murderers of the whites, indicated their fidelity to the
Provincial Government, which continued to be as true as it
was lasting.
Of the Pedees mention is made a few years later. " In
Council, March 2nd, 1743, his Excellency, the Governor,
signed the following order to Mr. Commissary Dart, viz.,
to provide for the Pedee Indians now in town, the follow-
ing particulars, viz. :
" Presents. To the three head men, each of them, a gun
and knife ; to the others, each of them, a knife. For the
three women, each of them, a looking-glass, twenty bullets,
half a pound vermillion to be divided among them.
" Also, an order on Col. Brewton, for ten pounds of gun-
powder for use of said Indians."* The Pedees are men-
tioned again, with the Catawbas, in the following year. " In
Council, 25th July, 1744, the Governor admitted four
Pedee Indians to an interview in the Council Chamber,
who informed his Excellency that seven Catawbas had been
barbarously murdered by the Notchee Indians, who live
among them, which horrible deed having been confirmed by
Mr. Matthew Beard, who lives at Goose Creek, who had
certain intelligence of the same, saying, that the said Ca-
tawbas being drunk near Fuller Cowpen, near the four holes,
seven of them, while asleep, were murdered by the Notchees ;
which affair being taken into consideration, his Excellency,
by the advice of his Majesty's Council, ordered the follow-
ing letter to be despatched away, relating to that subject :
* "Council Journal," No. 11, p. 133.
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 11
" So. Ca., July 28, 1744.
si r ^ I have received information of an unlucky accident
which happened about a week ago, at or near the store be-
longing to the late Major Fuller, somewhere about the Four
Holes, where some Notchee Indians have fallen upon and
killed five or six of the Catawbas, being instigated thereto
by a person who keeps that store. The Catawbas, as I
understand, have already set out to take their revenge,
which has obliged the Notchees and Pedees to come further
down among the settlements for shelter. I must therefore
desire the favor of you to interpose in this matter, and to
prevent, as far as you 'are able, any bloodshed, till this
matter is fully enquired into. Then the guilty may be
punished, and if you find it necessary, to interpose with the
Militia in your parts to keep the peace. This I write at
the desire of his Majesty's Council. I hear they are at
Mr. Beard's Plantation, in the neighbourhood.
I am, with truth, yours,
To Hon. Wm. Middleton, Esq." " JAMES GLEN.*
About two years after this, the Governor, as was usual
when any difficulty occurred with the Indians, or to pre-
serve their friendship and maintain a due influence over
them, made a visit into the interior, at a certain place on
the Congarees, appointed by him for an interview with the
Catawbas, of which the following account was preserved .f
" The Governor arrived at Congarees 27 April, 140 miles
distance hence, where, on the bank of the Santee, the king
and a few of the head men met him. Yenabe Yalangway,
the King the old leader, Captain Taylor, Nafkebee, and some
others awaited on his Excellency. The next day the Go-
vernor addressed them. A place being erected for the
Governor to sit under, and the Union Flag hoisted, our
men were drawn out in two lines, through which the Indians
marched, when they were received with drums beating and
colours flying, and saluted with some small pieces of cannon :
after they had all taken the Governor by the hand, and the
King with some of his head-men, had placed himself near
* " Council Journal," No. 11, pp. 413, 414.
)- Gazette, June 2, 1746.
12 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
his Excellency, a person was sworn truly to interpret all
that should pass betwixt the Governor and the Indians ;
and then his Excellency addressed them in words, the pur-
port of which was to dissuade them from agreeing to a
proposition which had been made to them by some of the
other Indian Nations to join in a French war against
the people of Carolina. After which, presents were dis-
tributed, consisting chiefly of powder, guns, pistols, paint,
&c. The Governor had that morning received an express
from Mr. Brown (who trades amongst the Catawbas) acquaint-
ing him that some of the Pedees and Cheraws (two small
tribes who have long been incorporated with the Catawbas),
intended to leave them, which might prove of dangerous
consequence at a time when they were so closely attacked
by their enemies, the Northern Indians. Mr. Brown there-
fore entreated that, if possible, such a separation might be
prevented.
The Governor ordered the rammers of all the pistols
which he had delivered to the Indians to be laid upon the
table, desiring that such as were Pedees and Charraws might
advance, and they, being in a body near him, he spoke to
them in these words : " It gives me great concern, my
friends, to hear that you entertain the least thought of
leaving the Catawbas, with whom you have been so long
and so closely united. This union makes you strong, and
enables you to defend yourselves and annoy your enemies ;
but should you ever separate, you would thereby . weaken
yourselves, and be exposed to every danger. Consider that
if you were single and divided, you may be broke as easily
as I break this stick" (at the same time breaking one of
the rammers) ; " but if you continue united together, and
stand by one another, it will be as impossible to hurt or break
you, as it is impossible for me to break these," (his Excel-
lency then taking up a handful of rammers).
After this, they all promised to continue together in their
camp. The Governor then directed himself to the King of
the Catawbas, telling him that he would expect his answer.
To which the King replied at some length, assuring the
Governor of their continued friendship and fidelity.
The pledge of fidelity renewed on this occasion was
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 13
faithfully observed by these Indians throughout all their
subsequent history. Though often tempted by artful repre-
sentations and large promises to take up arms against the
people of Carolina, they could never be persuaded to do so.
Throughout the Indian wars, and the contest -with the
mother country, they continued steadfast in their devotion
to their early friends and allies, well meriting the aid and
protection extended to them by the State in the latter stages
of their decline and weakness.
That the Pedees owned slaves, will appear from the follow-
ing notice, published in the Gazette of the day, August 30
September 6, 1748 :
" Taken up by Michael Welch, overseer to the Subscriber,
on an Island called Uchee Island, a Negro Fellow, who
gives the following account of himself, viz., that he belonged
formerly to Mr. Fuller, and was J)y him sold to Billy, King
of the Pedee Indians ; that the Catawba Indians took him
from King Billy, and carried him to their nation ; and that
in endeavouring to make his escape from the Catawbas, he
was lost in the woods, and had been so a considerable time
before he was taken. He is a middle-sized Fellow, and a
little pot-bellied ; says his name is Fortune, but is suspected
to have another name which he does not care to own. Any
person having any right or property in the said Fellow, may
apply to the Subscriber, now in Charlestown.
" ISAAC MARKSDALE."
The Pedees and other smaller tribes, who now led a
wandering life, were in constant danger of being enticed off
by the more powerful and hostile nations of Indians, to join
them in their predatory excursions.
The following letters indicate the anxiety felt on the
subject by the Catawbas, as well as by the Provincial Govern-
ment at this period. The first* was addressed by the King
of the Catawbas to his Excellency, James Glen, Esq. :
" There are a great many Pedee Indians living in the
settlements that we want to come and settle amongst us.
We desire for you to send for them, and advise them to
* " Indian Book," vol. iii. pp. 163, 164, in Secretary of State's Office,
Columbia, S. C.
14 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHEBAWS.
this, and give them this string of wampum in token that
we want them to settle here, and will always live like
brothers with them. The Northern Indians want them all
to settle with us ; for, as they are now at peace, they may
be hunting in the woods or straggling about, killed by some
of them, except they join us, and make but one nation,
which will be a great addition of strength to us.
his
The x King."
Catawbas, 21st November, 1752." mark.
During the previous year viz., May 21, 1751 Governor
Glen had written to Governor Clinton, of New York, re-
specting the Congress of Indians to be holden at Albany,
for the purpose of uniting the different friendly tribes, and
preserving their friendship as a bulwark against the more
hostile. Of that letter, the following extract will suffice :
" Our first care/' said Governor Glen, " ought to be to
make all Indians that are friends with the English friends
also among themselves; and for that reason I hope you
and the other Governors and Commissioners will heartily
join your interest in removing all the obstacles to a peace,
in reconciling all the differences, and cementing together in
a closer union the northern and southern Indians, under
the name of Norw d> Indians. I include not only the six
nations, the Delewares, and Susquehanna Indians, but all
the different tribes who may be in friendship with them,
particularly those on the Ohio River; as under the name of
Southward Indians, I comprehend the Cherokees, the Ca-
tawbas, the Creeks (called sometimes Muscogee), the
Chickesaws, and such part of the Chactaws as are in our
interest, and all the tribes in friendship with these nations,
or that live amongst our settlements, such as Charraws,
Uchees, Pedees, Notches, Cape Fears, or other Indians ;
and I hope that all prisoners on each side will be mutually
delivered back."*
On the 14th of October, 1755, John Evans made a visit
to the Catawbas, by order of his Excellency, Governor
Glen. From his journal the following extracts are taken,
Indian Book," vol. ii. p. 96.
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 15
and will be found chiefly interesting here, as containing
some information respecting the Pedees :
" October 17th. Met a Catawba man and woman, and
informed by them, that in the summer, the Cherrackees
and Notchees had killed some Pedees and Waccamaws in
the white people's settlements.
"18th. I got into the Catawbas. King Hazier was gone
a hunting the day before ; the next morning they sent for
him, and he came in that night.
" Before he got into the nation, I made it my care to
inquire of the Pedees if they could not tell what people
killed the Pedees at Goose Creek, where the boys were
that was taken prisoners : answered, ' They could not tell
who they were, but understood it was the Notchees and
Cherokees that did the mischief/
" 21st. The king and head men met, and desired to
know what I was come for. I told them that there was
two Pedee women killed and scalped, and two boys carried
away from out of the settlements, and that it was done by
some of their nation ; and one Notchee, which was called
the Notchee Doctor, and his Excellency, the Governor, had
sent me to demand the boys ; and I then and there de-
manded these boys. I further acquainted them that his
Excellency, the Governor, desired that they would not come
into the settlements without they were sent for. The white
people might mistake them, and do them a mischief, be-
lieving them to be enemy Indians. I further said, that it
was his Excellency, the Governor's pleasure, that the Catawba
people should not attempt to carry away any of the Indians
that are now living in the settlements up to their nation on
any pretence whatever without his permission first. Their an-
swer was, that old men should always speak truth ; and the
most of them were grey-headed ; and they, for their parts, did
not hurt the Pedees, and did not know or believe the mis-
chief was done by any belonging to that nation; and
further said, that when the Northward Indians were in
their nation, they bound the same three women and two
men ; and the Catawbas released the three women, but the
Northern Jndians carried the men away.
" 22nd. I set out from the Catawba nation homeward,
16 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
and at night came to a eamp of Pedees. I acquainted
them with my errand to the Nation, and desired them to
let me know, if they could, who it was that killed and
scalped the Pedee women, and carried the boys away.
Lewis Jones, their chief, answered, that soon after the
Peaces were killed, he went down from the nation to the
settlements to inquire what harm was done by Goose
Creek. He met a Pedee Indian, named Prince, who lived
in the settlements; and Prince told him, that a day or two
before the mischief was done, there was five Cherokees and
one Notchee seen to go by Monck's Corner, and Lewis
John said, he did believe they scalped the women, and car-
ried the boys away. 1 "*
The Cher aw s, following the example of the Catawbas,
were true to the English, as they continued to be to the
colonists throughout the Revolution and afterwards.
They cheerfully endured the hardships of distant jour-
neys when called upon for aid. In the South Carolina
Gazette of June 2, 1759, this account was given : " On
Tuesday last, 45 Charraws, part of a Nation of Indians in-
corporated with the Catawbas, arrived in Town, headed by
King Johnny, who brought to the Governor the scalp of a
French Indian, which he had taken near Loyal-Henning.
He and several others that are with him here, were with
Gen. Forbes during the whole expedition against Fort Du
Quesne. Their chief business seems to be, to see his
Excellency and receive presents."
In the latter part of this year the great scourge of the
red man appeared amongst them, and carried off many
Indians in this part of the Province. In the Gazette of
December 8th- 15th, 1759, was this sad account of its
ravages : " It is pretty certain that the small-pox has lately
raged with great violence among the Catawba Indians, and that
it has carried off near one half of that Nation, by throwing
themselves into the river as soon as they found themselves ill.
This distemper has since appeared among the inhabitants at
the Charraws and Waterees, where many families are down,
so that unless especial care is taken, it must soon spread
* "Indian Book," vol. v. pp. 94, 95.
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 17
through the whole country, the consequences of which are
much to be dreaded. The smallpox went almost through
the Province in the year 1738, when it made prodigious
havoc, and has ever since been kept out of it by the salu-
tary laws enacted for that purpose." So destructive and
rapidly exterminative had been this disease among the
Indians from its first introduction, that its appearance
brought on a spirit of phrenzy and desperation. Ignorant
and grossly superstitious, they regarded it as a visible em-
bodiment of the Spirit of Evil the sentence of wrath from
heaven let loose upon them, from which there was no
escape. In this state of mind the disease found abundant
food for keeping itself alive and completing the work of
destruction. The white families at the " Charraws " and
" Waterees," who appear to have suffered severely at this
period, were doubtless unprepared for such a visitant, and
having not the means of prevention or cure at command,
yielded for a time, like their savage neighbours, to the fell
destroyer. At a later period, about the time of the Revo-
lution, some of the Catawba warriors having visited Charles-
town, there contracted the disease again, and returning,
communicated it to their Nation, which, -according to con-
temporaneous accounts, came well nigh being exterminated.
It was after this, having been sorely thinned by disease,
that they were advised by their friends to invite the Che-
raws to move, up and unite with them as one tribe. The
Cheraws here spoken of by the writers of the day, must
have been a part of the tribe which had maintained its inde-
pendence probably in the region lower down the Pedee or
on the coast, where they led a proud but feeble existence.
That some of them should have refused to submit to what
must have seemed to be the yoke of a foreign invader, is
not surprising. But their doom was sealed. No longer
able to maintain their isolated sway, or to resist the destruc-
tive agencies at work among them, a weak and declining
remnant, like the Catawbas themselves, they gladly ac-
cepted the invitation to unite their future with that of their
brethren who had gone before them.
And now was seen their last journey as the representa-
tives of a nation of ancient renown-.
18 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
Mournful as it was short, the march was soon ended ;
and henceforth these broken fragments were to constitute
hut one nation, under the name of Catawbas. For a while,
as at the first, the Cheraws retained their own language,
though ordinarily using the Catawba.
They lived in harmony together, their early feuds for-
gotten, and the jealousies of other days obliterated by those
common wants and saddened recollections which were
henceforth to mark their declining history. Within the
memory of persons now living, a few of the Cheraws have
visited the upper Pedee, to take a last look at the localities
which their own traditions had identified as the homes of
their fathers. About the year 1700, the Catawbas num-
bered 1500 warriors. Only a half century later this proud
band had dwindled away to 400. Their principal settlement
about this latter period was on the Wateree, where their
country was described as being " an old waste field, seven
miles in extent, with several others of smaller dimensions ;
which shows," it was added, " that they were formerly a
numerous people, to cultivate so much land, with their dull
stone axes, before they had an opportunity of trading with
the English, or allowed others to incorporate with them/'*
In 1787 they were the only organized tribe, under a
distinct name of its own, in South Carolina.
Their town, " Catawba/' contained then about 450 in-
habitants, of which net more than 150 were .fighting men.
In 1798 they are said to have been in the habit of holding
an anniversary meeting of a sadly interesting character. It
was intended to commemorate their former greatness, by
recounting the numbers and deeds of their ancestors, of
which tradition had kept them inform ed.f Well might the
Catawbas have been proud of that history. And well may
South Carolina cherish the memory of a people who main-
tained their friendship and their active devotion inviolate
throughout the long and trying period of conflicts waged
successively with savage foes, and those of the same language
and blood who came to reduce their American brethren to a
state of worse than colonial vassalage !
* "Adair." t "Barton's New View/' p. 51.
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 19
Of the liberal provision made for the Catawbas hi later
times by the Legislature of South Carolina, it is unnecessary
to speak.
A portion of them had removed at an earlier period to
Buncome county, North Carolina, west of the Blue Ridge,
and thither the miserable remnant, with few exceptions,
followed a few years since. Reduced in numbers by disease
and intermarriage, by the contracted territory to which they
had been confined while yet unfitted by the slow process,
through which the Indian must always pass, for agricultural
pursuits ; and withal, by those habits of idleness and dissi-
pation which the custom of leasing their lands to the whites,
arid the consequent want of employment had subjected them ;
drunken and wandering from place to place, their condi-
tion became as abject as it had once been elevated among
the red men of Carolina ! " In this rapidly declining tribe,"
says an eminent authority of recent times, " we behold the
remnant of the defeated, long-lost, and celebrated tribe of
the Eries." It is hoped that their history, in the materials
of which the public records of the State abound, will one
day, as it deserves, be fully written.
Of the languages of the Indian tribes once inhabiting the
valley of the Pedee, scarce a vestige is left, except the
names of the rivers and a few localities. The same remark
may be made of all the tribes which were found at the first
approaches of the white man on the coast of Carolina, from
Cape Hatteras to the Savannah.*
Of the meaning of " Cheraw," reasoning from the affi-
nities of the Indian tongues, a probable conjecture may be
hazarded. In Cherah, or Chera, as it seems at certain
periods of Indian history to have been called, is found a
close affinity with Chera-kee. In the language of the
Chera-kees, Cherah, or Chera, means fire. If, then, as seems
highly probable, Cherah is identical with Serah, or Saraw,
or Sara as Lederer called it now Cheraw, it may be con-
jectured to have meant the fire town. The site of the
present town of Cheraw, which has retained the name, with
slight changes, from an early period, may have been the
* " Transactions of American Ethnological Society/* vol. ii. p. 115.
c 2
20 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
scene of an extensive conflagration when occupied by the
Indians ; or, being situated on a high bluff, and visible as a
point of observation and alarm for miles across, it may have
been a signal station, as such prominent localities often
were, to gain the knowledge of an enemy's approach, or
other danger, and hence may have been called Cherah ; in
Cherokee, the fire-town : or, as may seem yet more probable,
in another view ; if, about the period of their first distinct
existence as a tribe, being possibly an offshoot from theChera-
kees,at the era of some internal struggle and partial dismem-
berment of that once powerful and widely extended nation,
the Cherahs, or Cheraws, were noted as fire-eaters, as some
of the Indian tribes have been, the original of the name may
be found in this circumstance Cheraw meaning fire-eaters.
After all, however, it is one of those points, the original
of language in the aboriginal races, which, without the light
of contemporaneous history, must ever remain involved in
more or less of darkness and uncertainty.
Of the meaning of " Pedee," nothing is known. It has
even been made a question whether the name is of Indian
origin ; and the opinion has been advanced that it is not, on
the ground that it appears to have been unknown prior to
the English colonial settlements. Hence it is conjectured
that it was of subsequent origin, having had its beginning,
perhaps, in the initials of a white man's name, as of Patrick
Daly, for example P. I), first carved upon a tree, then
Indianized, and so changed into Pedee, as we now have it.
This theory, however, is wholly untenable.
That the name is not mentioned by the earliest writers, is
readily accounted for by the fact that the Pedees, if ever a
people of any note, had then become an insignificant tribe ;
whereas only the more powerful nations of Indians engaged
attention at first, or were so much as known by name. The
earliest mention of Pedee is found in the account of the
Eleven Townships, one of which was to be laid out on that
river. This was about the year 1731-32.* But then it was
spoken of as having already been in familiar use. It was
spelt, too, not as if it had come from two capital letters, the
initials of a proper name.
* Carroll's " Historical Collections," vol. ii. p. 124.
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 21
Both the analogy and euphony of the Indian tongue in-
dicate, beyond all doubt, that Pedee had the same original
as Santee, Congaree, Wateree, Uchee, and Sewee, all of
unquestionable Indian birth, and the names of neigh-
bouring and cognate tribes. That the name Pedee does
not appear in he earliest published accounts of Carolina
may be attributed to the fact that for a considerable time
after the first settlement of the Province, scarcely anything
was known of that part of the State, because out of the
line of the main route of travel, far in the interior, and at a
later period only coming into notice.
Of the Indian remains on the Pedee which are still to be
seen, though but little trace is left, there is nothing dis-
tinguishable from those in other parts of the State, of
which full accounts have been given. In some instances
these remains are so numerous as to indicate the existence
of once populous settlements. These settlements, as
usually the case with the aborigines, were made upon the
banks of rivers and other large streams, on account of the
fertility of the soil, for fishing purposes, and other facilities
thereby afforded.
In most instances on the Pedee where these remains are
yet to be seen, are found large collections of fragments of
pot-ware of varied shapes, sizes, and devices. It is difficult
even to conjecture why such quantities of these were de-
posited at points not far removed from each other. They
could scarcely have been the result of large accumulations
in those places where the pot- ware was made, for they are
generally found to be well-finished specimens of their kind,
and evidently parts of vessels which were once in use. Nor
does it appear to be a well-founded opinion, sometimes
advanced, that upon the sudden breaking up of the Indian
settlements, for whatever cause, these vessels of ornament
or use were heaped together in one confused mass, and
with such other chattels as could not be removed, aban-
doned for ever. Their appearance indicates that they were
broken by violence; and what is more remarkable, of all
the specimens taken up at random in any single locality,
scarcely any two are found to be exactly alike in outward
device and finish.
22 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHEKAWS.
The ornamental lines and figures on the exterior are in
many cases well executed, and for the untutored savage, ex-
hibit a high degree of art. The questions, how they were
broken, why collected in such strangely-mingled masses,
and why other remains, as the pipe, the arrow-head, the
stone axe, &c., are not generally found among them, will
remain unanswered ; and like so much else we would fain
know respecting these early occupants of the soil, continue
perhaps among the secret things of their history.
A large vase or jar,* of three gallons' capacity, was washed
up a few years since by the waters of a freshet on the east bank
of the Pedee, in Marlborough district, near Spark's Ferry. It
is in a state of almost entire preservation, but not so highly
finished as are many of the broken specimens which have
been recovered. Like those to which Lawsoii alludes, in
his account of the Congerees, this jar has a hole in the
bottom, not smoothly cut, but roughly and irregularly
made, as if punched through by some blunt instrument
after the vessel was finished. Lawsoii supposes that they
were sometimes used for burial purposes, and that the holes
were made in the bottom to let off the morbid juices of the
body going to decay. Some of the specimens of pot- ware
found are highly finished ; and, upon the whole, appear to
warrant the conclusion arrived at by the first and most
thoughtful travellers among our Indian tribes, and since
clearly demonstrated by the results of later explorations,
that those whom the Europeans found, on their first
discovery and settlement of the country, were not the
ancient dwellers in this part of the new world.
" The earthen pots/' says Lawson, " are often found
under ground, and at the foot of the banks, where the
water has washed them away. They are for the most part
broken in pieces; but we find them of a different sort, in
comparison of those the Indians use at this day, who have
had no others ever since the English discovered America.
The bowels of the earth cannot have altered them, since
they are thicker, of another shape and composition, and
* This vessel was presented to the Cheraw Lyceum, by Col. J. D. Wilson, of
Darlington.
HISTORY OF THE OLD CIIERAWS. 23
nearly approach to the urns of the ancient Romans."* We
are told that they made earthen pots of very different sizes,
so as to contain from two to ten gallons ; large pitchers to
carry water, bowls, dishes, platters, basons, and a prodigious
number of other vessels of such antiquated forms, that it
would be almost impossible to describe them.
Some of the specimens, in a fragmentary form, and
others in a state of preservation, Avhich were found on the
Pedee, are of different shapes, and curiously finished. Of
these one is very small, not holding more than a gill, and
seems to have been used for paint, or some other valuable
liquid.
Another,f of which the lower portion only is left, has the
exact shape, the outward finish, and as much the appearance
of a pineapple as if it had been carefully fashioned after that
as a model. The process of glazing was simple, and con-
sisted in placing the vessels over a large fire of smoky pitch
pine, which made them smooth and shining. " Their lands
abounded in proper clay for that use, and even with porce-
lain, as has been proved by experiment." When first dis-
covered on the coast, the Indians were found to cultivate a
variety of grains and vegetables. The process of clearing
their lands has been minutely described. Their stone axes,
of which specimens have been found on the Pedee, resembled
a wedge or smithes chisel, and weighed from one to two or
three pounds. They twisted two or three tough hickory slips
about two feet long round the notched head of the axe, and
by means of this simple contrivance deadened the trees by
cutting through the bark, after which they fell by decay, or
having become thoroughly dry, were easily burned.
With these trees they kept up their annual holy fire. In
the first clearing of their plantations they only barked the
larger timber, cut down the saplings and underwood, and
burned them in heaps. As the suckers put up, they chopped
them off close by the stump, and so made fires to deaden
the roots, till in time they also decayed. The burning of
the grass and underwood in the forests is said to have been
an ancient custom of the Indians. This may account for
* Lawson, pp. 169, 170.
f This was also presented to the Cheraw Lyceum by Col. Wilson.
24 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
the fact which has been mentioned in connexion with the
first settlements by the whites in the interior, that in many
places the woods were found open to such an extent that
even small objects could be seen to a great distance. These
burnings were practised by the Indians, as we are told, " in
order to allure the deer upon the new grass, as also to dis-
cover the impressions of their enemies' tracks in the new
burnt ground, distinguishable to their women and children,
in case the raven should be sick or out of the way (thus they
call the look-out, whose business it is to recognise the
avenues of their towns), who, as well as any other Indian
(as they all apply themselves to hunting) are by practice so
keen and precise, that they can distinguish and follow a
track, be it of a white man, negro, Indian, or be it of a bear,
deer or wolf, horse or cow, even on hard bottom, not ad-
mitting of impression so as on soft ground, although covered
all over with leaves, so that the ground itself is not visible,
and even bare of any grass or bushes, which by their irregular
bend may indicate a creature human or animal having
trod upon or brushed by it."* Having cleared their lands
in the primitive manner before described, the Indians used,
in planting and tilling, their own made instruments. After-
wards a common hoe was the only implement employed in
the cultivation of the soil. They prepared their corn for use
by beating it till the husks came off, then boiling it in large
earthen pots. For pounding the corn, mortars were made
by cautiously burning a large log to a proper level and
length, then placing a fire on the top and wet clay around
it in order to give the interior a proper shape. When the
fire was extinguished, or occasion required, they chopped the
inside with their stone instruments, patiently continuing the
process until they finished the vessel for the intended
purpose.
In certain localities on the Pedee, which appear to have
been the centresf of their once extensive settlements, many
tumuli were once to be seen.
* B. R. A., H. M.'s Philosophico-Historico-Hydrogeography of South Caro-
lina, Georgia, and East Florida, 1751. Edited and republished by Plowden,
C. J. Weston, 1856. P. 189.
f The plantation of the late James M'Call, Esq., in Darlington District, on
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 25
They were similar to some of those described by Bartram*
in East Florida, near the river St. Juan ; " where/' he ob-
serves, " I found the surface of the ground very uneven by
means of little mounts and ridges. I had taken up my
lodging on the border of an ancient burying-ground ;
sepulchres or tumuli of the Yamassees, who were here
slain by the Creeks in their last decisive battle. These
graves occupied the whole grove, consisting of two or three
acres of ground."
During a visit of the author in 1859 to the upper part of
Marlboro ugh District, near the North Carolina line, a
mound was pointed out to him which is related by tradition
to have been the scene of an Indian battle. On a subse-
quent occasion it was visited for the purpose of exploration.
It appears to have been raised originally but a few feet
above the surface of the adjoining level, and had been almost
entirely washed down. Its dimensions were about ten by
fifteen feet. Many years before, a partial excavation had
been made, and in digging down on this occasion for a short
distance small pieces of bone were found mixed with the
earth throughout, so that no opinion could be formed as to
the depth of the first layer of bodies. Four feet below the sur-
face a point was reached where the soil had not been disturbed,
and a little below this were found from four to six skele-
tons, lying regularly, in a horizontal position, with the feet
to the east, having evidently been placed in two layers. The
larger bones were in a comparative state of preservation, and
one of the jawbones with the teeth entire, apparently of a
person about middle age. With the bones were found a
stone hatchet, a beautiful arrow-head, and a pipe, and strange
to relate, the smell of tobacco about the pipe was perceptible
for several hours after the exhumation. The tradition re-
lating to the battle and the burial was well founded, and
carried them nearly a century back.
As to tobacco, the Indians affirmed, as some of the
earliest travellers among them inform us, that the use of it
the Pedee, is an instance of this, where many remains of the kind were once
visible, though now for the most part levelled by the plough.
* Bat-tram's "Travels in the Carolinas, Georgia, East and West Florida,"
1773-74.
26 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHBRAWS.
was known to them before the Europeans discovered the
continent. The skill of the Indians in medicine, in certain
diseases, was remarkable, the process of cure baing simple
and expeditious. The knowledge of some of the most
valuable plants now in use was derived from them."*
Some of the customs of the Indians of Carolina indicated
a degree of kindness and social affection, as well as an ap-
preciation of duty, of which they are not generally supposed
to have been possessed. When, for example, one of their
own nation had suffered any loss by fire, or otherwise, he
was ordered to make a feast, to which all the tribe was in-
vited. After they had partaken of the feast, one of their
speakers, generally a grave old man, delivered a harangue,
informing them of the particulars of the loss sustained, and
of their duty under such circumstances. After which, every
man, according to his quality, threw down some present
upon the ground, of beads, skins, furs, or other valuables,
which often amounted to treble the loss incurred.
So, if one wished to build a canoe, or make a cabin,
they rendered him assistance, saying, " There were several
works which one man could not effect, and that therefore
they must help him ; otherwise their society would fall, and
they would be deprived of those urgent necessities which
life requires." If a woman lost her husband, and had a
large family of children to maintain, she was always assisted.
The young men of the tribe were made to plant, reap, and
do anything she was not capable of doing herself. At the
same time they would not suffer any one to be idle, but
compelled all to employ themselves in some work or
other, f
As to religion, they believed generally that the world was
round, and that there were two spirits, the one good and
the other bad. The good spirit they reckoned to be the
author and maker of everything. It was He, they said,
who gave them the fruits of the earth ; and taught them
to hunt, fish, and be wise enough to overpower the beasts
of the wilderness and all other creatures, that they might
be assistant and beneficial to man. They did not believe
* Lawson, p. 172. f ^awson, pp. 178, 179.
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 27
that the good Spirit punished any man in this life, or that
to come, but that he delighted in doing good, and in making
his creatures wise and happy. The bad Spirit (who lived,
as they thought, separate from the good spirit) they made
the author of sickness, disappointment, loss, hunger, travail,
and all the misfortunes that human life is incident to.
Some of our aborigines were found to have traditions of the
great Deluge, and of this event they gave a curious descrip-
tion. Of some of their practices, and one in particular,
Lawson gives a singular account. He says : " Several
customs are found in some families, which others keep not ;
as, for example, the families of the Mach-a-pangas use the
Jewish custom of circumcision, and the rest do not ; neither
did I ever know any other amongst the Indians that prac-
tised any such thing ; and perhaps if you ask them what is
the reason they do so, they will make you no manner of
answer : which is as much as to say, I will not tell you."*
They seemed to have been unwilling, for the most part, to
give any account of their customs, particularly those of a
religious character.
And so, the same writer remarks, that he knew them, for
days together, to be amongst their idols and dead kings,
though he could never get admittance to their sacred places
to see what they were doing. The fact of their practising
idolatry at all has been positively denied by other travellers,
who profess to have informed themselves of all that relates
to their habits and customs. It is likely that the different
tribes, remote from each other, and possibly of different
origin, differed much in their customs and traditional obser-
vances, and hence the conflicting accounts which have been
given. Of one custom, remarkable as it is suggestive, which
Lawson affirms to have prevailed among the Indians of Carolina,
and of which no other writer is believed to give any account,
it may gratify the curiosity of the reader to be informed.
It is very certain that it must have nipped the risings of
aboriginal Young Americanism in the bud, leaving to a far
superior race to exhibit, in the management of their youth,
much more indecision and weakness.
* Lawson, pp. 210, 211.
28 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHEHAWS.
" There is one most abominable custom," says Lawson,
" which they call husquenawing their young men, which I
have not made any mention of yet.
" Most commonly once a year, or at farthest, once in two
years, these people take up so many of their young men
as they think are able to undergo it, and husquenaugh
them, which is to make them obedient ami respective to
their superiors, and (as they say) is the same to them, as it
is to us to send our children to school, to be taught good
breeding and letters. This house of correction is a strong,
large cabin, made on purpose for the reception of the young
men and boys, that have not passed this graduation already ;
and it is always at Christ-mas that they husquenaugh their
youth, which is by bringing them into this house, and keep-
ing them dark all the time, where they more than half
starve them. Besides, they give them Pellitory bark, and
several intoxicating plants that make them go driving mad
as ever were any people in the world ; you may hear them
make the most dismal cries and bowlings that ever human
creatures expressed; all which continues about five or six
weeks, and the little meat they eat, is the nastiest, loath-
some stuff, and mixed with all manner of filth it's possible
to get. After the time is expired, they are brought out of
the cabin, which never is in the town, but always a dis-
tance off, and guarded by a jailer or two, who watch by
turns. And, when they first come out, they are poor as
ever any creatures were ; for you must know several die
under this diabolical purgation. Moreover, they really
either are, or pretend to be drunk, and do not speak for
several days ; I think, twenty or thirty ; and look so ghastly
and are so changed, that it's next to an impossibility to
know them again, although you was never so well acquainted
with them before. I would fain have gone into the mad-
house, and seen them in their time of purgatory j but the
king would not suffer it, because he told me, that they would
do me or any other white man an injury that ventured in
amongst them ; so I desisted. They play this prank with
girls as well as boys, and I believe it is a miserable life
they endure, because I have known several of them run
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHEKAWS. 29
away at that time to avoid it. Now, the savages say, if it
was not for this, they could not keep their youth in sub-
jection : besides that it hardens them after to the fatigues
of war, hunting, and all manner of hardship, which their
way of living exposes them to. Besides, they add, that it
carries off those infirm, weak bodies, that would have been
only a burden and disgrace to their nation, and saves the
victuals and cloathing for better people, that would have
been expended on such useless creatures."*
Lawson is the only one of the early Indian travellers in
South Carolina, except Lederer, who passed through those
parts of the State inhabited by the ancient dwellers on the
Pedee. A. large part of his book, however, is taken up
with the natural history of North Carolina. He commenced
a journey from Charlestown, December 28th, 1700, passed
up the Santee and Wateree Rivers, and thence probably
across to the Yadkin, and through North Carolina into
Virginia. Among the Catawbas he must have met with
the Cheraws and Pedees, if not in the parts higher up on
our own river, though he does not mention them by name.
In speaking therefore of the Carolina Indians generally,
his remarks will apply to these, as well as others more par-
ticularly mentioned.
A few years after he was put to death in a most barba-
rous manner by the Indians in Eastern North Carolina ; to
which State he had rendered most important service as
Surveyor-General, as well as by his interesting account of
the Natural History of that region.
The author at one time cherished the hope of procuring
some valuable traditional matter as to the Cheraws, through
Wm. H. Thomas, Esq., of North Carolina, of whom men-
tion has already been made. It was thought not unlikely
that during his long and familiar intercourse with the Ca-
tawbas, Mr. Thomas might have gathered from their tradi-
tions something of the history of the Cheraws before the
union of the tribes ; but the hope was disappointed. The
tradition of the Catawbas, already related, seems to be all
Lawson, pp. 233-34.
30 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
they have preserved. Every other source of information ,
now accessible, has been exhausted. And with the account
here given, meagre and unsatisfactory as it is, we must be
content, leaving these early occupants of the soil, proud and
valiant and numerous as they once were, in that darkness
and oblivion, to which the red man, as he has receded west-
ward before the advancing tide of civilization, has ever been
consigned.
HISTORY OF THE OLD CI1ERAWS. 31
CHAPTER II.
First settlements in the province Establishment of counties Craven County
Some account of it The boundaries and extent Difficulty as to dividing
line between Craven and Berkeley Province divided into ten parishes
First parochial organization in Craven County St. James' Santee Its
extent Prince George Its boundaries Prince Frederick next established
Settlement of line between Prince George and Prince Frederick Letter
of Col. Pawley Petition and counter-petition to Council on the subject
Pedee not known in early history of province History of dispute as to
dividing line between Xorth and South Carolina on the north-east and north
Some account of the survey Conclusion.
MANY years passed away after the first settlements on
the coast of Carolina before they began to extend very far
into the interior. The country had not been explored, and
the Indian, jealous of encroachment upon his hitherto un-
interrupted domain, was hovering with murderous design
upon the borders of civilization. It was necessary, there-
fore, for their own protection that the whites should remain
together, and cautiously advance, as accessions were made
to their numbers, in search of richer lands towards the
middle and upper parts of the province. In the meantime
the people, who had hitherto lived under a kind of military
government, now began to form a legislature for establish-
ing civil regulation. Accordingly, the first parliament (as
it was styled) held in South. Carolina, was called together
in 1674; and at this meeting acts were passed, which were
ratified by the proprietors, and preserved in the records of
the colony.*
In 1682, it was found necessary to divide the inhabited
parts of the province into counties, of which three were
laid out Berkeley, embracing Charlestown, and the space
around the capital, extended from Sewee on the north to
Stono Creek on the south ; beyond this to the northward
was Craven county ; and to the southward Colleton county,
all extending within the land to a distance of thirtv-five
Hewitt's " History of S. C.'Mn 1st Carroll, p. 59.
32 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
miles from the sea-coast.* Shortly after, Carteret county
was added to the number. These counties were subdivided
into squares of 12,000 acres each, for the several shares of
the proprietors, land- graves, and cassiques.f
Craven, formerly denominated Clarendon county, em-
braced in its subsequent extension a much larger territory
than the other counties. From Berkeley, on the south, it
reached towards Cape Pear on the north, and with North
Carolina for one boundary on the north and north-east, and
the Santee and its branches on the other sides, it extended
through a wide belt of country from the sea-coast to the
mountains.
At the time of the division into counties, Craven was so
sparsely settled as not to be politically considered. But,
twenty years afterwards, it was described as being pretty
well inhabited, the Huguenots having settled on the Santee,
about which time it sent ten members to the Assembly. It
took its name from William, Earl of Craven, one of the
first lord proprietors, and long retained it.
This county embraced the region of the Pedee through-
out its course, from the North Carolina line southward.
Some account, therefore, of its political divisions will be
given, extending down to the period of those settlements in
the upper parts of the Pedee country, to which attention is
to be directed.
Not long after the division, some disputes appear to have
arisen as to the dividing line between Berkeley and Craven
counties, and an Act of Assembly! was passed in 1733 to
settle the same.
The first parochial organization in Craven County was
under an Act of Assembly of 1706, commonly called the
Church Act, passed for the establishment of religious wor-
ship according to the Church of England, and for erecting
churches.
It divided the Province into ten parishes, of which Craven
County constituted one, by the name of St. James, Santee.
* Rivers' " History 8. C." p. 134.
f Oldmixon in Carroll's " Collection," vol. ii. p. 409.
J " Public Laws of So. Ca." p. 176.
" Statutes at Large of S. C." vol. ii. p. 330.
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 33
By a further declaratory Act passed in 1708, the bounds of
the several Parishes were defined, and those of St. James,
Santee, were restricted as follows : " To the N.E. by
Santee River, to the S.E. by the Sea, and to the S.W. by
Berkeley County/' In 1721* the Parish of Prince George,
Winy aw, was established, bounded " on the S.W. by San-
tee River, on the N.E. by the Cape Fear River, on the
East by the Ocean, and on the West as far as it shall be
inhabited by his Majesty's subjects/' Up to this time,
however, the settlements had not extended far to the north
and north-westward.
They were gradually going up along the line of the
rivers, with their rich alluvial bottoms. The population of the
Province receiving constant accessions from abroad, began
at length to find its way into the interior ; and the need of
extending organizations was felt, with the privilege of repre-
sentation and other facilities for progress which would be
thereby afforded. In 1 734, this need of a portion of the
inhabitants of Craven County was recognised, and a further
division took place; the Parish of Prince Frederick being
established, and taken from that of Prince George, Winyaw,
embracing, according to the terms of the Act, the region of
the Upper Pedee on the West.f
It was soon after found, however, that this division was
not sufficiently definite as to the Northern line. Accordingly
in the following year, 1735, the Act was so changed as to
make the said line extend due North over Pedee River to
the utmost bounds of the Province, it being provided " that
the tract of land to the East of the said line, between that
and the Sea, should be deemed as part of the Parish of
Prince George, Winyaw, and on the other side of the said
line to the West, a part of the Parish of Prince Frederick.";]:
Of the existence and operation of this amending Act,
there appears to have been a singular oversight at a later
period, as will be seen hereafter.
Dissatisfaction still continued to exist as to the dividing
line between the two Parishes, on account of its extension
* 3 " Statutes," p. 171. f 3 " Statutes at Large," p. 374.
J "Public Laws,V p. 141.
D
34 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
across the Pedee. The following letter of Colonel George
Pawley brought the matter to the notice of Council :
" June 7th, 1739.
" Please your Honour, I think it my duty to inform
your Honour that the dividing line of Prince George and
Prince Frederick's Parishes is not yet finished according to
the additional Act made, which was to cross Pedee River,
"and continue a North course till it touch the Provincial line ;
which, if it is done, will, in my humble opinion, break that
small company as is of late erected on that Neck lying be-
tween Great Pedee and Little Pedee rivers ; also, it will
cross some part of Queensborough Town-ship, which is a
Parish of itself. Therefore, if your Honour pleases to think
on it, I don't doubt but you will be of the opinion to have
Great Pedee the boundary of the Parish upward from where
the line is marked and strikes the said River ; for as it now
stands, there is a confusion among the Inhabitants, not
knowing in what Parish they belong; also, the Surveyors
know not how to certify their Plots, some for one Parish and
some for the other. Therefore, if the river be the Bounds,
the work is done, and no charge to the Publick ; and that
your Honour may have a better idea, I have drawn a small
Draft of the Rivers in these Parts ; so I beg your Honour will
be so good as to forgive, if I have done amiss, for it is not
my intent so to do, but the hearty desire for the good of
the place. So beg leave to subscribe myself your Honour's
most obedient, humble servant to command,
" GEORGE PAWLEY."*
" To the Hon.Wm. Bull."
Whereupon, it was " Ordered, that the Clerk do draw out
two copies of Mr. George Pawley 's letter, with the Draft of
the Rivers, one of them to be sent to the Parish of Prince
Frederick's, the other to be sent to the Parish of Prince
George, to know whether they have any objection to make
to the proposals contained in the said letter, for settling the
Boundary of these Parishes, and to return an answer."
The matter having thus been referred to the inhabitants,
* "Council Journal," No. 7.
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 35
action was taken by them ; and on the 25th of January,
174.2, a Petition from sundry inhabitants of Prince George
was laid before Council/ praying that the Great Pedee
might be made the dividing line between the parishes ;
" because, as it was to be seen by the Act of 1734-35, it
would divide the narrow strip of laud between Great and
Little Pedee rivers, and run alternately in the swamp of
one or the other, which would be impracticable to run, and
the branches of Little Pedee would sometimes make it dif-
ficult to distinguish that river, the lakes, &c." This petition
was signed by George Pawley, John Woodbury, David
Cherrey, and thirty-eight others.
A counter petition was at the same time presented by
John Avant, and nineteen others, inhabitants of Prince Fre-
derick's, praying the line should not be so run :
" 1st. Because the Inhabitants residing between the said
rivers are twelve miles and upwards nearer to our Parish
Church than to George -town.
" 2nd. The major part of the abovesaid inhabitants must
go through our Parish and pass by our Church to public
worship, and other religious duties, and other officers to
George-town.
" 3rd. Because the said inhabitants humbly pray to be
included in the River.
" 4th. Because the Town-ship of Ghieensborough is laid
on both sides of Great Pedee river; and
" 5th. That whenever the Legislature shall be pleased to
erect the Town-ship of Queensborough and Williamsburg
into separate Parishes, this of Prince Frederick's, being the
oldest Parish (from which Prince George was divided), will
be confined to narrow limits, and consequently for ever
remain one of the smallest, if not poorest, Parishes in the
Province, if so valuable a branch as that of Pedee be taken
from it.
" We further presume to acquaint your Hon" that the
North line appointed by Act of Assembly to be run from
John Bogg's plantation, on Black River, was supposed and
intended (by our Representatives) to make Pedee River at or
* " Council Journal," No. 8, pp. 454, 455.
D 2
36 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHE RAWS.
below the plantation, Euhaney, belonging to Mr. Percival
Pawley, about eighteen miles distant from said Bogg's plan-
tation ; but we now find that a North course excludes from
this Parish sundry families residing on Pedee River, near
the line as it is now marked, who constantly attend divine
service in this Parish, being about twelve miles distant from
our Church, and at least twenty-two miles from George-
town.
"We therefore pray your Hon M to relieve the Inha-
bitants by ordering the dividing line to be run on a straight
course, which shall be done on our own proper charges,
from Bogg's plantation to Euhaney, that the Pedee River
be the boundary to the mouth of Little Pedee, which is
about fifteen miles above said Euhaney, and that Little
Pedee river and the main branch thereof be the natural
bounds up to the Provincial line/'
The Petitions were ordered to lie on the table.
As, according to the original term of extension, when
the Parish of Prince George, Winy aw, was created, so now
Prince Frederick was made to embrace a large part of the
hitherto uninhabited and valuable region stretching out to
the North-westward.
More than twenty years after, in 1757, the Parish of
Prince Frederick was divided ; " the inhabitants of the upper
parts of the same by their Petition to the General Assembly
having represented many inconveniences they labored under,
for the want of such a division." An Act was therefore
passed, dividing Prince Frederick into two Parishes, "by
continuing the North- westernmost line of Williamsburg
Township to Pedee and Santee rivers ; all the lands to the
Southward of the said line, constituting a distinct Parish by
itself, separate from the other part of Prince Frederick, and
thereafter to be known as St. Mark's/' The Parish of St.
Mark's therefore embraced that portion of Craven County
which was west of the Pedee and north of said line. But,
returning to the Parochial organization as it was in 1734,
and following up the valley of the Pedee through the then
Parish of Prince Frederick's, a distance of about fifty miles,
the traveller would have entered at what is now Marion
District, with Darlington and Chesterfield above on the
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 37
west, and Maryborough on the east of the Pedee, the terri-
tory, to the early settlement and subsequent progress of
which attention is to be given.
Though more than seventy miles in length, from its
southern bounds to the line of North Carolina above, and
in width from thirty to fifty, abounding in every variety of
soil, and presenting no mean facilities for transportation by
water, this inviting region, until within a few years before,
had remained entirely unexplored.
There is nothing to indicate that any settlements had
been made previous to the year 1730.
Indeed, little was then known of this part of the Pro-
vince. In some of the descriptions of Carolina, written not
many years before the time referred to, the Pedee is not so
much as mentioned by name. And in an account published
as much as a half century later, after the mention of seve-
ral rivers of importance, among which the Pedee is not
classed, it is simply added, " There are many other Rivers
and Creeks of lesser note."*
Before any settlements were made in the upper part of
Craven County, some difficulty had occurred in determining
the line between South and North Carolina, which line
bounded Craven on the north and north-east. After the
resignation of the Lord's Proprietors, in July ] 729, and the
consequent change of Government, the Province of Carolina,
hitherto one, was divided, by order of the Council, into
North and South Caroliiia.f That part of the Province,
described generally as lying south and west of Cape Fear,
became South Carolina. The exact limits of each were now
to be defined, and, as was to be expected, disputes arose
respecting the boundary line, before it was finally settled.
In 1732 appeared the first public communications of a con-
flicting character between the Governors of the respective
Provinces. This controversy led to instructions from the
king to the Governor of North Carolina, in which it was
said : " in order to prevent any disputes that may arise
about the Southern boundaries of our Province under your
Government, we are graciously pleased to signify our plea-
* 2 Carroll, p. 263. f "Statutes/* pp. 405-6.
38 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHBRAWS.
sure that a line shall be run by Commissioners, appointed
by each Province, beginning at the sea, thirty miles dis-
tant from the mouth of Cape Fear river, on the South-West
thereof, keeping at the same distance from the said river,
as the course thereof runs to the main source or head
thereof, and from thence the said boundary line shall be
continued due west as far as the South Seas."*
Agreeably to these instructions, the first survey was made
in 1735, under the authority of the Royal Government. It
commenced at the mouth of Little River, on the sea-shore ;
was extended in a north-west direction 64-J miles, to a point
two miles north-west of one of the branches of Little
Pedee. In 1737, the line was extended in the same direc-
tion 22 miles, to a stake in a meadow, which was erro-
neously supposed to be at the point of intersection with the
35th. degree of north latitude. The entire length of the
two lines is 86 miles 174 poles. In 1764, 24th September,
James Moore, George Pawley, Samuel Wiley, and Arthur
Mackay, under the direction of Governor Dobbs, of North
Carolina, and Governor Bull, of South Carolina, extended
the boundary due west from the stake at which the line of
1737 terminated, the distance of 62 miles; intersecting the
Charles-town road at 61 miles, to a point near the Washaw
Creek. In 1772 the line was extended from this point,
under the authority of Governor Tryon, to the Tryon
Mountain ; and the controversy, which commenced with the
formation of our constitution, and was unsettled until
1813, between North and South Carolina, grew out of itf
Afterward, a part of the line of 1772 was re-run, and the
line then extended to the westward until it reached a point
of intersection with the boundary of Georgia.
In a description of South Carolina, supposed to have
been written by Governor Glen about the year 1761, this
subject is referred to, and certain reasons are there assigned
for the continuance of the dispute. He says : " The Northern
boundary of South Carolina is not so well agreed upon as
* 1 Statutes, p. 406.
f Governor Swain's " Letter to Dr. Cooper, 27th March, 1835," 1 " Statutes
at Large," p. 409.
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHEKAWS. 39
might be expected, which is owing to the dishonest inten-
tions of many lawless people, settled in those parts without
legal titles, and not to any want of attention in Govern-
ment, nor to any difficulty in the thing itself; but these
people, by keeping up a dispute about the boundaries of
North and South Carolina, evade paying quit-rents for their
lands, &c. ; and so long as they can enjoy the protection of
Government without contributing their quotas towards the
expenses of it, they will be keeping up the dispute about
boundaries. This they have hitherto done in such manner
as to defeat the good intentions of all the Orders and
Instructions from time to time given for terminating these
disputes and ascertaining the Boundary, which, in his
Majesty's Instructions, is directed to be done by running
a line thirty miles to the southward of Cape Fear River,
parallel to, and observing the course of^ that River to its
head, for the Boundary on that side ; and though this order
is not only too explicit to be mistaken, but hath been put in
execution, or at least is said to have been so, the good
intention of it nevertheless continues to be evaded."*
A part of the line on the north-east and north,
constitutes that portion of the present boundaries of Marl-
borough and Chesterfield Districts, once embraced in
Craven County. The tradition has been handed down, that
the Commissioners appointed to make the survey, besides
being ignorant of or inattentive to the difference between
a statute and a geographical mile, were not at all times in a
fit condition for the work, and that they took advantage of
each other in behalf of their respective States, as oppor-
tunity offered, or over-excitement, on one side or the other,
in the course of their gleeful expedition, happened to pre-
vail. The truth of the matter, as those who have had
occasion in later times, in surveying lands, to follow the
track which the Commissioners pursued, agree in stating,
appears to be this, that its irregular, zigzag course indi-
cates either gross carelessness in all the parties concerned,
or, that the work was begun and ended in a common frolic,
at the expense of both States.
* 2 Carroll, pp. 178-9.
40 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
But fhus it happened, that the dispute which took its
rise prior to the year 1732, was not adjusted in all its de-
tails until near a century after ; the Act for ratifying and
confirming the joint work of the Convention of Commis-
sioners, appointed for the establishment of the dividing line
between the two States, not having been passed by the
Legislature of South Carolina until the year 1815. In
addition to the causes alluded to by Governor Glen, and
which were doubtless operative in protracting the contro-
versy ; it is to be remarked, that there is a feeling of State
pride likely to be excited by the continuance of such dis-
putes, a feeling often as influential with States as with
individuals. There are also peculiar difficulties in the way
of adjusting such disputes, growing out of the extensive
and somewhat unwieldy organization of States, and of the
necessary agency of intermediate and often irresponsible
parties.
Acting, too, at long intervals, it happens that errors,
which might at first have been readily exposed, become
deeply rooted with the lapse of time, and matters, trivial in
themselves, are so magnified, that the controversies respect-
ing them become in the end exceeding difficult of adjust-
ment. It is to be hoped, that these States, originally but
one Province, under the common name of "Carolina," and
bound together by many affecting associations as well as
local ties, will never again have their good understanding
and harmony disturbed by conflicting claims or border diffi-
culties ; and with their last dispute buried along the line of
the now established boundary, will remain one, and only
one in every element of common peace and common pros-
perity hereafter.
Returning to the year 1734, when the Act was passed
for establishing the parish of Prince Frederick, we find in
that, and also Prince George, Winyaw previously embrac-
ing that part of Craven County to the northward, the
parochial organizations within the bounds of which the
first settlements were made in the upper parts of the Pedee.
It is a pleasing task, in tracing the early history of any
region, to contemplate the change .from a state of unde-
veloped resources in the hands of the wandering savage, to
HISTORY Otf THE OLD CHERAWS. 41
the first triumphs of civilization by a superior race, how-
ever feeble and unpretending their efforts. This, for a time,
will be our employment. Of the early settlements on the
Pedee, extending through a period of more than thirty
years, some account will be 'given.
Through the aid of a few individuals, who having a taste
for such inquiries, had gathered some information as to the
history of families, and of valuable manuscript matter for-
tunately discovered here and there, with the more impor-
tant light thrown upon the early emigration to this part of
the State by its public records, the author succeeded be-
yond his most sanguine expectations at the first, in collect-
ing material for his work.
If nothing more shall be accomplished, it will serve at
least to rescue for those who cannot fail to cherish it, much
that would otherwise have passed into oblivion.
Pftfi '
42 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
CHAPTER III.
Inducements held out to Settlers in the Province Progress of Population The
Plan of Townships Its effect in inducing Immigration Location of Town-
ship on the Pedee Proceedings of the Council respecting it Draft of
Queensborough Township The Welch Tract Proceedings of Council on
the subject The Survey Its Limits Why enlarged The Welch
Other Settlers The Welch Neck The Welch Colony Church Organiza-
tion Continued Immigration Names of Settlers Term of Welch Grant
extended Immigration direct from Wales Bounties offered by Govern-
ment Names of Grantees Difficulties encountered by the Welch Petition
for Relief Bounties continued Notice of other early Settlers Their Diffi-
culties with the Welch Exclusive Policy of the Welch Accounts of diffe-
rent Families The Welch Settlement Its Progress Welch Traits.
FROM the time of its first settlement, it was esteemed a
matter of the utmost importance for the safety and prospe-
rity of the Province that its population should increase as
rapidly as possible.
To this end, every inducement was held out to immigra-
tion. The royal bounty was promised, in various forms, to
the poor and oppressed of other lands to make America
their home.
The unoccupied territory of the New World, fair and
fertile, and teeming in boundless resources, was declared to
be open to the over-burdened industry and fruitless enter-
prise of the densely populated States of Europe. Thus
encouraged, large accessions were made, at successive
periods, to our infant settlements.
From 1696 to 1730, although its population gradually
increased, no large addition was made, at any one time,
to the inhabitants of Carolina. About the latter year, a
new scheme was adopted to promote the settlement of the
province, which proved successful beyond the most sanguine
expectations of Government. Governor Johnson was in-
structed " to mark out eleven Townships, in square plots, on
the sides of rivers, consisting each of twenty thousand
acres, and to divide the land within them into shares of
fifty acres for each man, woman, and child that should come
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 43
over to occupy and improve them. Each township was to
form a Parish, and all the inhabitants were to have an equal
right to the river. As soon as the Parish should increase to
the number of a hundred families, they were to have the
right to send two members of their own election to the
Assembly, and to enjoy the same privileges as the Parishes
already established. Each settler was to pay four shillings
a year for every hundred acres of land, excepting the first
ten years, during which term they were to be rent free.
Governor Johnson issued a warrant to St. John, Surveyor-
General of the Province, empowering him to go and mark
out these townships ; but he having demanded an exorbitant
sum of money for his trouble, the members of the Council
agreed among themselves to do this piece of service for their
country. Accordingly, eleven townships were marked out
by them in the following situations : Two on the River
Alatamaha, two on Savanna, two on Santee, one on Pedee,
one on Waccamaw, one on Wateree, and one on Black
River/ 7 *
The township on the Pedee was called Queensborough ;
and to the time of its being marked out 1731-32 or a
period but little subsequent, is to be assigned the date of our
first settlements. There was no delay in the execution of
this work (of marking out the townships), which had been
committed to the Governor by his Majesty's Government,
for building up its waste places, and the more speedy settle-
ment of the Province.
The first proceedings with reference to the laying out of
the townships was in meeting of the Council on Friday,
March 16th, 1731, in Charles-town ; his Excellency the
Governor, the Hon. Lieutenant Governor, Messrs. Arthur
Middleton, Robert Wright, Thomas Waring, John Fenwick,
and William Bull, being present. It was resolved, " That
the Hon. Mr. Chief Justice Wright and Alexander Skeene,
Esq., do mark out three Townships, pursuant to his Majesty's
instructions for that purpose, a copy of which is to be given
them, with this resolution one upon Black River, one upon
Pedee River, and the other upon Waccamaw River that
1 Can-oil : Hewitt's ffirtory * p. 196.
44 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
they return Plots of the same to this Board, and that they
be allowed ,500 currency for each Township out of the
Public Treasury for marking out the same."* Other per-
sons were also appointed on this occasion to mark out
townships on other rivers, according to instructions. In
the following year viz., March 1732 the township on the
Waccamaw appears to have been laid out, and called Kings-
ton. " We are assured/' said the Council, in reply to a
message on the subject from the lower House, " that at
the time of marking the said Township, there were no set-
tlements made within the same, except one, then begun by
Jennour, who claimed 700 acres, but by what title we
could not learn, he then being in North Carolina ; nor
were there any other claims made to any lands within the
Township, that we could hear of, save only by Mr. William
Watties, of 500 acres, at a place called Pond Bluff, but not
then settled."f
On the 2nd of June, of the same year, the Commissioners
made full returns of the plans of the towns and townships,
which they had marked out, pursuant to a resolution in
Council, of the 20th of March previous, on Waccamaw,
Pedee r and Black Rivers, and were ordered to be paid ac-
cordingly. From the annexed plot or draft, Queensborough
Township appears to have been laid out on the Great Pedee,
but a short distance above the mouth of Little Pedee River,
embracing a part of what has since been known as Britton
Neck (a narrow strip of land between the two rivers), and
extending also on the west side of the Pedee. But for this
Plot, most unexpectedly found,{ the exact location of the
Township of Queensborough could not have been deter-
mined. It was probably a part of the return made by the
Commissioners, or may have been the " Draft of the Rivers,"
accompanying the letter of Colonel Pawley, to Council, of
* " Council Journal," No. 5.
f " Council Journal/' No. 5, p. 202.
J It was discovered by mere accident by the author, on a loose piece of
paper, on turning over the leaves of what appeared to be the oldest record -
book in the Secretary of State's office, Columbia, and which was being examined
as a curious relic of the past. Its contents related to other matters of anterior
date.
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 45
June 7th, 1739, in connexion with the dividing line between
Prince George and Prince Frederick's, which has already
been given.
No settlements appear to have been made up to this
time within the limits of Queensborough Township. To
encourage such settlements, generally, further action was
taken by Council.
On the 14th of February, 1734, it was ordered, "That
the several persons who have laid out the several Town-ships,
do prepare a rough draft, or plan of a Town, to be layed out
in each Town-ship, containing about 800 acres, out of which
a common of 300 acres, to be laid out in the back part, and
the remaining 500 acres to be lay d out in half-acre lots, to
be at a convenient distance from the river, which rough
Draft or Plan, is to be lay d before this Board for their con-
sideration."*
In accordance with these instructions, the draft or plan
of a town in Queensborough Townshipf was made, as ap-
pears from a notice in the Gazette, as late as June 3rd-
10th, 1751, advertising Lot No. 64, in Queensborough Town.
There is, however, no evidence remaining to show that the
town, as such, was ever settled. Its location appears to
have been on the west bank of the river. The inducements
held out in connexion with the townships appear to have
led to a visit of some of the Welch from Pennsylvania for
the purpose of exploration and settlement, and to the re-
moval, very shortly after, of the colony, which was destined
to form so important an element in the history and progress
of the region of the Upper Pedee. The emigration from
* " Council Journal," No. 6, pp. 41, 42.
J- The Form of a Grant for Lots in the Townships, was as follows :
So. Carolina.
By his Excellency, Esq., Governor, Captain-General and
Commander in Chief, in and over the Province of So. Carolina.
To , Esq., Surveyor-General.
You are forthwith required to admeasure and lay out unto
a lot in the town, as also acres in the Township of Queensborough, on the
Pedee River, in Craven County, observing to lay the same out agreeable to the
Plan or Model thereof.
Given under my hand and seal, the day of , Anno Domini
(Council Journal, No. 5, p. 257.)
46 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
Wales to Pennsylvania, from which this to Pedee proceeded,
" had its beginning/' we are told, in the following manner.
"In the spring of 1701, several Baptists in the counties of
Pembroke and Carmarthen, resolved to go to America ; and
as one of the company, Thomas Griffith, was a minister,
they were advised to be constituted a Church. They took the
advice, and the instrument of their confederation was in
being in 1770, but is now lost or mislaid. The names of
the confederates were as follows : viz., Thomas Griffith,
Griffith Nicholas, Evan Edmond, John Edward, Elisha
Thomas, Enoch Morgan, Richard David, James David,
Elizabeth Griffith, Lewis Edmond, Mary John, Mary
Thomas, Elizabeth Griffith, Tennet David, Margaret Mat-
thias, Tennet Morris. These sixteen persons, which may
be styled a Church emigrant, met at Milford Haven,
in the month of June, 1701, embarked on board the good
ship William and Mary ; and on the 8th of September
following, landed at Philadelphia. The brethren there
treated them courteously, and advised them to settle about
Pennepec ; thither they went, and there continued about a
year and a half, during which time their Church increased
from sixteen to thirty-seven.
But, finding it inconvenient to tarry about Pennepec,
they, in 1703, took up land in Newcastle County, from
Messrs. Evans, Davis, and Willis, who had purchased said
Welch tract from William Penn, containing upwards of
30,000 acres, and thither removed the same year, and built
a little meeting-house on the spot where the present stands.
This house was a neat brick building, forty feet by thirty.
The Welch tract was first in the province of Pennsyl-
vania, afterwards, upon the change of boundaries, in the
State of Delaware. This will account for the fact, that the
Welch were sometimes spoken of as being come from Penn-
sylvania, at other times from Delaware.*
Some of those who were members of the colony on Pedee
must have followed the first emigration from Wales to
Pennsylvania, as their names do not appear in the foregoing
list.
* Benedict's " History of the Baptists," p. 4.
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 47
The first visit of the Welch to Pedee appears to have
been made in the latter part of 1735, or early in the follow-
ing year. It led to a remarkable act of favour on the part
of the Council, to induce the colony to come. Wishing, on
their arrival, to settle in a body, and be possessed of ample
and exclusive privileges as to the occupancy of the soil, they
petitioned the Government that an extensive tract of land
might be appropriated to their sole benefit for a certain
period. This appears from a message of the Lieutenant-
Governor to the Lower House of Assembly, 2nd February,
1737, in which he said: "The late Lieutenant -Governor,
with the advice of his Majesty 's Council, thought it
would greatly tend to the service and strengthening of this
Province, to grant the petition of several natives of the
Principality of Wales, in behalf of themselves and others of
their countrymen, who intended to settle in this Province
from Great Britain and Pennsylvania, praying the lands
near the Forks above the Township on Pedee River might
be reserved and set apart for their use, and Mr. John Ould-
field, being thought a very proper person, was employed for
that service. 1 "*
The petition here referred to bore date August 13th,
1 736 ; and having been favourably received by the Council,
his Majesty's Surveyor-General, James H. St. John, Esq.,
was instructed to have the said tract laid out. Accordingly,
he directed a precept to John Ouldfield, bearing date Nov.
16th, 1736, "to admeasure and lay out, for the Welch
families that were to be imported to this Province a tract of
land, containing in the whole one hundred and seventy-three
thousand eight hundred and forty acres, situated and being
in Craven County. Ten thousand acres, being part thereof,
lying within the limits of the Township of Queen sborough, on
the north side of Pedee River, the remainder of said tract
lying on the south side of said river, and butting and bound-
ing to the south-east on the reserved lands of the said Town-
ship of Queen sborough, and all other sides on vacant lands
as are supposed."
The survey was made, and a plot thereof returned 29th
' Council Journal," No* 5, pp. 51, 52.
48 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
Nov. 1736, of which a copy is annexed.* With reference to
this plot, the Lieutenant-Governor sent a message, 2nd
February, 1737, to the Lower House, saying : " I send it
for your satisfaction and perusal, also his (Ouldfield's) ace*
which I think so very reasonable, hope you 1 make provision
to pay the same, as the sinking fund is so far short of answer-
ing the engagements already entered into."f
The House replied the next day as follows : " In answer
to your Honour's message just now received, with the ac-
count of Mr. John Ouldfield, for surveying the Welch Tract
of land on Pedee River, we beg leave to inform your
Honour, that we have perused the said account, and we are
very much concerned to find, as the ace* is so very
moderate and reasonable, that there should not be money
sufficient in the Town- ship Fund to discharge it. But we
hope your Honour will concur with us in opinion, that it is
by no means necessary, nor would be justifiable in us to Tax
our Constituents to pay any such expence, especially as it
may be so much more justly and reasonably done by the
duty on Negroes, should it be thought proper by your
Hon r , in conjunction with the two Houses of Assembly,
to revise' and continue that Duty, without which we cannot
foresee any method by which this ace*, or any other of
the same sort, can, with justice to the People of this Pro-
vince, be provided for.
" By order of the House,
" CHARLES PINCKNEY, Speaker. J
"Feb. 3, 1737-8."
The tract thus surveyed, and extending up the river but
a short distance above Mars Bluff, seems not to have been
adapted to the wants of the Welch, or to have been a com-
pliance by Council with their petition of the August previous,
as was intended. They consequently petitioned again for
such an extension of the tract as would answer all their
purposes, and enable them to select their lands to advan-
* The original Plot was found, in a good state of preservation, among the old
Township Plots, in the Office of the Secretary of State, Charleston.
f " Council Journal," No. 7, pp. 51, 52. J Ibid.
A PLOT OF THE
WELCH GRANT.
CONTAINING 173,840 ACRES.
November 16*1736.
Scale, of Original I 'lot 35 Chains per Inch,.
Scale, of Copy of?lot32O Chains perJhch,
Vta
\
^ nUTLS - .k
Lynches Creek, butlytiutjhdian,
name Signifies XMeU, River.
South, CcLTollJlL.
My virtue of Precept to me. directed, byJamesJL Johns,Eso^r Ms Xyesfys Surveyor
Gcw^learmgdatKlfaSiaun&ofNov Ihave admeasured and, laidoat &rthe Welch,fiimifys1hc
are to be]mported to ikis Province, CL Tract of land containing in,tfie whole On&Smdred and. Seventy -fftree^o
Ihousand,ufkb Hundred ojtdfortyAcrs, situated and. long in, Craven, Cbanty, Jen, Thousand ACTS, being part
thereof Lying within, the. limits of the Znvnship aF QneenboroujgK
cfihe said Township of Queensborwujh, and aJl other fides on, vacantlands as is supposed,* hath stub
shape, firm, and marks as are&presentxd, ly this fielzniatxd Plot, thereof given, under my hand.,
29^ Day of November, 1736. per me, (served)
Deputy Surveyor.
Note.- This Copy made Nay 22*2; J859, irorrt Original Plot in, Secretary of State's Office .
Deputy Surveyors.
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 49
tage. Their request was favourably regarded, as appears
from the following Proclamation : " By the Hon. Thomas
Broughton, Esq., Lieut.-Governor, and Commander-in-
Chief, in and over his Majesty's Province of South
Carolina.
" Whereas, I have this day received information in Coun-
cil, from Dan 1 ' James, that the Lands which David Lewis,
Sam 1 - Wild, and the said Dan 1 ' James, prayed for in
their petition of 13th August last, to be set apart for the
Welch Families mentioned therein, were the vacant Lands
they viewed, and desired might be reserved for them, lying
on each side of Great Pedee River, and up to the two Main
Branches thereof, and that the Lands set forth, and pre-
scribed in the order of Council of the 21st January last,
are not the Lands they desired, and were assigned them
agreeable to the said Petition; nor will these Lands suit
their intention of planting Hemp and Flax ; and whereas I
have also received information from the said Dan 1 ' James,
that several of the said Families, on the encouragement they
had from the first Order of Council, have sold their Posses-
sions in Pennsylvania, some being arrived, and others on,
their way to this Province, I have therefore thought fit, by
and with the advice and consent of his Majesty's Hon.
Council, to issue this, my Proclamation, to give Notice,
that I have (with the advice and consent aforesaid) refused
the said last order of Council of the 21st of January last,
and confirmed the said first order of the 13th of August ;
and have ordered that the Lines be run parallel, as near as
may be, with the course of Great Pedee River ; and further
to give Notice, that the Survey or- General is ordered and
directed to instruct his Deputies not to survey, (for any other
Persons than the said Welch people) any more of the said
Lands above Pedee Township, lying within eight miles on
each side of the said River, and so up to the Branches afore-
said. Given under my hand and the Great Seal of this
his Majesty's Province, this 8th day of February, in the
10th year of his Majesty's reign, Annoque Domini, 1737."*
This extension of the Welch Tract up the Pedee to the
* Gazette, Feb, 5-i2, 1737.
50 HISTOBY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
two main branches thereof, gave the infant Colony exclusive
privileges over a large territory, embracing for more than
one hundred miles by the course of the river, its rich
alluvial bottom, and a valuable class of lands in proximity
to the swamp. The two main branches referred to, must
have been the Yadkin and Uwhare, or Yadkin and Rocky
Rivers most probably the latter ; in either case, a point
(their junction) something considerably above the present boun-
dary line between South and North Carolina, the Rocky and
Yadkin Rivers uniting twenty- five miles above the said
State lines, and the Yadkin and Uwhare not less than fifty.
With such inducements to emigrate to the Pedee, the Welch
were not slow in making their way to the Province. The
first visit of exploration by a few of their number was
made not later than the spring of 1736. They appear,
however, to have been preceded by some other settlers. The
first name of which any record has been found, was Joseph
Dopson. He was a grantee of 130 acres of land, in what
was afterwards the Welch Tract, as early as llth May,
1733.
This fact appears in a petition to Council by Jacob Kolb,
in 1753, for the said land, the Petitioner stating therein
that the said grant was still in the Survey or- General's
Office. The name of Dopson seems to have disappeared not
long after from the country. He may have been a squatter,
or merely in search of land, not making any permanent
settlement. The earliest grants on the west side of the
river, in the upper part of what is now Darlington District,
go back to the year 1734.* Of the names of the Grantees
no record perhaps remains. Lands were surveyed for
Richard Barrow in what was called, soon after, the Welch
Neck, as early as January 1736.f Nothing is known of
him, the name having soon after disappeared from this
region. This was the case with many others of the first
comers. They probably belonged to that class of people
who live on the outskirts of civilization, leading the way as
* On the authority of the late Hon. Josiah J. Evans, in a letter to the Author.
Judge Evans was proverbially accurate in his recollection of such matters,
f Of this fact the original evidence is in the Author's possession.
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 51
hunters, and keeping in the van of permanent settlers.
They are not unfrequently men of enterprise, but with a
roving disposition, and distaste for those wholesome restraints
which society imposes on its members. Exploring the way
that others may follow, they have often rendered essential
service in the settlement of new regions, without being
generally appreciated, however, or taking any place, as they
have deserved, in the history of man. Thus it was with
many, whose names appeared in the first record, only to be
known for a short time afterward,*
In 1736, or early in the following year, a company of the
Welch settled on Cat Fish, a stream in what is now Marion
District, in the tract first assigned them. Among these were
Jenkin and Owen David. f They remained there a short time,
and then removed higher up the river to the neighbourhood of
the Welch Neck. As appears from the petition which led to
the extension of the Welch Tract much above its original
boundary, the lands on the upper Pedee seem to have suited
their agricultural purposes better, being well adapted also to
settlements immediately contiguous to the river. To that
rich and compact body of land, embraced in a bend of the
river, opposite the present village of Society Hill, and called,
from an early period, the " Welch Neck," the attention of
these prudent settlers appears from the first to have been
directed. And there they began to gather in a body.
The " Welch Neck" extended from Crooked Creek above
(on its outer line), to the " Red Bluff" below, a distance of
about six miles, embracing the rich lands of the swamp,
several miles across. During the Revolution, or about a
* In the letter of Judge Evans, already referred to, and written March 29,
1858, but a short time before his death, he remarks in confirmation of the fact
stated above, " that of the 8 to 10 grants of which his plantations on Crooked
Creek, Marlborough District, was made up, the name of not a single
one of the original grantees was known, at a period long antecedent, in the
country."
f Jenkin David died before the Revolution. He had three sons Joshua,
Josiah, and Benjamin. Of these, Joshua lived to take an active part in the
Revolution. He died in 1822, and was the father of the late Captain Joshua
David, of Marlborongh.
Owen David had four sons John, Azariah, Owen, and Jenkin. Of these,
John was the only son who remained on the Pedee, the others having left the
country at an early period. From these two progenitors the extensive and re-
spectable connexion of the name in Marlborough has descended.
E2
52 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
generation after the first settlement, the " Company which
mustered at the M'Call old field," numbered from 130 to
140, all of them said to be Welch. Between the years 1736
and 1746, almost all the lands in the Welch Neck were
granted.* By the latter part of 1737 most of the families
from Pennsylvania had arrived, and the infant Colony began
to assume an organized and permanent character. Under
its leader, James James, Esq.,f were laid the foundations of
future growth and prosperity. Mr. James was possessed of
larger means than any of his companions, and the most pro-
minent individual among them.
At this time a respectable portion of the Colony consisted
of the following persons, viz., James James and wife, Philip
James J and wife, Daniel Devonald and wife, Abel James
and wife, Daniel James and wife, Thomas Evans and wife,
John Jones and wife, Thomas Harry and wife, Daniel Harry
and wife, John Harry and wife, Samuel Wild and wife,
Samuel Evans || and wife, Griffith Jones and wife, David
Jones and wife, Thomas Jones and wife.
There were also others whose names appear at the same
period, viz., Thomas James, Griffith John, William James,
* On the authority of Judge Evans's letter.
f Mr. James owned the lands on both sides of the river, at what is now
known as Spark's Ferry. The first public Ferry in this region was established
here in 1768. He died at Cat Fish, Nov. 21, 1769, where he had probably
gone on a visit.
J Philip James was a son of James James, Esq., and the first Pastor of the
Welch Neck Church. He was born near Pennepec, in Pennsylvania, in 1701.
He removed to Carolina, in 1735, and was ordained at the Welch Neck,
April 4, 1743. His death took place in 1753. " In the latter part of his life,"
said a subsequent writer, " his mind was full of heavenly joys, and attentive
only to spiritual concerns." Wood Furman's " History of the Charleston Asso-
ciation," p. 70.
Wild was a name ever after to be prominently connected with the history
of the Pedee. The first settler appears to have had two sons, John and Abel.
Abel was known afterwards and before the Revolution as Old Colonel Wild. His
residence was on the east bank of the river, nearly opposite the Long Bluff.
His widow was a lady noted in her day for excellence and strength of character.
Colonel Wild had four sons John, Samuel, Jesse, and George. John Wild, the
other brother, was the father of John and Samuel. The latter of these became
distinguished as Judge Wild, and was a man of very remarkable character. His
brother John, who died prematurely, is said to have been even more talented.
|| Evans, like Wild, was a name destined to become distinguished. From these
first settlers, Thomas and Samuel, sprang the large and highly respectable con-
nexion on the Pedee. The late Judge Evans was a descendant being a great-
grandson of Thomas Evans.
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 53
John Newberry, Evan Harry, Henry Oldacre, Hasker New-
berry,* William Eynon, James Roger, David James, Daniel
Dousnal, Samuel Sarance (Sorrency and De Sorrency as it
was sometimes written), Evan Vaughn, William Tarellf
(Terrell.)
The first-mentioned company J were, in January, 1738,
" organized into a society of the Baptist faith," and erected
a house of worship on the east bank of the river, a short
distance above the ferry.
There they long continued to worship God after the
manner of their fathers, and in that consecrated spot, where
some monumental remains are yet to be seen, their dead
repose, awaiting the last summons. This party, with others,
appear to have moved in a body from the Welch Tract in
Pennsylvania and Delaware to the Pedee diiring the pre-
vious year, if not a little earlier. Many sore lets and hin-
drances awaited the progress of their settlements.
Of one of these grievances complaint was made to Go-
vernment, as appears from the following message, sent by
the Upper House, or Council, January 26th, 1737, to the
Commons House of Assembly :
" Mr. Speaker and Gentlemen,, Some of the Welch
Settlers on Pedee have lately complained to me that they have
sufficient reason to believe that the Indians will molest and
disturb them in settling the Lands run out for the Welch,
intimating that one Thompson, a trader, has bought a great
quantity of that Tract, and pretends to hold it by an Indian
right, which, as I apprehend this practice may be attended
* In his " Annals of Newbury District/' in attempting to trace the origin of
the name. Judge O'Neall says : " Certain it is that a family of that name once
lived beyond Pedee, in that section now called Marlborough District " p. vii.
It is not improbable that some member of this family may have removed to that
part of the State, and hence the name, afterward given to the district.
f The grandfather of the late Captain John Terrell, of Marlborough, a worthy
descendant of the old Welch stock, and one of the best men of his day and
generation. Captain Terrell's father, William Terrell, was engaged in the
public service before the Revolution, but did not survive that period.
1 This list of names was taken, with other information, from the records of
the Welch Neck Church, the most of which, however, were unfortunately de-
stroyed by fire or otherwise many years since. The earlier records now remain-
ing are very meagre.
Now known as Spark's on the road leading from Society Hill to
Bennetsville.
54 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
with fatal consequences, I desire you 1 appoint a Committee
of your House, to join a Committee of his Majesty's
Council, to consider of the most effectual method to prevent
any private contracts with Indians for the land.
"WM. BULL/'*
A few days after, Committees were appointed to consider
the subject, and measures were adopted to prevent such diffi-
culties in the future.
The tide of immigration had now set in, and constant
additions were made to the population on the Pedee. " At
a Councilf held at Ashley Ferry, Sep* 16th, 1738, the Hon.
W m Bull, President, signed the following grants for land
in Queensborough Township, viz. :
" Jacob Buckholt . .250 acres.
Jeremiah Fickling . 450
Richard Thompson . 400
Joseph Jolly . . 600 acres/'
The Government continued to manifest a due concern for
fresh accessions to the Welch population.
In the Council Chamber, llth May, 1739, it was ordered,
" That the Term for reserving the Welch Tract upon Pedee
River for the sole benefit of the Welch and Pennsylvanians, be
prolonged for the space of two years from the expiration
thereof, in the month of August next, and all Persons are re-
quired to take Notice thereof at their Peril. By order of his
Honour the Lieu* Governor, and his Majesty's Hon 1 Council.
" ALEXR. CRAMAHE, C.C."|
This was a liberal policy on the part of Government, and
an act of great favour to the Welch.
The spirit of speculation began to show itself as to landed
estate even at this early period. On the 25th of July, 1739,
1,000 acres were advertised in Queensborough Township,
but by whom does not appear.
The removal of the Welch from Pennsylvania and Dela-
ware, and the reports made to their countrymen in Wales,
seem to have excited a spirit of emigration thither from that
* "Council Journal," No. 7, p. 38.
f Gazette, Oct. 5, 1738. J Gazette, May 12-19, 1739.
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 55
country. The colonial authorities, having received some
tidings of this kind, held out additional inducements to them
to come over. The following announcement was made in
the Gazette of the 7th and 14th July, 1739 : " In council,
the 7th day of July, 1739. There being great reason to
believe that many poor People of the Principality of Wales
would remove into this Province, provided they could be
sure of having the same Bounty (over and above the Land
allowed by his Majesty) as other poor Protestants have
heretofore had who have become settlers in his Majesty's
Townships, Resolved, that the sum of Six Thousand
Pounds shall be reserved out of the Township Fund, to be
appropriated as a Bounty to the first two hundred People
above twelve years of age (two under twelve years of age to
be deemed as one) who shall arrive here from the Principality
of Wales, and become settlers upon the Welch Tract upon
Pedee, within the Space of Two Years from hence, the said
^Bounty to be proportioned as follows, viz. :
" To each Head above twelve years of age, twelve bushels
of Corn, one Barrel of Beef, Fifty w*. of Pork, one hundred
w* of rice, one Bushel of Salt.
" To each Male above twelve years of age, also, One Axe,
one Broad Hoe, one Cow and Calf, and one Young Sow. And
the charge of measuring out and the Fifty acres of Land per
head allowed by his Majesty. A true copy.
"ALEXANDER CRAMAHE, C.C."
The inducements here offered are supposed to have en-
couraged and increased the emigration direct from Wales.
By the year 1746, as already remarked, almost all the lands
in the Welch Neck were granted, having been taken up ex-
clusively by the Welch.
The number of settlers had largely increased between
1740 and 1743. The following list of names and of the
quantities of land, respectively allotted, with the dates of
entries, will convey some idea of the progress made down to
the year 1743. The list did not embrace the names of all
who had arrived, but only of those who had neglected to
comply with the requirements of the law respecting the
Township Settlers, and whose neglect operated to the preju-
56
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
dice of others who might wish to come in. It is taken from
the Gazette of August, 1743.
" A list of Township Plots (on the Bounty) in the Sur-
veyor-General's Office, August 15th, 1743 :
Queensborouffh Township.
Thomas James
650
acres .
. October
3,
1738.
Griffith Jones
300
yy
yy
4,
yy
Griffith John
100
yy
. September
1,
William James
400
yy
yy
yy
yy
John Newberry
350
yy
y>
2,
yy
Henry Oldacre
50
yy
yy
4,
Hasker Newberry
300
yy
yy
5,
Evan Harry
100
yy
* yy
30,
yy
William Eynon
500
yy
August
23,
James Roger
50
yy
y>
26,
David James
400
yy
yy
27,
yy
Thomas Evans
400
yy
yy
yy
,,
Daniel Dousnal
200
yy
yy
yy
John Jones
250
y>
y>
28,
yy
Sam 1 . Sarance
100
yy
yy
29,
Richard Barrow
150
yy
yy
yy
yy
Evan Vaughn
350
yy '
yy
30,
Abel James
300
yy
yy
31,
yy
William Tarell
200
yy
yy
yy
Thomas Walley
50
yy
. May
18,
1740.
Philip James
250
yy
yy
21,
yy
Sampson Thomas
400
yy
yy
23,
yy
Jacob Buckles
250
yy
yy
24,
yy
Peter Kishley
400
yy
June
2,
yy
John Evans
200
yy
. February
6,
yy
John Newberry
100
yy
. November
22,
1741.
Wm. Tareli
100
yy
. December
9,
yy
Thos. Evans
250
yy
yy
10,
yy
yy yy
75
yy
yy
14,
yy
Abel Evans
100
yy
yy
11,
yy
John Evans
100
yy
yy
yy
yy
Mary Evans
300
yy
yy
13,
yy
John Jones
100
>y
yy
1,
yy
Jeremiah Rowell
150
yy
. yy
16,
yy
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHEEAWS.
57
Queensborough Township (continued) .
James Rowland 150 acres . . December 14, 1741.
Evan Vaughn 100 '\*
John Westfield 300 .
Thomas Elleby 250 .
Simon Parsons 100
John Carter 100 ''".
Wm. Evans 50 .
Job Edwards 200 .
Daniel James 350 ? :
John Jones 500
David Harry 125 .
33 33 33 33
Philip James 100 .
Philip Douglas 300 .
William Carey 300 .
Mary Evans 200 .
David Malahan 150 .
Thomas Moses 220 .
William Jones 400 .
Nicholas Rogers 350
Thomas Evans 100
33
WHliarn James
200
33
I* 3
33
33
93
33
33
33
33
33
18,
33
33
22,
33
33
23,
33
33
28,
33
33
24,
1742.
33
33
33
33
23,
33
33
33
33
33
27,
33
33
29,
33
33
31,
33
January
1,
1743.
33
4,
33
5,
33
33
33
33
33
6,
33
33
15,
33
33
28,
33
*3
29,
33
" Upon perusing and considering the Memorial of George
Hunter, Esq., Surveyor-General, relating to several Plots
of land returned into and now lying in the Office of the
said Surveyor-General, and which have remained in the
said Office for many years, without any applications from the
Persons in whose names the same are run, to have them
taken out of the said Office, whereby other Persons are pre-
vented from taking up the said Lands, and becoming Tenants
to his Majesty for the same: It is Ordered that the said List
be published in the Gazette, to the intent that the several
Persons interested in or claiming the same may apply for ;
and take out the said Plots, on or before the 1st day of
January next; and in case of their neglecting so to do, their
failure therein will be taken as a Disclaimer of their Rights
to the said Lands ; and the same. Lands may and shall be
58 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
granted to any other persons who shall duly apply for the
same. A true copy.
"ALEXANDER GORDON, C.C."
The neglect of most or all of those mentioned in the
foregoing list to take out their plots, &c., may doubtless be
owing to the fact that they were too poor to do so, or that
the lands first granted were in the lower part of the Welch
Tract, and taken out before its extension ; and having de-
termined to go higher up the river, some of them may have
abandoned their claims below, where their places were soon
taken by others.
In common with other settlers, the Welch had many dif-
ficulties to contend against. The means of most of them
were, no doubt, exhausted by the expense of the removal to
Pedee. After their arrival, the distance from Charles-town,
the seat of Government, where all public business had to be
transacted, perplexed them no little. The following extracts
from the Council Journals will show the mode of proceeding
with reference to land, and the sore extremities to which
these poor settlers were often driven.
" In Council Chamber, Jan. 26, 1742-43. Read the
Petition of part of the Inhabitants, of the Welch Tract, as
also the Petition of Sam 1 Sorrency, as follows, viz. : To
the Hon. Wm. Bull, Lieu*-Gov r and Commander-in-Chief
of his Majesty's Province of S. C., and to the rest of the
Hon 1 Members of his Majesty's Council.
" The Petition of Samuel Sorrency Humbly sheweth,
That your Petitioner at his first arrival in this Province
obtained a Warrant for 100 acres of land, to be laid out in
the Welch Tract, whereon I now live, That your Peti-
tioner hath since two children come from Pennsylvania to
this place, which I have made oath of before Wm. James,
Esq., who informs me that it will not do without my proving
my right in the Council Chamber ; but as I am but low in
the world, and live at so great a distance from Charles-town,
and not having a horse to ride nor money to bear my ex-
penses, and the Bearer, Thomas Bowen, can prove, if need
be, that I have such children Your Petitioner therefore
humbly prays your Honours to take my case into consider a-
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 59
tion, and grant me a warrant for 100 acres of his Majesty's
land, to be laid out in the Welch Tract, and your Petitioner,
as in duty bound, &c.
" The above and Samuel James swore to his family right
before Wm. James, Esq., one of his Majesty's Justices
assigned to keep the Peace in Craven County aforesaid.
The Prayer of said Petition was granted, and it was ordered,
that Mr. Secretary Hammerton do prepare a warrant ac-
cordingly.
" Read also the Petition of Daniel M'Daniel, for a war-
rant of 100 acres, for himself and wife, to be laid out in the
Welch Tract, which was granted
" Bead also the Petition of several other Inhabitants of
the Welch Tract, as follows : -
" The Petition of part of the Inhabitants of the Welch
Tract humbly sheweth : That we have left Pennsylvania and
have transported ourselves to this Province by the encou-
ragement given to settle this aforesaid Tract of land ; but as
some of us had our lands run out, and the Plots put into
the Surveyor- General's office 4 years ago, and as we are
so poor that we cannot get money to pay the charge of sur-
veying and granting it, has discouraged many from coming
over; and we are afraid the discouragement being so great,
we not being sure of our grants, by reason of our poverty,
that some that have come over will return from us again.
So we, your Humble Petitioners, hope your Hon r and Hon ls
will take it into your serious consideration, what satisfaction
it is to every man to have his titles to land secure, and will
fulfill the encouragement given us that we should have our
lands granted us free from all charge of surveying and grant-
ing ; and, as we are in duty bound, we shall ever pray, &c.
"Philip James Abel James Peter Roblyn
Jeremiah Rowell Tho" Evans Creen Vaughn
Philip Douglass John Evans Nicholas Rogers
Daniel Devonald John Evans Simon Parson
David Harry John Carter David Lewis
Tho 8 Evans W m Kirby Sam 1 Sorrency
Tho 8 Moses Griffith John W m Terrell
Mary Evans Dan 1 Honehorn John Jones
Jobe Edwards Walter Djowne Abel Evans
Nathan 1 Evans David James W m James.
60 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
" Whereupon, it having been represented to his Hon r the
Lieu'-Gov* in Council, that several families of Welch that
had intended to become settlers in the whole Tract on Pedee
River, in this Province, have, as it was apprehended, been
prevented from coming into this Province from the dangers
arising from the present war with Spain, and that by the
advices received from Pennsylvania, several of the said
Welch families were expected to arrive here the next year ;
but as the time for reserving the Welch Tract would expire
in the month of August next, it was prayed that the said
Term might be further enlarged the same was considered,
and it was ordered by his Hon r the Lieu^Gov 1 *, by the ad-
vice of his Majesty's Council, that the said Term be enlarged
two years from the expiration of the said present Term ; of
which all persons concerned are to take notice.
"And upon reading and considering the Petition of
Philip James, Abel James, Tho 8 Evans, and others, settlers
in the whole Tract, praying that the charge of surveying
and granting their lands might be all defrayed to them ; it
was the opinion of the Board, upon considering the Prayer
of the Petition, as it appeared to the Board that they had
desired the lands only to be reserved for a Term to them,
which was accordingly done, and which Term had been fur-
ther enlarged for their benefit, but was not to have their
survey of land carried through the offices at the publick
expense, that being only for such Welch as should come
from the Principality of Wales that, as this Prayer of the
Petitioners is what they had not before asked, nor had any
reason to expect from this Government, it could not be re-
gularly granted; but, for a further encouragement of the
Settlers of the said Tract, it was the opinion of the Board,
and so ordered, that for the first twenty barrels of good and
merchantable white flour, of 200 Ibs. weight neat each, which
shall be made in the said Tract, and brought to the markets
in Charles-town, there shall be paid to the makers thereof,
upon proof of its being bona fide the produce of the said Tract,
a bounty of 5 pounds currency for each barrel. Ordered,
that the Clerk of this Board give a copy of the above minute
to the Petitioners and the same to the Commissary."*
* " Council Journal, No. 8, pp. 455-458. l^ere was then a great demand
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 61
The exclusive privileges of the Welch in the large tract
appropriated to them, led, in some instances, to difficulties
either with those who came before them, thus acquiring the
right of prior occupancy of the soil, though not having
secured a legal title, or with others, who afterwards were
allowed to settle among them, but subsequently objected to
as neighbours by the Welch. The latter were doubtless
clannish in their feelings, and unwilling to encourage
strangers to come among them. Of the first class men-
tioned, was Francis Young, one of the earliest settlers
within the limits of the upper portion of the Welch Tract
of whom any record remains. He is supposed to have
emigrated from Ireland. In the Council Journal, 9th No-
vember, 1 743, is this entry : " Francis Young petitioned for
150 acres of land in the Welch Tract on the south side of
the river, bounding between John Thomas's line and one
Vaughn's land; and the Petitioner at the same time pro-
duced a certificate of his having lived there before the
settlement of the Welch, signed by two Justices of the
Peace, in that place. He appeared in person, and his peti-
tion was granted/'
Another settler, about the same time, the first of a name
which has since been well known on the Pedee, was James
Galespy. He made a similar application, but was not so
fortunate, for a time, at least, as to the result.
On the same day, 9th November, 1743, " was read the
Petition of James Galespy, shewing that the Petitioner,
having six persons in family, for whom, as yet, he has not
had any lands assigned him, humbly prays that a warrant
of survey for 300 acres be granted him in the Welch Tract.
But, not appearing to swear to his family right, his petition
was ordered to lie on the table."
for flour, and it doubtless commanded high prices. Of other articles, the
following table of prices appeared in the G-azettes of the day.
Charlestown, November 1, 1739. Charlestown, July 16, 1741.
Rice 32*. to 33*. per cwt. Rice 3Z. per cwt. ; Skins, 16*. Qd. per Ib.
Pitch, 40*. ; Turpentine, 20*. Pitch, 55*. per barrel.
Tar, 30*. ; Skins, 18*. to 19*. Tar, 45*. ; Indian corn, 30*. per bushel.
Indian corn, 7*. Qd. to 10*. per bushel. Turpentine, 22*. Qd.
Indian peas, 30*. per bushel.
62 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
At the same time, Henry Roach made a similar application
for 100 acres of land in the Welch Tract; but not appearing to
be a Welchman, or of Welch extract, the consideration of his
case was postponed. James Galespy came from the North
of Ireland. He was a man of energy and enterprise. In
connexion with General Christopher Gadsden, of Charles-
town, he was engaged in boating on the Pedee many years
before the Revolution, and is believed to have been the first
person who ever brought a boat to Cheraw. The difficulty
with the Welch doubtless led to his removal higher up the
river, to the neighbourhood of the present town of Cheraw.
He settled on the west side of the river, a short distance
below the town, and entered on a successful career as a
trader. He married a daughter of Francis Young. James
Galespy died before the Revolution. He left two sons to
inherit his name,* and two daughters.
The Welch did not extend their settlements much, if any,
above the mouth of Crooked Creek, or the upper limits of
the Welch Neck. Of those who were induced to enter
upon the Welch Tract was Thomas Elerby, the first of that
name who emigrated to the Pedee. He came soon after
the first of the Welch, as appears from the following record
of Council :f " July 5th, 1742. Read the Petition of
Thomas Elerby, setting forth that he and his family, con-
sisting of eleven perspns, came from Virginia about five
years past, and settled and cleared land near Pedee river,
and obtained a warrant for his family right ; but happened
to be within the limits of the Welch Tract, and at a conve-
nient place to fix a water-mill. When the Welch inhabi-
* The name was soon after changed to its present spelling, Gillespie. The
sons of James Galespy were Francis and James. The former died before the
Revolution. James was born in 1754, and was therefore of age when that
stormy period commenced. He took an active part on the Pedee throughout
the struggle, and was prominently connected with St. David's Parish. He
settled on the east side of the river, on lands now owned by his son, General
James Gillespie, of Marlborongh. He married a Miss Wild, aunt of the late
Judge Samuel Wild, of Darlington. The fruits of this marriage were Francis,
Samuel, and James, and two daughters Sarah and Mary.
James Galespy, senior, had also two daughters. Of these, one married John
Westfield, one of the early emigrants from Virginia to Pedee. He lived on the
west side of the river above Cheraw. John Westfield, with his wife, subsequently
returned to Virginia and died there. Westfield Creek, in Chesterfield District,
took its name from him. Obedience, the other daughter, married Thomas
Elerby, from whom a numerous progeny sprung.
f " Council Journal," No. 8, p. 97.
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 63
tants came to settle, above four years past, one Daniel
James persuaded the Petitioner to remove peaceably from
that place by the run of water, and gave the Petitioner and
his family liberty to settle and cultivate any other vacant
land which he should find within the limits of the Welch
Tract ; and did also himself get a special warrant for 250
acres of land, which is run out for the Petitioner and
returned : whereupon he begs for a grant for the same,
having lived ever since thereon, and now wants more land
in the same, or adjoining thereto, to cultivate and settle, his
family being increased to 20 and 2 persons, he having six
persons lately purchased or born, for which, as yet, he has
had no warrant. He therefore prays for a warrant of
survey for laying out 300 acres of vacant land, and a special
warrant of survey for running out 550 acres of vacant land
more, within the limits of the said Welch Tract, in the lieu
of his common warrant. Resolved : that the consideration
of the said Petition be deferred until the Petitioner appear
personally before the Board." Mr. Elerby was doubtless
successful in the end, as he remained in that neighborhood
and became the owner of extensive landed possessions, a
large portion of which has remained in the family to the
present day.* John Elerby, a brother of Thomas, came
with him to Pedee ; and settled on the east side of the river.
He either returned to Virginia or removed elsewhere at an
early period. Thomas Elerby brought a good property with
him, and was probably the first slaveholder on the Upper
Pedee. Some years prior to the Revolution he had a large
number at least for that day. This family emigrated from
England to Virginia.
The name is still known in England, and is spelt as it
appears in our early records.
Not long afterwards, however, as was often the case, it
was changed to its present form, Ellerbe.f Thomas Elerby,
* The mill site referred to in the petition of Thos. Elerby, was doubtless that
on Juniper Creek, of which some signs yet remain near the road leading from
Cheraw to Society Hill.
A grist and saw mill, at all events, were there, and in successful operation
some time before the Revolution.
f This change, it is said, took placw son after Thos. Elerby's death, while
his two sons were yet young, and was made by their teacher, the name not
having yet become familiar.
64 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHEKAWS.
who married, as already stated, Obedience Gillespie, had two
sons, Thomas and William, from whom the extensive family
connexion on the Pedee have descended.* Of the Evans,*
who were among the Welch settlers, a branch of the family
went first, or soon after their arrival removed, to what is
now Marion District. From Thomas and Samuel Evans,
who were members of the Welch colony, the extensive con-
nexion in Darlington and Chesterfield Districts descended.
With the main body of the Welch, or soon after came
John Brown. He was born near Burlington, New Jersey,
and brought up at Frankfort, in the neighbourhood of Phila-
delphia. Mr. Brown was ordained May 7th, 1750, and
succeeded the Rev. Philip James in the charge of the Welch
Neck Church, but did not continue long in that position.
After this he continued to preach the gospel in different
places until his death.
It is supposed that he was its founder, and gave name
to the old Brownsville community, twenty miles lower
down on the east side of the river.
About the years 1738-39, Robert Williams, then a young
man, emigrated to Pedee. He was born at Northampton,
North Carolina, in 1717. Mr. Williams settled on the
west side of the river, opposite the lower part of the Welch
Neck, and became, eventually, the owner of a large landed
* The widow of Thomas Elerby married Charles Bedingfield (called Benny-
field by the old people), a man of some note, but of unprincipled character.
While his stepsons, William and Thomas Ellerbe, were yet young, he ran off
with all themoveable property to Georgia, the West of that period, leaving them
only the landed estate of their father with which to make their way in the
world. This was before the Revolution, and the name of Bedingfield was not
known in this region afterwards.
The children of William Elerby were Esther, who married Erasmus Powe ;
William F., who married Miss Ann Robinson (this lady subsequently married
Clement Prince) ; Elizabeth, who married Joseph Ellerbe ; Martha E., who
married Thomas Powe j Zachariah, who married Obedience Ellerbe ; and Thomas
F., who married Rebecca Ellerbe.
The children of Thomas Ellerbe were William E., who married a Miss
Crawford ; James, who also married a Miss Crawford ; Thomas, who married
Miss Leslie Prince ; Jane, who married George Strother ; Joseph, who married
Elizabeth Ellerbe ; Mary, who married Alexander McQueen ; Rebecca, who
married John M'Farland ; and John Ellerbe, who married Martha Powe, and
afterwards Mary, her sister. Of these large families there is now not one
survivor.
William and Thomas Ellerbe were prominently connected with St. David's
Parish, and worthy Whigs in the Revolution.
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 65
estate in this neighbourhood, most of which has remained
in the family since.
In 1752, he was ordained at the Welch Neck, and be-
came the pastor of that Church, retaining the position,
however, but a short time afterwards. Robert Williams
had two children a daughter, who married Arthur Hart,
and afterwards, Moses Murfee ; and a son, David Wil-
liams. The latter was born on Pedee, February 1st, 1739,
received his education in Charles-town, and after a brief but
amiable and useful career, died January 1st, 1776.* He
married a sister of Arthur Hart, and the fruits of this
marriage were two children a daughter, Mary Ann,f and
a son, David Rogerson, who subsequently became distin-
guished as a member of Congress from the Pedee district,
and Governor of South Carolina.
Robert Williams died April 8th, 1788, and had the fol-
lowing character given him : " He was kind to the poor,
and remarkably so to the afflicted ; a man of excellent
natural parts, and a minister who preached the gospel to
the edification and comfort of souls/'J
Another name which appears among the grantees of
land in the Welch Neck, in 1743, was Nicholas Rogers.
He was one of the Welch settlers, and died in 1759. He
left a son, Benjamin, the father of the late Colonel Ben-
jamin Rogers, of Marlborough.
* The Rev. Evan Pugh officiated on the occasion of David Williams' funeral,
preaching from John xi. 11, 12.
f Mary Ann, daughter of David Williams, was bom April 16th, 1772, and
married John M'lver. The fruits of this marriage were four sons John E.,
Alexander, David Rogerson Williams, and Thomas ; and one daughter, Eliza,
who married John Davis. Mrs. M'lver died November 18th, 1834, having
long survived her husband.
David Rogerson was born March 8th, 1776 ; and married, first, a Miss Powers,
of Providence, Rhode Island, by whom he had one child, the late Col. John
N. Williams, of Society Hill, a man of uncommon purity and excellence of
character. His second wife was Elizabeth Witherspoon, who survived him
many years. She was a lady of remarkable traits, and universally beloved.
General Williams, as he was afterwards known, was possessed of superior
talents and extraordinary energy of character. After an active and useful life,
both as a private citizen and public man, he came to his end November 17th,
1830, by the falling in of a bridge which he had had erected over Lynche's
Creek, on the George-town road.
J From a funeral discourse by Mr. Pugh, who performed the last rites for
the father as he had done for the son.
Benjamin Rogers lived on the hill below Juniper, on what has since been
66 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
Allusion has been made to the course pursued by the
Welch,, with reference to others coming in among them.
The feeling was a natural one, and under the circumstances,
in such a chaotic state of society, when people of different
nations, and many of them doubtless of bad character,
were flocking in as squatters and traders, not to be con-
demned. The subsequent history of their colony, strongly
and peculiarly marked as it was in all the elements of
substantial growth and virtuous progress, will be found to
have fully justified their exclusive policy. They planted
themselves, in most instances, immediately on the river,
and made locations of lands in small parcels.
The country being in a wilderness state, their position
isolated, and their means limited, they selected such quan-
tities of land as suited their present necessities, influenced
also, to some extent, by the consideration of compactness,
which gratified their social propensities, and enabled them
besides to concentrate against the sudden incursions of the
Indians, by whom they were surrounded. Here, on a virgin
soil, they peacefully pursued their agricultural employ-
ments, being richly rewarded for the common toils and
hardships endured.
In their new and yet wilderness home, drawn together
more closely than by the common ties of friendship and of
blood, surrounded by common dangers, against which they
vigilantly guarded, with common wants and necessities suf-
ficiently supplied, and meeting weekly around one conse-
crated altar to worship the God of their fathers, a more
perfect unity, or virtuous and manly life can scarcely be
conceived.
Such was the scene presented by this infant band of
brothers in the early days of their history ; with no court
the main road leading from Cheraw to Long Bluff. He was a man of much
excellence, and highly esteemed an ardent Whig, but too old to take an
active part in the Revolution. His name appears among the early records of
St. David's parish. His son, the late Colonel Benjamin Rogers of Marlborough,
was yet a mere youth in the Revolution ; but yielding to the impulses of his
nature, and contrary to the more prudent counsels of his father, drew his
sword on more than one occasion in the cause of liberty.
The sons of Col. Rogers are among the worthy and most respectable citizens
of Marlborough and Darlington districts.
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 67
of justice in their midst to which conflicting claims and
angry disputes might be referred, and no frowning gaol for
the reception of the criminal. Nor were they needed.
Few contentions, probably, were known, and the voice of
society, though newly formed in this southern home, was
potent enough to silence the voice of the blasphemer and
make the evil-minded man pause in his ways.
Simplicity of character appears to have been one of the
most marked traits of this people a virtue which has been
transmitted, through succeeding times, to their descendants.
They were open and sincere, making no profession of feel-
ing which did not exist.
For sobriety and moderation, also, with what was more
essential as the foundation of all virtue, a deep religious
feeling, they were distinguished. These virtues were strongly
impressed upon the community they established, presenting
in subsequent times a striking contrast to some other
neighbourhoods on the Pedee, where dissipation and irre-
ligion so much prevailed. The Welch brought with them
to a new country those marked features for which their
ancestors had been noted long before. The Welch are
said to have been more jealous of their liberties than even
the English, and far more irascible, though their jealousy
soon abated. They were, from an early period, fond of car-
rying back their pedigrees to the most remote antiquity,
and some of their manuscripts they make to be coeval with
the Incarnation.*"
But few relicsf remain among the descendants of the
early Welch settlers on the Pedee.
Intermingled, as they subsequently became with other
races, their national peculiarities, except in a few instances
of striking constitutional descent, gradually disappeared.
And of their names, as connected with the localities they
inhabited, but a memorial is here and there left to tell of
the first cultivators of the soil.
* Guthrie, p. 39.
j" There is now, in the possession of a family descended from the Welch, and
living in the neighbourhood of their first settlement, a Welch Bible, of the
edition of 1676, which is supposed to have belonged to the leader of the colony,
as it contains a record of the births, marriages, and deaths of the James
family.
F2
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
CHAPTER IV.
Settlements lower down on the river One of the first comers His family
History of the colony in Britton's Neck The families composing it Their
history The church building Its subsequent history The settlement at
Sandy Bluff The locality Their church building Accounts of the mem-
bers of this community and their descendants Incidents connected with
different individuals Irish Protestants Who they were Irish-town
Its locality Other settlers in this region Their history Close of this
period.
ABOUT the time of the Welch emigration to Pedee, settle-
ments were made lower down the river in what was after-
ward Liberty Precinct, now Marion District. John God-
bold was among the first who came to this region.
He was an Englishman, and had been long a sailor in the
British service. Though advanced in years at the time of
his arrival, such was his enterprising energy, that he suc-
ceeded in accumulating what, for that day, was a large
property.
He settled in 1735 about a half mile below the site of
the present village of Marion, being the first adventurer to
that immediate locality.
The most profitable business at that time was stock
raising, Charles-town* affording a good market for all the
industrious settlers could carry thither. During the French
and Indian wars, Mr. Godbold was plundered of almost all
the personal property he had gathered. Of thirty negroes,
twenty-two were taken from him and never recovered. A
trunk of guineas, the fruits of many years' labour, was
rifled.
He married, after his arrival on Pedee, Elizabeth M'Gur-
ney, by whom he had three sons John, James, and Thomas ;
and two daughters Elizabeth and Anne^; from whom the
extensive conDexion in Marion have descended. f
* Many of the early settlers drove their stock as far as Philadelphia,
f- Of his sons, John, the eldest, married Priscilla Jones, and bad three sons
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 69
John Godbold was a member of the Church of England,
and died in 1765, at the advanced age of more than one
hundred years, in the faith of his fathers. About the time
John Godbold came to Pedee, two important settlements
were made in that region. One of these was 1n Britton's
Neck, twenty miles below Mars Bluff,* and forty miles above
George-town.
It was composed of the families of Britton, Graves,
Fladger, Davis, Tyler, Giles, and others. They came
directly from England, as one colony; and being members
of the Established Church, one of their first acts was to
erect a housef for the worship of God. Their minister,
Dr. Robert Hunter, came with them, and is supposed to
have died there. He was succeeded by the Rev. Mr.
Allison.
Zachariah, John, and Jesse. Of these, Zachariah was a captain in the Revo-
lution.
James, the second son, married Mourning Elizabeth Baker, by whom he had
six sons John, James, Zachariah, Cade, Abram, and Thomas. Of. these, John
and Zachariah were lieutenants in the Revolution. Thomas, the youngest son,
was the father of the late Hugh Godbold,* of Marion.
Thomas, the third son, married Martha Heroon, and had four sons Stephen,
David, Thomas, and Ely. Of these, Thomas was the father of Asa Godbold, of
Marion, and Ely, who left a son bearing his name.
* Mars Bluff took its name from an early settler, Maers (pronounced Mars).
He left at an early period, and the name, except as marked by that locality,
disappeared with him.
f This building was of black cypress, with a brick foundation, and is still to
be seen, or was a few years since, in a good state of preservation, on the road
leading from Port's Ferry to Potatoe Ferry, on Little Pedee. About the year
1780, the congregation having been long without a minister, and doubtless very
much broken up by the troublous times of the Revolution, united with the
Methodists, and the building passed into the hauds of the latter, by whom it
has since been retained. Charles Wesley is said to have once preached in it.
* To this gentleman, the late Hugh Godbold, the author was indebted for a
large and valuable fund of information as to the early settlements on the Pedee
and their subsequent history. To a memory of extraordinary tenacity (in
genealogical details unequalled by any with which the author has ever met) was
added a remarkable precision, and tender regard for truth, which gave his
statements liigh authority, and made him always a witness of importance in
courts of justice. He^had, from early life, great fondness for everything con-
nected with the local history of the region of his nativity, and having had inter-
course with many of the old people of the second generation of those who first
came to the Pedee, he collected a large fund of interesting matter, none of
which seems ever to have escaped him. A man of general intelligence and
sterling traits of character, his real worth was appreciated by few of his con-
temporaries. He .died in 1859. Peace to hU ashes.
70 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
The name of one of these families subsequently became
distinguished in the person of Colonel Hugh Giles, who took a
prominent part in this region during the Revolution. He
was the son of Robert Giles. The other settlement referred
to was made at a point on the east bank of the river, called
Sandy Bluff,* two and a half miles above Mars Bluff. A
few traces of it are yet to be seen at several points, imme-
diately on the high bank of the river. The families of
Crawford, Saunders, Murfee, Crosby, Keighly, Berry, and
shortly after the Gibson's, made up this community. Sandy
Bluff extended up the river about three miles. With the
fertile uplands running out for some distance, and a rich
swamp on the opposite side, and supplied, too, with nume-
rous springs of good water, this locality was in many
respects admirably adapted to the wants of the infant
colony.
The chief drawback was its growing unhealthfulness, until
the long process was passed through, of clearing the lands and
draining the contiguous bottoms. These settlers built their
houses, as did the Welch above, immediately on the river,
and in close proximity to each other, for the convenience of
water, of social intercourse, and their mutual protection
against the Indian. It was also more healthy than loca-
tions further out from the river, as experience has proved.
They were from England and Ireland, and having landed
at Charles-town, found their way to George- town, and thence
up the river, attracted by the bounties which the Govern-
ment had offered. Like their neighbours in Britton's Neck,
they erected a building for public worship, according to
the rites of the Established Church. Faint traces of this
early structure were to be seen a few years since. The
bricks used for the foundation were brought up the river in
boats (the settlers thus transporting themselves and their
stores), and were of a most superior quality.
The Rev. Wm. Turbeville came with this colony, and
was their pastor. He was a well-educated man, and had a
high reputation as a preacher.
* The Wilmington and Manchester R. R. crosses immediately below this
point.
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 71
Eminent also for piety and devotion to his work, he
retained the confidence and affection of the people in an ex-
tensive region of the country, to the close of a long life.
One of the incidents related in connexion with him, is sin-
gularly illustrative of this feeling. Such was the general
confidence in his piety and the efficacy of his prayers, that
he was sent for from considerable distances, during the
pressure of any general calamity, to make intercession to
God in behalf of the people. On one occasion, about the
year 1760, during the prevalence of a fearful drought, there
was a general meeting at Bass's Mills to pray for rain. Mr.
Turbeville was sent for. He answered the summons, and
as tradition relates, before the sufferers had reached their
homes, the heavens were opened and copious rains came
down. Mr. Turbeville had no children. Several brothers
came with him, of whom some descendants are now to be
found in Marion.
, He lived at Sandy Bluff until after the year 1800, then
removed to the west side of the river, near Mars Bluff,
where he married a second time, and died about 1810, at
the advanced age of one hundred and three years.*
Of the settlers at Sandy Bluff, the Murfees, Saunders,
Gibsons, and Crawfords accumulated the largest properties,
and became most prominent. John Crawford, the first of
that name, had three sons James, John, and Hardy.
James, the eldest of them, amassed a large fortune for
that day, and maintained through Itfe a high character for
integrity. He was a captain in the Revolution, and a
valiant soldier in the cause of liberty, f
Of the Murfees J there were four brothers, Moses, Malachi,
Maurice, and Michael.
* Mr. Turbeville was a poor man through life. It is said that Wm.
Allston, grandfather of Gov r . Allston, who lived at that time near the
Warhees (a few miles below Mars Bluff) complained to Mr. T. on one occasion
of his wearing such coarse garments. Mr. T. told him, he got but little for
preaching, and could not afford to dress better.
Whereupon, Mr. Allston gave him a black suit and silk gown, on condition
that he was not to use them except in preaching, and on other public official
occasions.
f He was the grandfather of the late Chapman Crawford, of Marion.
j Thus the name appears in the first records. It was afterwards changed
to its present spelling, Murphy.
72 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
Of these, Malachi* became the wealthiest. He is said to
have given one hundred slaves to each of three sons. He
died before the Revolution.
Maurice had a son, bearing his name, who was destined
to occupy a prominent place in the subsequent history of
the Pedee.
Some notice of Michael Murfee appears in the records of
Council: "At a Meeting, 13th Ap 1 , 1744, was read the
Petition of Michael Murfee, an Inhabitant of the Welch
Tract, shewing that about nine years ago, before the settling
of the Welch, he purchased part of a Warrant of one
Howard, since dead, for 300 acres of land in the Welch
Tract ; but the said Warrant for running out the same being
afterwards lost or mislaid, never was returned into the
Office ; notwithstanding which, he built a house on the same,
settled there, and made other considerable improvements,
and cleared above 400 acres thereof, and is well liked as a
neighbour by all the Welch Families there. That the
Petitioner, having since a considerable increase of fourteen
persons in his family, for whom he has not as yet obtained
any land, nor hath he any other land than as above said
within the said Province, Prays a warrant of survey for
seven hundred acres in a Tract or Tracts of vacant land, and
then the said Tract of land whereupon the Petitioner is
* His sons were James, Malachi, and Moses. James, the eldest, died
young, leaving three daughters, Hannah, who married Moses Saunders, of
Darlington ; Catharine, who married Nicholas Bcdgegood, and afterwards
J. B. Billingsby of Marlboro'; and Mary, who married Jordan Saunders.
Malachi, the second son, married first a Miss Knight, by whom he had two
sons, and afterward, Mary Hicks. The fruits of this marriage were
Nathanael, Maurice, James, Elizabeth, and Sally. Elizabeth married a Rawls,
and Sally married Wm. Johnson, of Sneedsboro, No. Ca. Malachi Murphy
was a captain in the Revolution, and was killed at Bass's Mill. Moses, the
third son, married a daughter of Robert Williams.
Of the daughters of Malachi Murfee, sen., Elizabeth married Wm. Pegues,
of Chesterfield; another married the Rev. Nicholas Bedgegood, one of the
early pastors of the Welch Neck Church; and Marcia married Claudius
Pegnes, of Marlborough.
Malachi Murfee, sen., married the widow of George Saunders. She was a
sister of Gideon Gibson.
A female descendant, living a few years since in the neighbourhood of the
original settlement, was the only representative left in that region, such are
the sad changes which time brings with it, causing the name of the most
extensive family connexion, in a few generations, to pass entirely away, leaving
scarce the memory of their former existence behind them.
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 73
settled as above, or so much thereof as shall appear, upon a
re-survey, to be vacant, to be part of the same, which land
is butting on or near Col. Pawley's land, and to the west of
John Brown's.
" The Petitioner appearing in person, and swearing to
the allegations of his said Petition, It was ordered,
that 500 acres of land only be granted him, and the
Secretary was accordingly ordered to prepare a warrant for
the same/'
The statement in the foregoing petition indicates a rapid
increase of slave property for that early period. John,
George, and William Saunders appear to have been the first
of that name. In a list of grants in the Survey or- General's
Office (as to which notice was given to the parties to apply
for and take out their plots), appear the names of George
Saunders for 300 acres, May 24th, 1735 ; and John Saunders
for 200 acres, May 12, 1736. They came from England.
John Saunders had two sons, George and Thomas. George*
was the father of Nathanael Saunders, who became a man
of some note, and was the father of the late Moses and
Jordan Saunders, of Darlington. The sons of Thomas
Saunders removed at an early period to Tennessee.
Of the Gibsons, Gideon and Jordan were brothers. The
latter went to the West as a companion of Daniel Boone.
Gideon Gibsonf came with his father from Virginia to
Pedee. There is a public record of a grant to him for 550
acres of land as early as April, 1736. He settled at a place
called Hickory Grove, five miles from Sandy Bluff, on a
large and fertile body of land, long after noted as the most
valuable in that region.
* George Saunders came to an untimely end, in connexion with which a
singular incident is related. He was engaged on a Sunday in cutting down a
bee tree, a cypress, in the swamp on the opposite side of the river. As the
cypress fell, the limb of an ash was broken off, and being thrown with violence
on the head of Saunders, killed him instantly. An ash afterwards 'came up at
the head of his grave and grew to a large tree, being regarded by the people as
a standing monument of the judgment sent upon him for the violation of the
Lord's Day, which led to his end.
It is but a few years since that the last vestige of this famous ash was to be
seen. Near the spot are faint traces of the burial ground of the Sandy Bluff
Settlement.
f He was the grand-uncle of the late Captain John Gibson, of Darlington.
74 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
He had three sons. Of these, Stephen* became wealthy,
and removed to Georgia about the year 1800. Roger,
another son, removed to the West before the Revolution.
Gideon Gibson was a man of very marked character, of
commanding influence, and prominently connected with the
leading events of the region in which he lived. His death
took place during the Revolution. Of the circumstances
attending it some account will be given hereafter.
The settlement at Sandy Bluff was broken up at an early
period, though some traces of it are yet to be seen.f
The following extract from the Council Journal of
January 26th, 1737, is supposed to have related to a com-
pany of settlers on the west side of the river :
" Read the Petition of several poor Irish Protestants, lately
come in, setting forth that they had transported themselves
and families into this Province, being induced thereto by
the encouragement of having lands granted to them in
Town-ships, which his Majesty has been graciously pleased to
order to poor Protestants, importing themselves into this
Province, and likewise the bounty of provisions, and there-
fore praying warrants of survey for the lands on either side
of the Town-ships on Pedee River, and provisions, &c., ac-
cording to the number of their families, as has been usually
given to other poor Protestants. Recommended the same
to the Commons House of Assembly ."I
The townships referred to here as being on the Pedee,
were doubtless Queensborough and Kingston, the latter
being on the Waccamaw. Who the petitioners were is not
known. A notice of the first advertisement for the /sale of
lands in this region may throw some light on the locality
of these poor Irish Protestants. This notice -appeared in
the Gazette of June 1, 1738, in these words : " To be sold,
* The Hon. Thomas Butler King, formerly of Georgia, married a daughter
of Stephen Gibson.
t The author visited this interesting locality in company with the late Hugh
Godbold, who took great pleasure in pointing out different points of interest.
The visit was hurried and no careful examination made.
A more thorough exploration, particularly about the site of th6 old church,
would doubtless bring some interesting relics tQ light. Mr. Godbold had an
antiquarian taste, and an appreciation of the past which is seldom met with.
J " Council Journal," No. 7, p. 37.
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 75
a Tract of land, of 100 acres ; excellent good Land, fronting
upon Pedee River, and back on Jeffrey's Creek ; also, one
Tract of 500 acres, in Irish- town/' Of the locality of Irish-
town, we are left to conjecture. It was probably on
Jeffrey's Creek, and its inhabitants the Irish Protestants
referred to.
A few other names appear in the records of this region.
As early as 1735, Walter and Ralph Izard settled on the
east side of the river, not far below Mars Bluff. They
removed lower down a few years after. About the same
time (1735), a family of Jamesons made a settlement at
Little Bluff, in what is now Marion district.
In that, or the subsequent year, land was granted to a
Colonel Jameson.
Nathan Evans* was a Welchman, and settled on Cat
Fish. He either came from the Welch Neck above, soon
after his arrival there, or was one of those who went first
to the lower part of the Welch Tract, and remained there.
Lands in the neighbourhood of Tart's Millf were granted to
Nathan Evans.
David Evans, a son of Nathan, was a captain in the
Revolution, and a man of note. He died childless. About
the same time, two families of James' and Lucas' came
down the river, and settled on Cat Fish. With the latter of
these, the Crawfords and Evans' intermarried.
Soon after, a family of Baker's came from Newbern,
N.C., to Pedee. One of this name married a daughter of
Nathan Evans. William Baker was prominent in the
Revolution, and marked for his devotion to the cause of
liberty.
The first settlements on Little Pedee were made a few
years later (about 1740) by emigrants from Virginia and
North Carolina a lower class of people, many of whom
became noted for their opposition to the cause of their
country during its subsequent history.
The name of Buckholdt, known among the earliest set-
* Nathan Evans was the grandfather of the late Thomas Evans, and Gene-
ral Wm. Evans, of Marion. The father of General Evans was also named
Nathan, and was a man of upright character through life.
f Tart's Mill is about six miles above Marion, C.H.
76 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
tiers, afterwards became prominent. Of this family were
Abraham, Jacob, and Peter. They settled on Cat Fish and
in Cashway Neck. Major Abraham Buckholdt attained some
distinction. This family were from Prussia. They were
men of enterprise, but of a roving disposition, and left the
Pedee at an early period.*
Thus closed the history of the first settlements on the
Pedee. They were made between the years 1734 and 1740,
the Welch element greatly preponderating. The river
afforded facilities for transportation, of which advantage
was taken. Stock raising was the most profitable business,
and laid the foundation of fortunes, which rapidly in-
creased. The Indian gradually retreated; Providence
favoured the white man with good seasons and a fertile
soil; and the tide of emigration thus begun, continued to
flow in, until the troubles with the mother country, long
gathering before the storm, at length burst upon the heads
of a devoted people, put a temporary period to its pro-
gress.
* Soon after the Revolution the name disappeared. About that time
Major Buckholdt removed to Georgia, and subsequently to Mississippi, from
whence two of his grandsons found their way to Texas. They are the only
representatives of the name surviving, and are now respectable citizens of
Milam County, Texas-r-worthy descendants of a true Whig stock.
The only local trace of the name left in So. Ca. is in that of a Creek
(Buckholdt's), four miles below the village of Society Hill in Darlington
district.
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHEBAWS. 77
CHAPTER V.
History of settlements continued In neighbourhood of Welch Neck, above
and below on the river Petitions of settlers Their families and descen-
dantsCertificates of character given Battle of Culloden followed by tran-
sportation of rebels to America, and emigrations to Pedee Valuable addi-
tions from this source Settlers from No. Ca. Huguenot element coming
in Braddock's defeat (1755) followed by emigrations from Pennsylvania
and Virginia Other settlers Settlements on Lyche's Creek Later addi-
tions Continued to opening years of Be volution.
THE history of the settlements on the Pedee has been
brought down through what may be termed its first period,
viz., from 1734 to 1740. During these years only occurred
the emigration of such bodies of persons to certain locali-
ties as could properly be termed colonies, as of the Welch
above, and the Irish and English lower down on the river.
There were also, as we have seen, individuals from different
regions, who constituted valuable elements in the infant
communities. From 1740 to 1760 large and important
additions were made to the settlements, continuing, indeed,
until the threatening difficulties with the Mother Country
put a stop for the time to the increase of population from
abroad.
About the year 1740, came the family of Lide. There
were three brothers of this name John, Thomas, and
Robert. They were of Welch origin, and came to Carolina,
from Roanoke, Virginia. After the emigration of this
family from Wales, the name was Anglicized, and assumed
eventually its present form. In Welch it was written
Llhuyd,* in subsequent records, Loyd, which spelling was
found in some branches of the family down to a compara-
tively recent period.
Of the three brothers who came to Pedee, John, the
eldest, left an only son, William, the father of John Wild
Lide (who removed to and died in Tennessee), and of the
late Mrs. Eebecca Punch, of Cheraw.
* Mill's "Statistics of S. C.," p. 618.
78 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
Thomas, the second son, settled on the river, at Cheraw
Hill.* He was educated in the Church of England, and
took an active part in the organization of St. David's Parish,
having been a large contributor to the building of the
church and the pecuniary resources of the parish afterwards.
He married three times. By his first wife, who was a
Miss Kimbrough, he had an only child, a daughter, the
mother of the late Governor John Lyde Wilson, of So.
Ca. By his second wife, a Miss Foster, he had five sons
John, Thomas, Charles Motte, Robert, and James ; also
a daughter. f Of these sons, Charles Motte was a man of
remarkable parts. His name will appear hereafter. Col.
Lide was a man of high character, and died in 1787, uni-
versally esteemed.
Robert, the youngest brother, was born on Roanoke, Va.
in 1734, and brought to Pedee, by a maternal uncle, Craw-
ford. He settled on the west side of the riverj above, and
afterwards near Cash way Ferry, in what is now Darlington
district, and became the head of an extensive family con-
nexion. He was a prominent actor in the subsequent
history of that region, and took an influential part among
the Whigs of Pedee in the Revolution. He was at one
time a Major under Marion. Robert Lide married first,
Sarah Kolb, by whom he had three sons James, Hugh, and
Peter. He afterwards married Mrs. Fort, and subsequently
contracted a third marriage. || The second son, the late
Hugh Lide, of Darlington, was a man remarkable for
* Colonel Lide, as he was afterwards known, settled on the plain, between
the site of St. David's Church and the river. He gave the land on which St.
David's Church was built.
He subsequently became a prominent and influential Baptist, and donated
the ground on which the first Baptist Church, at Cheraw Hill, was erected.
This was between St. David's Church and the river, on the old road as. it came
up from the ferry.
Of the original deed, executed in 1785, the author has a copy.
f This lady became Mrs. Twitty, and afterwards Mrs. Burn.
J The lands first settled by Major Lide, were in that large bend of the river
below Sugar Loaf (a well-known point on Pedee), afterwards the property of
the Saunders', and subsequently belonging to the late Colonel Bright William-
son, of Darlington.
This ferry took its name from having been called by one of the first owners
of it, " Cash-way," meaning that all persons who crossed were to pay cash.
|| The fruits of this marriage were the late Mrs. James Lide, Mrs. Cyms
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 79
strength of character and solidity of understanding ; of re-
tiring disposition, however, he sought not publicity, and
passed away, after a useful life, little known beyond the
limits of his native district.
The name of Baxter appeared on the Pedee as early as
1740. About this time lands were granted to James
Baxter on the west side of the river, on Poke Swamp, in
what is now Marion district. He was probably* the father
of Colonel John Baxter, a man of note in civil and military
life in that region.
After the Revolution the family moved lower down the
river.
In September, 1743, 400 acres of land in the Welch
Tract were granted to John Luke. The name continued to
be known many years after on Pedee.
About this period William Colt and Abraham Colson
settled on the east side of the river, below the Welch Neck.
The name of Colson was long known, while that of Colt
disappeared not many years afterward.
In 1744, John Wilks obtained a grant for 748 acres of
land in Craven county. He was the ancestor of a worthy
family, whose descendants are yet found in Darlington and
Chesterfield districts. From 1747 onwards, the influx of
population was more rapid, and continued to increase. In
the latter part of the year previous came George Hicks,
from Virginia. The family was of English descent. Being
a man of means and influence, Mr. Hicks induced a number
of his own relatives and others also to come with him. He
became the head of a large connexion on the Pedee. The
first record of his name is in a grant for land, in the
Welch Tract, January 22nd, 1747. He had probably made
a visit the year before. On the 18th of November, 1747,
as appears from the records of Council, "was presented
the humble Petition of George Hicks ; setting forth, that
Bacot, and Mrs. James Pugh, of Darlington ; also John W. Lide, and Hannah,
who married Thomas Hart.
After her husband's death, Mrs. Lide married a Mr. Holloway, of whom the
late Jesse Holloway, of Darlington, was a won, a man of unassuming parts, but
esteemed by all who knew him for his purity and excellence of character.
80 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
he lately arrived from Virginia, with a family consisting of
nine whites and eleven blacks ; that he is. willing to settle
and cultivate a part of his Majesty's lands, Praying, that
he may obtain grants in proportion to the said numbers ;
and being informed that a tract of land, containing 4,000
acres, was surveyed in the Welch Tract for James Griffith,
by virtue of a warrant, dated December 6th, 1745, requiring
the same to be returned into the Secretary's Office for a
grant in 12 months, a Plot of which has passed the
Surveyor-General's Office above a year ago, but no return
made thereof into the Secretary's Office; and the said
Griffith having some time ago left this Province, and as has
been reported, and is generally believed, has since come to
an untimely end. Wherefore, the Petitioner prays his
Excellency & Hon s , to direct the Survey or- General to cer-
tify the said Plot in his name, and that he may obtain a
grant thereof, though previously certified by him for the said
Griffith ; and also that the said Surveyor-General may be
directed to certify for the Petitioner two Tracts of land in
the Welch Tract, one containing 200 acres, the other 100
acres, surveyed for James Jones, by virtue of a Warrant,
dated February 12th, 1745, requiring a return into the Secre-
tary's Office in 12 months; which said Plots were returned
into the Survey or- General's Office, March 9th, 1746, where
they now lie, no application having been made for the same.
Your Petitioner further prays, that, in your order to the
Surveyor, you may direct him to admeasure and lay out
300 acres of land in the Welch Tract, being in the whole
1000 acres.
" Upon examining the said Petition, and enquiring into
his Family right, it appearing that three in whose right he
had petitioned were not of his own family, being his Sister's
children, and the third, his Overseer, it was Ordered, that
the Surveyor- Gen 1 do certify the Plots prayed for in the
name of the Petitioner, and that 150 acres may also be
surveyed for him in the Welch Tract."
Having thus secured a substantial landed estate, George
Hicks began a successful career, and amassed a large for-
tune. He married a widow, Mrs. Sarah Gardiner (a
daughter of the Rev. Philip James, first pastor of the
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 81
Welch Neck Church), and raised a large family, from whom
a numerous progeny sprang.
Mrs. Gardiner, at the time of her marriage with Mr.
Hicks, had a daughter, Sarah, who became the second wife
of William Pegiies, of Chesterfield. The fruits of her
marriage with Mr. Hicks were five daughters and two sons.
Of the latter, Benjamin died young ; George married a
Miss Hicks, and moved at an early period to the West.
The daughters'* were Mary, Elizabeth, Nancy, Lucy, and
Charlotte. Colonel Hicks, as he was afterwards known,
was a man of high character and extensive influence. His
name will frequently appear in connexion with St. David's
parish, and the opening scenes of the Revolution.
Of those who are known to have emigrated to the Pedee
with Colonel Hicks, was a brother, William. He had three
sons Charles, Benjamin, and Daniel.
Daniel Hicks lived in Richmond County, N.C., near the
State line, and was an active Whig in the Revolution. His
family, after his death, removed to Georgia. The family of
Benjamin Hicks also left Carolina at an early period.
In the year 1747, other names appear as grantees of
land in the Welch Tract. Among these were John
Powell, Alexander Staples, John Singleton, and Edward
Boyakin.
In March, 1748, John Purvis petitioned Council for 150
acres of land on Thompson's Creek, f Pedee River, stating
* Mary married Malachi Murphy, and had several children, of whom account
has been given.
Elizabeth married a cousin, Benjamin Hicks, who removed to the West.
Nancy married Thomas Godfrey. The children of this marriage were Sophia,
Harriet (afterwards Mrs. Samuel Gillespie), Mary (Mrs. Saunders), Elizabeth,
William, Samuel, Wilson, George, Richard, and Thomas.
Lucy married George Strotber, and was the mother of Elizabeth (who married
Robert Gregg), Mary (afterwards Mrs. Deer), Harriet (Mrs. Broughton), and a
son, George. Charlotte, the youngest daughter, married John Wilson.
Of this marriage the sons, Benjamin and George, died young. The daughters
were Eleanor, afterwards Mrs. James A. Harrington ; Sarah J., who married
Oliver H. Kollock ; and Anne, who became the wife of James A. Hart. Of
this large number, but few survive. And such have been the changes of time,
that not one of the name of Hicks is now known on the Pedee, though there
are many descendants.
f The descendants of John Purvis, as has not very often been the case in this
country of change, have continued in possession, as is supposed, of the land first
granted, and remain there, some of them at least, to the present day.
82 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHEBAWS.
that he had a wife and one child ; that he came from Vir-
ginia the year previous, and had no land assigned him. His
petition was granted.
About the same time was presented the petition of John
Bushing, stating that he came from Virginia with a wife
and one child, and had made a settlement in the Welch
Tract on Thompson's Creek. A grant of 150 acres was
made to him.
In 1749, Joshua Edwards emigrated to the Pedee. He
was born in Pembrokeshire, South Wales, February llth,
1703-4, and removed before his maturity to Pennsylvania,
or the Welch Tract in Delaware, as it afterwards became.
Here he remained about thirty years before following his
countrymen to Carolina. He petitioned for land in 1751,
stating that he was a settler in this Province, having come
nearly two years since from Philadelphia, and that he had a
wife and one child. His petition was granted. By his first
wife, Joshua Edwards had two sons,* Thomas and Abel, and
two daughters, Rachel and Phoebe. By his second wife,
three sons,f Henry,Elijah, and John, and one daughter, Mary.
Joshua Edwards was ordained in 1751, and became the
third pastor of the Welsh Neck Church. This connexion
ceased after six years. He then took charge of the Mount
Pleasant congregation, near Cash way Ferry, an off- shoot
from the Welch Neck Church ; and, resigning this, con-
tinued his work on Little Pedee, where he remained until
1768. Mr. Edwards was a man of ardent piety and great
purity of character. He lived to see of his posterity eighty-
two, and died August 22nd, 17844
* Thomas, the first son, married Sarah Roblyn, the fruit of which marriage
was but one child, Joshua Edwards, jun. Abel, the second son, married Sarah
Harry; and afterward Sarah Douthel (Dousnel, as it appears in the earliest
records). His children were Catharine, who married Thrashley Chapman ;
Edward, who married Mary Dewitt ; and Sarah, who married John McDonald.
Rachel, the elder daughter, married Roderic Mclver. Phoebe, the younger
daughter, married Josiah Evans. Abel Edwards lived on the north side of
Cedar Creek, near the crossing of the Cheraw and Darlington R.R.
j- Of the sons of Joshua Edwards by his second marriage, Jobn married
Elizabeth Bevil, Henry married Elizabeth Oliver, Elijah , and Mary,
the daughter, John Rodgers. Henry Edwards is remembered by some persons
of the present day as an old revolutionary soldier. He was a man of stout
frame, and told of many a hard-fought battle through which he had passed.
J Wood Furman's " History of Charleston Association," pp. 70, 71.
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 83
Abel, his second son, was a useful man, and a highly-
esteemed member and deacon of the Welch Neck Church.
He died in 1793. His son, the late Major Edward Edwards,
of Chesterfield district, was the father of a large family, of
which there are many descendants. Thomas Edwards re-
ceived his education at the North. He died in Charles-
town at an early age, January 1st, 1776.
In 1751, a name appeared for the first time in the history
of settlements on the Pedee, which was destined to become
distinguished in its future history. On the 2nd of April of
that year, Henry Kolb petitioned Council for land, in or
near the Welch Tract ; stating that he was a settler in the
same, with three in family, himself and two negroes, and
that he was willing to cultivate the soil. He obtained a
grant for 150 acres. Two years later, Peter Kolb also
petitioned for land, stating that he had for some years been
a settler in the Welch Tract ; also Jacob Kolb, who ap-
peared, from his petition, to have had then a plantation on
the Pedee. He asked for more land. Martin Kolb was
another settler of the name. They came from Pennsylvania.
Peter Kolb married Ann, the eldest daughter of the Rev.
Philip James. The fruits of this marriage were five chil-
dren Abel,* who became so distinguished, married Sarah
James ; Ann James, who married Joshua Edwards ;f Han-
nah, who married Joseph Dabbs;{ Benjamin, who married
Elizabeth Murphy ; and Sarah, who married Evander M'lver. ||
* The fruits of this marriage were Ann, who married the late Major James
Pouncey, of Marlborough, of venerable memory, from whom a large connexion
have descended ; Sarah, who married first Benjamin David, and afterward
Philip Pledger ; and a son, James, who died young.
f Joshua, the grandson of Rev. Joshua Edwards, had four children Sarah,
who married James Hart, and afterwards John Mclntosh ; Thomas, who died
at manhood ; Peter, who married Jame Draughton ; and Ann James, who
married John Kirven, and afterwards Daniel Dubose.
J The children of Joseph Dabbs were Nancy, who married Benjamin
Williams; Samuel, who married Sarah Grove; and William, who married
Martha Elison.
The children of this marriage were Nancy, who married David Archer ;
Harriet, who married James Holloway; Abel, who married a Miss Meigs;
Sarah, who remained single; Betsey, who married a Mr. McQxiirt; and Mary,
who married Thomas Meigs.
|| Evander Mclver had ten children Catharine, who married Samuel Evans;
Nancy J., who remained single ; Rachel, who married Jesse Holloway ; John
Kolb, who married Sarah Marshall ; Evandef , who married Eliza Cowan; Abel,
G2
84 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
The late Jehu Kolb, of Darlington, was a collateral relative
of Abel Kolb,* probably the grandson of one of the first
settlers of the name already mentioned. He was a man of
unassuming character and retiring virtues, but bold and
fearless when occasion demanded. He rendered effective
service in the Revolution, carrying the marks of serious in-
juries received to his grave, and died some years since, uni-
versally respected.
In May, 1751, Anthony Pouncey obtained a grant for
land in the Welch Tract. He petitioned for and obtained
a grant for 800 acres on the Wateree, April 6th, 1749,
where he probably settled first. In this petition he stated
that he had a wife, six children, and eight slaves. The name
of William Pouncey appears about the same time. The
former was probably the father of Williamf and Roger. J
In 1751, the name of John Todd appears as a grantee of
who married Ann Chapman, and subsequently Rachel Love ; Peter Kolb, who
married Elizabeth Chapman, and afterwards Mrs. Maria Nettles ; Thomas A.,
who married Nancy Howard, of Alabama ; Eliza, who married Thomas Griffin;
and Mary Ann Williams, who married Horatio Cannon.
Mrs. Joshua Edwards, who survived her husband, married Enoch Evans. The
fruits of this marriage were six children Margaret James, who married William
Kirven ; Thomas, who married Mary Brooks ; John, who married Mary Craig ;
Hannah Kolb, who married John F. Wilson ; Enoch, who married Ann Pegnes ;
and Benjamin, who died at an early age.
* Through his wife Abel Kolb became possessed of the plantation at the
public ferry (Sparks') near Society Hill. His residence was a two-story brick
building, immediately on the east bank of the river, a short distance above the
ferry. The cellar-walls of this dwelling were brought to view a few years
since by a freshet in the river breaking over the embankment, and interesting
relics were obtained.
f William Pouncey died when quite young, leaving one son, the late Major
James Pouncey and a daughter, who married Alexander Peterkin, the father
of Jesse and James Peterkin of Marlborough, well known to the present
generation in that district. Major Pouncey married Ann Kolb, and reared a
large family. His sons were William, who married Sarah Sparks; James,
who married, first, Mary Pledger, and afterward, Mary Forniss ; John A., who
married Miss Armstrong, of N. C. ; and Peter A. K., who married Miss Ade-
laide Hodge.
His daughters were Sarah, who married D. M. Crosland ;
Mary, Dr. Robert S. Thomas ;
Eliza, Win. Crosland ;
Ann Jane, John Smith, of N. C.
J Roger Pouncey had two sonsAnthony and William and three daugh-
ters Mary, Lucy, and Delilah.
Anthony Pouncey died in Marlborough early in the present century. His
widow afterwards married, and removed with her family to the West.
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 85
land on Pedee. This name continued to be known long
after in Chesterfield District.
In 1 752, an important addition was made to the settle-
ment above the Welch Neck, on the east side of the river.
Philip Pledger came from Virginia during that year, on a
visit to the Pedee, as appears from the following certi-
ficate :
" Amelia County : I, Charles Irby, one of his Majesty's
Justices of the Peace of the said County, do hereby certify,
that the Bearer, Philip Pledger, is and has been an Inhabi-
tant of this County 12 years, and behaved well, and has
published his intention of travelling into Carolina. There-
fore I desire all Persons to permit the said Philip Pledger to
pass and repass upon his lawful affairs, as he may have oc-
casion. Given under my hand and seal, this 17th of March,
1 752. " CHARLES IRBY."
This interesting relic* indicates how closely the traveller
was watched, and the importance attached to character at a
time when any new comer was closely scrutinized by those
among whom he was to settle. Having selected a valuable
body of land on Pedee, Mr. Pledger returned for his family,
with whom he also brought back other emigrants. Among
these was a family of Councill, closely connected with the
Pledgers ; and afterwards numerous, but which, in name at
least, has long since disappeared. Philip Pledger married
a Miss Ellis, of Va. He had two sons, Joseph and John,
and two daughters; one of these married James Hicks, the
other married, first, a Councill, and afterward Wm. Ter-
rill, a son of one of the Welch settlers. Joseph and John
were old enough to take part with their father in the Revo-
lution. Philip Pledger, though advanced in years when
the war commenced, was active notwithstanding, and ren-
dered efficient service. In 1754 he received a commission
* This document was found at the house of Philip Pledger, Esq., of Marl-
borough, a great-grandson of the first settler.
He resides at the old family seat on the lands originally purchased, and which
have remained in the family ever since. Here the author found the largest
and most valuable collection of early manuscript matter anywhere met with,
to which Mr. Pledger kindly gave him free access to use as he might desire.
86 HISTORY OP THE OLD CHERAWS.
as Captain of Militia in his Majesty's service. Capt. Pledger
was a man of high character and generous traits. Possessed
of large means, he was able as he was willing to contribute
to the public welfare.
In the beginning of the troubles with the Mother Country
he received the highest marks of confidence from his fellow-
citizens, and faithfully discharged the important trusts com-
mitted to him. He died at an advanced age.
About this time, valuable additions were made to the
settlements on Little Pedee in the upper part of what is
now Marion District. Among these were the Betheas, of
whom William Bethea was one of the first and most promi-
nent. He was an active Whig. A large and respectable
connexion of this name are yet found in Marion. Another
settler at this period, still lower down on the Pedee, was
Jacob Grice. He came from North Carolina. The family
has been well known in Marion.
In 1752, the name of Gregg first appeared on the Pedee.
This family was of Scottish origin. Not long after the time
of Cromwell a part, if not all of them, removed from the
North of Scotland to Londonderry, Ireland, from whence
the emigration to America took place. On 3rd July, 1752,
John Gregg petitioned Council, stating, that he was desirous
of settling himself and family in this Province that his
family consisted of himself and wife, one Dutch servant, and
five negroes, for whom no grant had been obtained, and
that he was desirous of getting two plots of 500 acres each,
which had been surveyed for Mr. John Atkins about 1735-
36, and were still lying in the Survey or- General's office.
He obtained grants for 1350 acres. At the same time Dr.
John Gregg* petitioned for land lower down, in the fork of
Black River and Pedee.
With John Gregg came a brother, Joseph. They were
known, as were many others who came to the Province
about the same time, as Scotch- Irish Presbyterians. Such
was the Colony in Williamsburg. From these brothers,
John and Joseph, descended the large connexion of the
* Dr. John Gregg was probably a near relative of John and Joseph, but of
his subsequent history nothing is known.
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 87
name, most numerously represented in Marion. Branches
of the family settled also in Massachusetts, Pennsylvania,
and Virginia.
The children* of John Gregg and Eleanor, his wife, were
James, John, Margaret, Robert, Mary, William, and Jennet.
James, the eldest, married Mary Wilson, of the Presbyte-
rian Colony in Williamsburg, and reared a large family.
James Gregg lived on the west side of the river, on Poke
Swamp. He was a captain in the Revolution, and with
his brothers, who were of age, rendered efficient service in
the cause of liberty. Joseph Gregg was also the father of
a large family. f He was a brave and valiant Whig. John
Gregg died about the latter part of the year 1775, having
lived long enough to see the beginning of the troubles that
were to come upon his children.
In Nov. 1753, John Stubbs obtained a grant for lands on
Cat Fish. He was probably the ancestor of the large con-
nexion of that name, since known in Marlborough District.
The battle of Culloden, which occurred in April 1746, led
to the removal of many families to America. Among those
who were ranked as rebels in that conflict and afterward,
were several names which appeared about this time on the
Pedee. Of these were Mlver, M'Intosh, and Cusack.
The accounts of the battle were received in Charles-town,
and published in the July following.
* The children of James Gregg, were Jennet, who married James Hudson ;
Mary, who married Adam Marshall : Sarah, who married a Mr. Jones, and re-
moved to the west at an early period j Margaret, who married Samuel Hall, of
No. Ca. ; John, who married his cousin, Jennet Gregg ; David, who married
Athalinda Brocky ; James, who married Cornelia Maxcy ; Elizabeth, who married
W. Davidson Hall, of No. Ca. ; and Elias, who never married.
John Gregg married Eleanor McKnight, and had ten children Jane, John,
Alexander, Jennet, William, Samuel, James, Margaret, Robert, and Elizabeth.
Margaret married a Mr. Scott. The fruits of this marriage were six children
Elizabeth, Rebecca, Mary, Samuel, John, and William.
Robert had but one child, a daughter.
Mary married Mr. Askins, and had four children Samuel, John, Robert,
and William.
William was the father of nine children Robert James, William Gordon,
Eliza, Gadsden, Levi, Wilds, Boyd, William, and Susannah.
Jennet married Mr. Bingham, and had several children.
f The children of Joseph Gregg were Alexander, Robert, Joseph, Jennet,
Mary, Margaret, and Sarah. The descendants of most of these retnain in
Marion.
88 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
Among the ladies in custody, the Laird of M'Intosh's
wife is mentioned, and Col. and Ensign M'Intosh were
among the rebel officers slain. The names of Cusack and
Murphy were among the prisoners.
A correspondent of the Charles-town Gazette, writing
from London, May 10, said, " we are assured that his
Majesty has been pleased to order such of the Rebel private
men as his Royal Highness shall think proper objects of
his clemency, to be transported to some of his Majesty's
American Colonies."
Soon after this his Majesty's Council in this Province
congratulated his Excellency, the Governor, on the glorious
defeat of the rebels at Culloden. To some of these rebels
and their children America was afterwards largely indebted
for valiant services in the cause of freedom.
In 1756 the names of M'lver and M'Intosh appear
among our early records. In this year Sarah M'lver was
a grantee of land on Lynches Creek. Roderick M'lver was
one of the first of this family. He came directly from
Scotland. His first wife was Anne Rogerson. Soon after
his arrival he married Rachel, daughter of Rev. Joshua
Edwards, and had three children, Evander, John E., and
Catharine. Evander M'lver married Sarah Kolb, as already
related, from whom a large family have .descended. He
was long and prominently connected with the Welch Neck
Church. John E. married Mary Anne Williams.* Catharine
married first Josiah Evans, and afterwards the Rev. Edmond
Botsford,f a Baptist Minister of high standing and great
excellence. Roderick M'lver died in March, 1768; of that
branch of the family (if they were connected) represented
by Sarah M'lver, nothing is known.
In the year 1756 John M'Intosh obtained a grant for
land on Black River. He probably came soon after to the
* The fruits of this marriage were John E., who died at manhood ; Ann
Eliza, who married John W. Davis ; Catharine, who died in infancy ; David
Rogerson Williams, who married Caroline Wilds, and afterwards Martha E.
Grant; Thomas E., who married Eliza M'Intosh, and subsequently Sarah Bacot ;
and Alexander, who married Mary Hanford.
f Mr. Botsford's second wife was Catharine Evans, hy whom he had one
child, Catharine, who married Moses Fort. He contracted afterwards a third
and fourth marriage. The children by his first marriage died in infancy.
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 89
neighborhood of the Welch Neck, on Pedee. John and
Alexander, two brothers, were the first of this name. John,
the elder of the two, settled about two miles below Long
Bluff, on the west side of the river.* He married a
Miss Mikell, and had five sonsf Alexander, John, Loch-
lin, William, and James. John M f In tosh died in 1774.
The name, in only two branches of his family, is now
represented on the Pedee.
Alexander, the younger brother, settled on the east side
of the river, a few miles below Long Bluff, in the Welch
Neck. He married a Miss James, and had three children^
Catharine, John, and Eleanor.
Acquiring probably a good property by his marriage, he
subsequently amassed a large fortune, and was prominently
connected with the history of the Pedee in civil and military
affairs. He was of handsome and commanding person, and
possessed of a better education than was common in that
day. His name will often appear in the following pages.
He is said to have been the first of the early planters who
brought the native African to this region.
The family of Mikell came about this time to Pedee.
There were two brothers, John and William, and a sister.
The latter, as has been stated, married John Mlntosh.
John, the elder brother, settled on the west side of the river,
a few miles above Long Bluff. He became a Major in the
* On the public highway, leading to George-town, just above Cock-run (a
small swamp stream), where the traces of an ancient settlement are still to be
seen.
f Of these Alexander, the eldest son, well known afterwards as Captain
M'Intosh, served actively in the Revolution. John, the second son, married
a Miss Mikell, and died early : Lochlin, a Miss] Vereen, near George-town ;
William, a Miss Mikell, daughter of John Mikell (the late Mrs. F. C. Watson,
of Chesterfield, was a child of this marriage) j James, the youngest son, married
a Miss Lucas, and was the father of the late James H. M'Intosh, of Society Hill.
The father died early. His widow, a lady of advanced years, died in 1862. She
was one of the few links left connecting the present v\ ith that generation.
Catharine married, and moved away at an early period.
John married, and died prematurely, leaving two children Alexander and
Eleanor. The latter became the wife of Alexander Norwood, formerly of Dar-
lington.
Eleanor M'Intosh married a Mr. Bembridge, who removed to Maryland.
This was on the first sand hill, near the river swamp, at what has in
later years been known as the Falconer-place, on the old road from Cheraw
Hill to Long Bluff.
90 HISTOKY OF THE OLD CHEKAWS.
Revolution, and was a man of decided character and In-
fluence. William, the younger brother, was killed by the
Tories.
These settlers soon became thoroughly identified with
the Welch. Intermarriages speedily took place, and re-
ligious differences were eventually laid aside for the bonds
of a common faith, which were long after to unite them.
The M'Intosh's and Mclver's were Presbyterians in the
Mother Country.
In May, 1761, a formal covenant and confession of
faith was signed, and Alexander M'Intosh and Roderick
M'lver were received into union with the Welch Neck
Church.
About this time (1756), the names of Joseph Brocking-
ton, John Kimbrough, Abraham Odam, John Holloway,
James Sweeney, Charles Lowder,* (or Lowther), Samuel
Windes, James and Alexander M'Kown, and (in the follow-
ing year) George Nettles, are found among the records of
our early settlements.
The most of these appear to have taken lands in the
middle and lower parts of what is now Darlington District.
Joseph Brockington probably settled lower down on
the river. This family was of English descent. The first
of the name who came to the upper Pedee was Richard
Brockington. He remained a short time in Charles- town,
then purchased lands on the Pedee above George-town, and
subsequently moved up the river. He had two sons and a
daughter. William, the eldest, married Penelope Benton,
who afterwards became Mrs. Bishop j Richard married
Mary Hartjf and Rebecca, the daughter, married James
Pawley.
John Kimbrough came from Wake County, N 0> C a * He
settled about ten miles below Long Bluff, on the west side
* From this name came that of the lake (supposed to be the ancient bed of
the river) so well known, in Darlington. Charles Lowder probably settled in
that neighborhood. The name, other than in this locality, disappeared at an
early period.
t The late Mrs. Brockington, of Darlington District, whose mansion was
for so many years the seat of the most generous hospitality. The chief delight
of this excellent lady seemed to consist in ministering to the happiness of
others.
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 91
of the river, and became a man of prominence in that
region. He married Hannah Kolb, and had a daughter,
Elizabeth, who became the wife of Lemuel Benton, a name
destined to become distinguished in the history of the Pedee.
Major Kimbrough was a staunch Whig, but too advanced in
years when the war began to render active service.
His death took place in August, 1796. Of the other
names mentioned as having appeared about this time, the
Nettles' and M'Kown's have continued to be known in Dar-
lington and Marion as large and respectable connexions.
James Sweeney is supposed to have been the progenitor of
the present family of Henegan.
It is known that this was called the Sweeney family at
an early period. When or why the change took place, is
not known to the present generation.
Barney, who was probably the son of James Sweeney,
had two sons, Darby and John. Darby was the father of
the late Dr.B. K. and Ephraim L. Henegan, of Marlborough.
His daughters were Drusilla, who married L. E. Stubbs,
and Lucretia, who married Alex. McCollum.
John Sweeney married a Miss Ridgel, and died young.
John S. Henegan was the first of that name. The families
became connected, and two generations back, took the name
of Henegan. They lived first in Marion, where a portion of
their descendants yet reside ; the other, a highly respectable
branch of the family, being in Marlborough.
About this period, came a family, in numbers and in-
fluence, prominently connected with Darlington District
from an early period. John Du Bose was the first of the
name who removed to this region. He was of Huguenot
descent, and came from that settlement on Santee to Lynche's
Creek. His sons were Isaac, Elias, Daniel, and Joseph.
These brothers lived in the same neighborhood,* were
men of property before the Revolution, and took an active
part in that struggle. Daniel was a captain, and Isaac
* This settlement was on the east side of Ly nche's Creek, at a point just
above the crossing of the Wilmington and Manchester, R. R. ; a neighborhood
in which a sanguinary struggle was carried on with the Tories, and in which
the Du Bose's took a decisive part.
92 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
bore honorable office. Eli as, the second son, was prominent
for character and influence. He was a magistrate of note
before and after the war. He married Lydia Cassels, of
Sumpter, and reared a large family.* A sister, Rebecca,
married her cousin, Andrew Du Bose,f whose name will
appear in a prominent connexion in the history of the
Revolution. Another sister, Margaret, married W m * Dick. J
Mr. Dick was an active Whig, and noted for strength and
courage. He removed, after the war, to Darlington.
Peter Du Bose, one of the earlier of the name, was of re-
spectable revolutionary memory.
Soon after Braddock's defeat, the frontier inhabitants of
Virginia and Pennsylvania began to move further south ;
and the region of the Pedee was settled by a few of them.
The progress of population was slow previous to the Indian
Treaty, in 1755 ; after which it began to increase.
John Donaldson was an early settler in what is now
Marlborough District. He removed soon after to Richmond
County, N. C., and there became a Col. of Militia. He
died during the war.
Charles Irby came from Virginia, and settled in the
neighborhood of Philip Pledger, on the east side of the
river. In October, 1768, he married Mehitabel Kolb, and
became a prominent and influential character. Col, Irby,
as he was afterwards known, was the progenitor of a large
family connexion. He died shortly after the Revolution.
Edmond Irby, a brother or near relative of Charles Irby,
took an active part as Captain in the revolutionary
struggles.
In 1758, Thomas Ayer emigrated to "Pedee. He came
* Jesse, Isaiah, and John Du Bose were sons of Ellas.
f The sons of this marriage were Benjamin, Samuel, and Joshua, who lived
on Lynche's Creek.
J The mother of the late John D. Witherspoon, of Society Hill, was a Miss
Dick.
Of the children of Colonel Irby, Charles married Rebecca Evans, sister of
the late Hon. Josiah J. Evans.
James married a Miss Wright, of Marlborough.
Elizabeth became the wife of William Pledger.
Anne married Thomas Lide, and another daughter married a Forniss.
The family of Charles Irby, after his death, removed to Alabama, and are
well known in that State. The name was spelled Yerbey in some of the
earlier records, and was thus pronounced by many for a long time after.
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS, 93
from Ireland to Virginia, and from thence to Carolina. He
settled on the east side of the river, a few miles below
Hunt's Bluff, set up a trading establishment, and amassed a
comfortable property. Of an ardent temperament, and en-
thusiastic in his love of liberty, Thomas Ayer would cheer-
fully have sacrificed life and fortune had it been necessary
for its advancement. Of his children, were Lewis Malone,
born in 1769, the head of a large and respectable family in
Barnwell District ; and the late Hartwell Ayer, of Marl-
borough, from whom a most worthy family have descended.*
About this time came a family which was to contribute a
large and valuable element to the population of Marlborough.
Tristram Thomas, from whom this family is descended,
emigrated from Wales to the Province of Maryland in the
early part of the last century. He died February llth,
1746, leaving a numerous family, of whom a portion re-
mained in Maryland, and others emigrated, it is said, to
Pennsylvania and Virginia. His eldest son, Stephen, emi-
grated to North Carolina, about the year 1750, and died
there, leaving a large family. Several of his sons and
daughters subsequently came to the Pedee, of whom a por-
tion removed, soon after the Revolution, to the then North-
West Territory. This family was originally, and long con-
tinued to be, of the Society of Friends. While in Marl-
borough, they worshipped near Adamsville.f
Stephen's children were, Sarah, Robert, Stephen, Mary,
William, John, Susan, Elizabeth, Lewis, Tristram, Phile-
mon, Benjamin, and James, born between the years 1731
and 58, inclusive.
Of these, Robert, the eldest son, married Mary Sands in
* To this venerable gentleman, through the kind assistance of his son,
General L. M. Ayer, of Barnwell, the anthor is indebted for a thrilling narra-
tive of scenes connected with the revolutionary struggle on the Pedee, and
much other information of interest. Mr. Ayer, though quite a youth at the
time to which his narrative refers, retained a distinct recollection of the most
important events which fell under his observation. After his majority he left
the Pedee, and settled in Barnwell. He died at his residence in Barnwell
District in 1863, at the advanced age of 93, the last link which connected the
present with the revolutionary era of the Pedee.
f Now known as Piney Grove. The original house of worship, having been
purchased by Christians of different denominations, was long free to all, but
ultimately fell into the hands of the Methodists, the Baptists building at
Beaver-dam.
94 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
1756. They reared a large family.* The Rev. Robert
Thomas was for fifty years a faithful minister of the gospel,
laboring with his own hands for the support of his house-
hold. The old Churches at Beaver-dam and Salem, in Marl-
borough, were established through his instrumentality He
abandoned the faith of his fathers at an early period, and
united himself with the Baptists. He was preaching when
the Revolution began, and gave his eldest surviving son to the
service of his country. He died at Britton's Neck, Marion
District, at the advanced age of 84, while on a missionary
tour to the destitute in that region.
Lewis, the second son, married a Miss Breeden, a name
long known in Marlborough. Many of their descendants
yet remain in that district.
Tristram, the seventh son, was born July 28th, 1752.
He married a Miss Hollingsworth, of one of the Welch
families. Though but a few years past his maturity when
the Revolution commenced, he embarked actively in that
trying contest, and became a prominent character.
William Thomas, of another branch of the same family,
emigrated about this time from Maryland. He came as an
adventurous youth, and found a kind friend in Col. George
Hicks. While living with Col. Hicks, he married his niece,
a Miss Little, who was possessed of a good property. He
settled on the east side of the river, a few miles above
Cheraw, and amassed a large fortune. He had one child, a
son, William Little, who married Clarissa Benton. The
fruits of this marriage were two sons,f William L. and
Alexander. The father, William L. Thomas, was a man of
brilliant talents. The name of this branch of the family
has become extinct.
About the year 1760, Claudius Pegnes came to Pedee.
He settled on the east side of the river not far below the
State line. This family was of French descent. The father
* The children of Robert Thomas were Tristram, Elizabeth, Nathan, Sarah,
John Sands, Lucy, Robert, H. Elijah, William, Jesse, Eli, and Benjamin.
The last of this large family, Eli, died in 1854. Many of their descendants
are scattered through the West.
f Alexander died young. William L. married Jane M'Qneen, of Chester-
field, and died childless. This lady afterwards married the late Hon. John
Campbell, of Marlborough.
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHEKAWS. 95
of Claudius Pegues is supposed to have left France after
the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes, and with his wife, a
Swiss lady, settled in London. Claudius, their son, emi-
grated to Carolina, and married a Miss Butler, in Charles-
town in 1748-9. He removed thence to George-town,
where his children were born. After his settlement on
Pedee he was prominently connected with St. David's
Parish. He died in 1790. Of his children, only two sons,
William and Claudius, reached maturity. William mar-
ried Elizabeth Murphy, and settled on the west side of the
river above Cheraw, and near the N. C. line. The fruit of
his first marriage was a daughter, Harriet, who married
William Powe. His second wife was Sarah Gardiner, a
step-daughter of Col. George Hicks. Wm. Pegnes was a
man of more cultivated tastes'* than was usual at that day.
He was a staunch Whig, and with others in this region, as
will be seen hereafter, suffered severely from the depreda-
tions of the Tories.
Claudius, the younger son, married Marcia Murphy, and
settled near his father, in the upper part of what is now
Marlborough District.
A daughter, Henrietta, and other children died young.
Of his four sons who grew up, William married Miss Speed
(of N- C a ), and late in life Maria Punch of Cheraw ; James
married Jane, a daughter of Wm. Johnson, of Sneeds-
borough, N. C. ; Malachi married Charlotte, another
daughter ; and Christopher married Eliza, a daughter of Col.
Thomas Evans. f These brothers all reared large families,
from whom a numerous and highly respectable connexion
have descended.
Claudius Pegnes, their father, was an active Whig, and a
man of great usefulness in his day.
* The remains of a very excellent library were seen by the author a few years
since in the neighborhood of Mr. Pegiies's former residence.
f Colonel Evans was the father of the late Hon. Josiah J. Evans, of Dar-
lington. He married Elizabeth Hodge, and had five ch : ldren, viz. :
Thomas, who married a daughter of Harris Evans ; Josiah James, who married
Dorothy Dewitt ; Abel j Rebecca, who married Charlas Irby ; and Eliza, who
married Christopher Pegnes. Colonel Evans lived a little out from the Welch
Neck, near the public road leading from Long Bluff to the Old Marlborough,
C. H.
96 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHEBAWS.
In 1759 the Rev. Nicholas Bedgegood came to Pedee,
having been called to the charge of the Welch Neck Church.
This charge was not assumed, however, until the following
year. He succeeded Rev. Robert Williams. Mr. Bedgegood
was born at Thornbury, in Gloucestershire, England, January
30, 1731.* He came to America in 1751, and was for
some time connected with Mr. Whitfield, in the Georgia
Orphan House. He became a Baptist in 1757, and not
long after received the call to the Welch Neck. He re-
turned in 1767 to the lower part of the Province, in the
neighborhood of Charles- town, but having received a second
call to the Welch Neck, came back and made a permanent
settlement in this region. In 1769 he married a Miss
Murphy. A son, the late Nicholas Bedgegood, of Marl-
borough, was his only child.
The Rev. Mr. Bedgegood was a good classical scholar, f
and is said to have been an accomplished speaker. " Calm,
however, and didactic, rather than impassioned in his style
of preaching, his efforts were calculated to instruct rather
than to move the feelings. But few were added to the
church during his Ministry "% His death took place in
1774, and on 1st February following, this entry was made
on the records of the Welch Neck Church : " The Rev. Mr.
Nicholas Bedgegood died near fifteen years after his first
call to this place ; and almost seven years after his return,
from which time he ministered here until his death. He
was regarded a good scholar and a sound divine, an eloquent
preacher, and a polite gentleman; and well beloved by his
acquaintance : yet, notwithstanding all his ability and
endowments, he was never very successful, especially in the
latter part of his life ; none being baptized after his return."
* The'following is a copy, as preserved by himself, of the original record of
his baptism :
" Nicholas, Son of Nicholas and Anne Bedgegood, Gent., Baptized Peby. y
22nd, 1731.
This is a true Copy of y e Kegister at Thornbury.
" JA . ETTTTBB, Curate.
"Born January y 80th, 1731."
f He owned a large and valuable library. A few volumes from this library,
with a private journal of Mr. Bedgegood, were presented to the author some
yean since by the late Mrs. Catharine Billingsly, of Marlborough.
J Wood Funnan's " History," pp. 75, 76.
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHEEAWS. 97
To this statement it ought to be added, that from 1767
to 1774, when Mr. Bedgegood finished his course, the
spirit of the time and disturbed state of the country were
most unfavourable to general religious progress or the
growth of any congregation.
Not later than 1760, Martin Dewitt emigrated to the
Pedee from Fredericksburgh, Virginia. He settled on the
lower part of Black Creek, in what is now Darlington Dis-
trict. He married Ellen Douthel. His sons, who came
with him, were William, Harris, Thomas, and John. He
took part in the Revolution, though advanced in years, and
died in the place of his first settlement. William, the eldest
son, married Mary, the daughter and only child of Daniel
Devonald, one of the Welch settlers.* Harris married
Elizabeth, a daughter of Richard Brockington, and after-
wards a Miss Pawley, and removed to the West at an early
period. Thomas married and died early. John was the
father of the late Martin Dewitt, of Darlington ; a man who
maintained a most unblemished character through life.
William Dewitt, afterwards well known as Cap"- Dewitt,
settled in the upper part of the present district of Darling-
ton, f His sons were John, Charles M., and Daniel, who
died when a boy. John, the late Major Dewitt of Society
Hill, married Nancy, daughter of Thomas Powe. Charles
never married. He was a man of superior talents. The
daughters of William Dewitt were Mary, who married
Edward Edwards ; Sarah, who married a Mr. James, and
subsequently Sam 1 * Ervin; Eleanor, J who married Allen
Chapman ; Elizabeth, who married Sam 1 * Wilds, and after-
wards Dr. Thomas Smith ; Margaret, who married Enoch
Hanford, and Dorothea, who married Josiah J. Evans.
Harriet, another daughter, died at an early age. Cap.
Dewitt was a man of strongly marked character, and an
* Her mother was long a widow, of good property for that day, and lived a
short distance above the old Welch Neck Church, on the east side of the river.
f On Cedar Creek, near the village of Society Hill, where the late Judge
Evans resided.
J This excellent lady, the last of her father's family, and almost of her own,
died in 1860. The writer was indebted to her for much interesting in-
formation.
98 UISTORY OF THE OLD
active and devoted Whig. He survived his wife, and died
about 1812.
Another branch of the family came from Virginia about
the same time, and settled lower down on the river, in what
is now Marion District.* Thomas Dewitt, the father of this
connexion, was probably a brother, or other near relative of
Martin Dewitt. His sons were Thomas, William, and
Charles. Charles married a Miss M'Call in 1771. The
name is yet known in Marion. Many other settlers came
about this time to Pedee. Among these was Elisha Parker.
He purchased lands on the east side of the river, just below
the State line. Here a public ferry was established soon
after, known as Parker's Ferry. Elisha Parker died at an
advanced age. His son, Stephen, who came with him, was
a ship-builder, and before the Revolution built boats for the
navigation of the river. Stephen Parker accumulated a
good property, and died about 1810. Some of his descen-
dants are now living in Chesterfield District.
Hewstiss was another name early known. This family
contributed its quota to the cause of liberty. Of the Tur-
nages, who emigrated to what is now Chesterfield District,
William served his country faithfully. He died at an ad-
vanced age about 1823. A son, John Turnage, yet survives, a
worthy citizen of Chesterfield. With the Turn ages came the
Ruthvens, some of whom are yet found in Chesterfield.
The name of Sparks goes back to this period, on the
Pedee. There were four brothers who came from Virginia,
viz., Daniel, Charles, Samuel, and Harry. Of these, Charles
and Samuel went to sea. Harry, a noted Whig, was killed
by the Tories. Daniel, the eldest brother, settled first at
what has long been known as the Beauty Spot, in Marl-
borough District. The family afterwards resided at the " Red
Bluff," in the Welch Neck.
Daniel Sparks married Martha Pearce,f and had three
sons Alexander, Samuel, and Daniel. Alexander married
* This place of settlement was called afterwards JJewitt's Bluff, and is
still known by this name on the river.
f This excellent and venerable lady died a few years since, near Society
Hill, at a very advanced age. She retained her physical vigour and mental
faculties to the last to a very remarkable degree. Her life was one of many
trials, having embraced the stormy years of the Revolution.
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 99
Jeanette M'Kearly; Samuel married Ann Hurry; and Daniel,
a French lady in Louisiana. The daughters were Martha,
who died single ; Polly, who married John Crosland ; Lucy,
who married Alexander Stubbs, and subsequently Thomas
Stubbs ; and Sarah, who married William Pouncey.
Daniel Sparks, the father, was a noted Captain of Militia in
the Revolution, and rendered valuable service to his country.
Edward Crosland, who was thrown upon his own resources
as an orphan boy, came about the year 1760 from Virginia
to Carolina.
The tradition has been handed down in the family, that
he joined a company of adventurers of about thirty persons,
near the middle of the Province, some time before the Re-
volution, for the purpose of exploring and hunting in the
South- West. The company, it is said, went through North
Carolina, Tennessee, and Kentucky, to the Ohio River,
thence to the Mississippi ; and after exploring that stream to
the mouth of the Missouri, retraced their steps, and descended
the Mississippi to New Orleans. A part of the company re-
turned, leaving their companions behind.
After returning to North Carolina, Edward Crosland
married a daughter of Samuel Sneed, of that State, and
settled near the boundary line ; acting chiefly in South Ca-
rolina during the Revolution. Subsequently, he removed to
Santee, and after a few years, settled on the Pedee, near
Gardiner's Bluff, in what is now Marlborough District, where
lie reared a large family. His sons were/ John, Samuel,
Daniel M., Israel, David, George, Philip, and William. His
daughters were, Temperance, Mary, Sarah, Elizabeth, Re-
becca, find Ann. Not a few of the descendants of this
family are now numbered among the respected citizens of
Marlborough.
The Websters, Adams, and Fletchers, came about this
time_ from Virginia and Maryland to Pedee.
These families have extensive connexions in Marlborough.
Emanuel Coxe settled lower down on the river. He reared
a large family, from which many of the citizens of Marl-
borough have descended. Several of this name were among
the soldiers of the Revolution. William Coxe was parti-
cularly noted.
100 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
Settlements were made about this time on Lynche's
Creek, in what is now Chesterfield District.
Among the first who came here, were Charles and George
Evans, of the Welch stock on Pedee ; and John Blakeney.
The latter came from Ireland, and established himself as a
trader. He had two sons William and John. William
was the father of the late Gen 1 J. W. Blakeney of Ches-
terfield; and from these brothers, the large connexion in
that District have descended. John Blakeney was an active
Whig in the Revolution. His name appears in the records
of St. David's Parish. Lower down on Lynche's Creek, in
what is now Darlington District, were the Huggins, Carters,
and others, well known since in that region. This settle-
ment extended from the Effingham Mills, a point of note in
those days, towards the Fork of Lynche's Creek.
The names of Cannon, Hunter, Williamson, Coker, and
Pawley, appear here. They settled on Black Creek, in Dar-
lington, and were active Whigs.
Colonel George Pawley was prominent in the neighbour-
hood of George-town at an earlier period. He is supposed
to have removed subsequently higher up the river, having
become the owner of lands on the east of the Pedee, above
Mars Bluff. James Pawley was probably a son or colla-
teral relative. He married Rebecca Brockington, and after-
wards a Miss Hunter. Cusack was also a name of a still
earlier settler, and destined to become sadly noted in the
trials that awaited these infant settlements. Lower down
on Jeffrey's Creek, was Wm. McDowell. He emigrated
from Ireland to North Carolina, and subsequently to this
region, bringing a family with him.* He was a stanch
friend of his country, and suffered much from the Tories,
who made frequent forays in this neighbourhood. Simon
Connell was one of his companions, and a name which ap-
pears in favourable connexion with the struggles which
shortly followed. He was killed by the Tories.
On Cat Fish, in what is now Marion District, were the
* Mary, a daughter of William McDowell, born in 1769, was surviving in
1859, near Florence (Wilmington and Manchester R. R.). She married Wm.
Britt soon after the Revolution. Her husband was in the battle of Guilford
Court House. He died at an advanced age.
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 101
Cherrys. George Cherry was noted in the revolutionary
struggle.
Higher up were the Hodges, than whom few families
gave a larger number of soldiers to the cause of
liberty. The late Cap tt Geo. Hodge/ of Marlborough,
was the last connecting link with that generation. He
married a daughter of George Cherry. Townsend was an-
other family known at this period. The name of Light
Townsend appears among the records of the Revolution.
The family has become extensively connected in Marl-
borough. William Forniss was advanced in years when the
war began, and an ardent Whig. The late venerable James
Forniss, of Marlborough, was a lineal descendant. This family
settled in the upper part of the Welch Neck, on the river.
In the same neighbourhood were the Downes ;f and farther
out, on Crooked Creek, were Samuel and Joseph Dabbs, the
first of that name on Pedee. Joseph Dabbs married Han-
nah Kolb. His devotion to liberty was sealed with his
blood. His descendants are found now in Darlington. In
the neighbourhood of Hunts Bluff, on the east side of the
river, were the Sweats, a worthy family, and devoted Whigs.
Wm. Sweat, the father, was an old man when the
Revolution began. His sons, James and Nathan, were
young men at that time. This was probably a branch of
the family which came with Gideon Gibson from Virginia.
The Quicks, higher up the river, are worthy of mention
among the early settlers of that region. They came from
Bertie County, North Carolina, where the family resided in
1742.J Thomas Quick was one of the brave Whigs of the
Upper Pedee.
* Captain Hodge was the maternal uncle of the late Judge Evans.
f This name has long since disappeared.
j The following is a copy of one of the relics of those days :
" North Carolina, At a Court begun and held for said County at the
Bertie County. House of John Collins, near Red Bird, on tuesday, the
9th Day of November, Anno Dom 1 1742 ;
Present, His Majesty's Justices of the Peace &c. Personally came Thomas
Quick of this County, and in open Court made oath on the Holy Evangelists,
that his family consists of six persons j viz., Thomas Quick, Ruth Quick, Bertha
Quick, Anne Quick, Willis Quick, & Rachel Quick: which is Ordered to be Certified.
" Witness George Gould Esq r , Chairman of the said Court at Bertie, the
20th Day of November, Anno Dom 1 , 1742. .
" Dated at the Clerk's Office the 20th " GEO. GOULD.
Day of November, Anno Dom 1 , 1742. " HBNBY DE LA CLASPEB."
102 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
In 1762, Evan Pugh emigrated to the Pedee. His an-
cestors came from Wales to Pennsylvania, where he was
born. They were associated with the Quakers, and pro-
bably constituted a part of the colony of William Penn.
While he was yet a boy, his father removed to Winchester,
Virginia. Upon arriving at manhood, Mr. Pugh became a
teacher, and acted in that capacity on the Yadkin River,
North Carolina. While there he became a Baptist. In
1762 he pursued his studies, at Long Bluff, and was ordained
two years afterwards.
Subsequently he removed to Cashway, and took charge
of the Mount Pleasant congregation in that neighbourhood.
Mr. Pugh married Martha McGee.
By this marriage he had two sons and a daughter. James,
the elder son, was the father of the family in Darlington.
Ezra, the younger son, died prematurely just after com-
mencing life as a lawyer at George-town. Elizabeth, the
daughter, married Hugh Lide, of Darlington. Of the life
and character of Rev. Evan Pugh, account will be given
hereafter. He died in 1802.
About this time, Dr. James P. Wilson came to Pedee,
and settled at Long Bluff. He was a native of Buck's County,
Pennsylvania, and educated at Carlisle, in that State.
He settled first as a physician at Winchester, Virginia,
and remained there several years. During his residence at
that place, he married Martha Jamison.
His children were the late John F. Wilson, of Society
Hill, who married Hannah Evans ; Mary, who married Ed-
ward Burch ; and Martha, who married John Sweeney.
Dr. Wilson, for many years, had a large practice on the
Pedee, and was surgeon in Marion's Brigade.
Virginia continued to furnish valuable elements to the
growing population on the Pedee. Thomas Powe emigrated
from that State about this period. He married a Miss
Allen, of Virginia. His children were William, who mar-
ried Harriet Pegnes; Erasmus, who married Esther Ellerbe ;
Mary, who married William Falconer ; Rachel, who married
Allen Chapman ; Nancy, who married John Dewitt ; Alex-
ander, who married Miss Spencer ; and Thomas, who mar-
ried Martha Ellerbe.
HISTOEY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 103
Mr. Powe settled first on Cedar Creek, near the present
village of Society Hill, and afterwards removed to the
neighbourhood just above Cheraw Hill, where he lived and
died. Thomas Powe was a magistrate of note after the
Revolution, and was an active and useful man on the
Pedee. His second son, Gen 1 Erasmus Powe, of Ches-
terfield, was also a man of much excellence and useful-
ness in his day. The widow of Thomas Powe married
Calvin Spencer, whom she survived many years.
The Godfreys were of English descent. This name ap-
pears in the early history of Carolina.
Richard Godfrey died some years before the Revolution,
in the neighbourhood of Cheraw. He probably removed to
th&t locality late in life. His sons were, William, Wilson,
Richard, and Thomas, all of whom were old enough to take
part in the struggle for liberty. William married a Miss
Britton, in what is now Marion district ; Richard, a Miss
Davis ; Wilson also married, and died in Marion ; Richard
lived on the river, at the place since known as Godfrey's
Ferry. He was active in the Revolution. He held several
public offices in Marion, and died about 1821,
Thomas lived in the neighbourhood of Cheraw. He
married Nancy, a daughter of Col. Geo. Hicks, from
whom a large family descended, and of which account has
been given. Thomas Godfrey was long connected with St.
David's parish.
John Wilson emigrated from Maryland to Pedee when
quite a young man. He settled on the east side of the
river, opposite Cheraw, and entered upon a successful career
as a planter. His first wife was a daughter of Col.
Thomas Lide. The only surviving child of this marriage
was the late Governor John Lide Wilson.* The other
children died young. Of Mr. Wilson's family by hi&
second wife, Charlotte Hicks, account has been given. He
was an active Whig, and prominently connected with St.
David's Parish. His death took place in January, 1823,
Mrs. Wilson following him in August of the same year.
* Governor Wilson married, first, Charlotte, a sister of Governor Joseph
Allston. His second wife was a Miss Eden, of Philadelphia, a ward of Aaron
Burr.
104 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
Lemuel Benton emigrated from Granville County, North
Carolina, to Pedee. He settled in the neighbourhood of
Major Kimbrough, and soon after married his daughter,
an only child. The fruits of this marriage were four sons
John, Lemuel, Buckley, and Alfred. The daughters were,
Clarissa, who married William L. Thomas; Charlotte, who
married Laurence Prince ; Gilly, who married Isaiah Du
Bose ; and Elizabeth, who married George Bruce. Of the
sons, John and Alfred died young. Lemuel came also to
an untimely end. Buckley reared a family. The father, after-
wards known as Colonel Benton, was a man of very strongly
marked character, and will appear prominently hereafter.
In 1766, the lands on which the present Town of Cheraw
was built, were granted to Eli Kershaw. With a brother,
Joseph, he set up a large trading establishment at this
place. They removed, a few years afterward, to Camden,
where the name has been well known since.
William Henry Mills, an Englishman, came, about this
time, to Pedee, and settled in the neighbourhood of Long
Bluff. He was a physician, and a well-educated man, and
for a time a prominent citizen.
John Manderson lived in the lower part of what is now
Chesterfield District, and was a man of large means. He
left soon after this period.
About this time came Samuel Wise. He emigrated from
England to Charles-town, where he was residing as a mer-
chant in 1766. A year or two after, he settled on the
Pedee, on the east side of the river, a short distance below
the State line. Mrs. Wise, who came with him, was a
woman of marked traits. Their only child, a daughter,
married Joseph Ball, from the lower part of Carolina.
Samuel Wise was a man of high character, and took a pro-
minent place in the public service. He removed, during the
Revolution, to the Wateree, where he owned a valuable pro-
perty. His career ended during the war.
Henry William Harrington emigrated from England to
the West Indies. After remaining a short time at Jamaica,
he came to South Carolina, and settled on the Pedee. He
took up his residence first on the river, opposite Cheraw
Hill, but soon after went down to the Welch Neck. While
HISTOKY OF THE OLD CHEBAWS. 105
living there, he married Rosanna, daughter of Major James
Auld, of Anson County, North Carolina. The fruits of
this marriage were, Rosanna, who married Robert Troy ;
Henry William ;* James Auld,who married Eleanor Wilson ;
and Harriet, who married Belah Strong. In 1776, Mr.
Harrington removed to Richmond County, North Carolina,
where he continued to reside through life. Of his name
frequent mention will be made in connexion with his emi-
nent public service, and devotion to his country.f
Arthur Hart, a relative of General Harrington, emigrated,
about the same time with the former, from England. He
settled first in Virginia, and there married, remaining, how-
ever, but a short time. From Virginia he came to Pedee,
and settled on lands on the east side of the river, in the
neighbourhood of the Welch Neck. His second wife was
Elizabeth, a daughter of Rev. Robert Williams. This mar-
riage took place in 1771. His third wife was Miss Irby, a
sister of Colonel Charles Irby. The fruits of this marriage
were three children, James, Mary, and Sarah.
James Hart married Sarah Edwards, of whom were born
two sons, James and Thomas Mary, the eldest daughter,
married Richard Brockington. Sarah married Nicholas
Rogers. James Hart died in 1797.
Arthur Hart was a man of good property and high re-
spectability. He was an ardent Whig, but died before the
thickest of the strife, in 17774
Samuel Bacot came to the neighbourhood of what is now
Darlington District in 1769. His grandfather, Pierre Bacot,
was a native of Rochelle, France, from whence he fled, with
other Huguenots, in 1694, to Charles-town. Samuel Bacot
married a Miss Allston, and with her brother, Peter Allston,
came to the Pedee, settling himself on Black Creek, not far
* To Colonel H. W. Harrington, of Richmond County, the author IB indebted
for much interesting traditional matter, and for valuable manuscripts in con-
nexion with the family and the Revolutionary era.
f The larger part of the private journal and other papers of General Har-
rington were unfortunately destroyed by the Tories in one of their plundering
forays to the neighbourhood of his residence. A few manuscripts of interest
were preserved.
J Arthur Hart owned the site of the factory near Society Hill, and was
residing there at the time of his death.
106 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
from the present village of Darlington. Mr. Allston soon
removed to Waccamaw Lake, North Carolina.
Samuel Bacot was a man of energy, a useful citizen, and
ardent patriot. The late Samuel Bacot and Cyrus Bacot,
of Darlington, were his sons.
William and Calvin Spencer emigrated from Connecticut
to the Pedee a few years before the Revolution. William
settled in Anson County, North Carolina, and rose to dis-
tinction in that State.
Calvin Spencer was an active Whig and useful man.
Chesterfield was his permanent residence.
About the year 1770, the name of Charles Augustus
Steward, appeared on the Pedee. He married* a daughter of
George Gabriell Powell, a name destined to become pro-
minently connected with the early history of the Pedee.
Captain Steward removed to the neighbourhoodf of Cheraw,
where he became a prominent character, and continued to
reside.
John Mitchell was another name familiar at this period.
He was a successful trader at Meldrum,i near Cheraw, but
left soon after, and the name disappeared with him. His
sympathies were not with his adopted country, and the dif-
ficulty growing out of this fact led to his removal.
The tide of emigration was stopped by the troublous
times immediately preceding the Revolution, and the trials
of that struggle. Additions were made to the population
on the Pedee after the establishment of peace, of which
some account will be given.
The history of our settlements has been brought down
* This announcement appeared in the Gazette, Charles-town, June 27, 1769:
** On the 15th inst., was married, Charles Augustus Steward, Esq., first Captain
in his Majesty's 21st Regiment, to Miss Sally Powell, Daughter of George
Gabriell Powell, Esq., of Prince George Parish."
f This was the plantation immediately below the town of Cheraw, and called
Fairy Hill.
J Of the locality of Mel drum, mentioned in the papers of the day as being
"near the Cheraws/' the author, after every effort, has been unable to obtain
any information whatever*
Mr. Mitchell is known to have owned lands and * plantation on Thompson's
Creek. Meldrum was probably in this neighbourhood, and the name given to
his plaee of residence.
HISTORY OE THE OLD CHEEAWS. 107
through a period of about thirty-five years, during which,
with very varied and valuable element s, were laid the foun-
dations of future growth and progress. The reader will
now be carried back to take a. survey of other matters of
interest connected with this stage in the history of the
Pedee.
108 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
CHAPTER VI.
Caucasian race progressive Varied elements of population on Pedee Anglo-
Saxon predominant First wants of settlers Stock raising Wild
Stock First markets How reached Other articles exported Products
of the soil Indigo Its culture and history Trading establishments
Navigation of the river Roads and early conveyances Road districts
established Public ferry and its regulations First grants of land- Reser-
vations and taxes Progress of the Province Of this portion of it In-
crease of slaves First settlements Where made Diseases Long Bluff
Its history Cheraw Hill Its settlement Planters' Club Militia of
Craven County Justices of Peace Social life Religious element on Pedee
Growth of spirit of independence Causes of it Feeling towards Earl of
Chatham by the colonies His statue*- Old medal Its history A Parochial
organization at hand The dawn of a brighter day for the Pedee.
THE history of the Caucasian or white race has been one of
progress.
Unlike other ancient and populous divisions of the family
of man, which have never advanced beyond a certain point
of improvement, not always remaining at that, this has
never continued stationary.
Much of course depends on the peculiar combination of
the elements of which the white race is composed leading
either to a general deterioration, or to a people, in their
diversity singularly fitted to advance in every department
of human progress. Such is the Anglor Saxon, which has
been most remarkable in its developments, and is destined
to. fill so large and commanding a place in the latter stages
of the world's history.
In the first settlements on the Pedee, extending through
about one-third of a century, various types of race and cha-
racter were represented. France, England, Wales, Ireland,
Scotland, Germany, and the more northern provinces of
America, whose inhabitants had been chiefly drawn from
the same sources, all contributed in their measure the
Welch element preponderating in the central locality, and
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 109
destined, as will be found, to give character to the commu-
nities around it.
With our early settlers there was. every stimulus to exer-
tion. Their fortunes were yet to be built up, but little
means, for the most part, having been brought with them.
They found in the fertile lands to which they came, with
rich pasturage and luxuriant forests, all that nature could
provide for the supply of their first necessities, and on the
bosom of the river was presented an outlet for their multi-
plying productions, as well as a channel of conveyance for
ministering in turn to their increasing wants. Attention*
was first to be turned to their immediate necessities, and to
the means of intercommunication with each other, and
facilities for trade. Lands were to be cleared, enclosures
made, and the soil developed. Already premiums had been
offered by Government to encourage the cultivation of cer-
tain crops, and a ready market on the coast awaited their
superabundant stores. Some of those who came from the
more northern provinces drove their horses, cattle, and
hogs, over land with them.*
Large numbers of wild horses and cattle in addition
were found by the first settlers in the woods of Carolina.
Many were caught and domesticated, and stock-raising at
once became a prolific source of wealth. Most of the early
fortunes on the Pedee were made in this way. Energy,
rather than capital, was required in the first instance, and
but little labour demanded afterward. Everywhere in those
days, on the hills and in the valleys, the best ranges were
found, and it was only necessary to drive the stock from
place to place in search of fresh pasturage, as the supply
became exhausted. The numbers owned by single indivi-
duals, and thus driven about, were very large, almost
incredibly so to those accustomed to the condition of
things in this respect now existing in the older States. It
was in this kind of life, habituated to the use of the saddle
in the woods for days and weeks together, often in the dan-
gerous adventures of the chase, that our early settlers
became such expert horsemen, and so inured to expo-
* Ramsay's " History of So. Ca.," voL ii. p. 274.
110 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
sure and hardship as to meet successfully the extraordinary
demands of that protracted struggle which was soon to
overtake them.
The wild stock was captured by the simple contrivance
of a large and well-secured pen in the fork of two branches,
or larger streams, into which the frightened and over-
powered animal was driven. In some cases, where the
branches were boggy, and could not be entered, a fence
was built across, some distance above the point of junction,
and this was the only enclosure required. Some of our
smaller streams are yet found to retain the name, " horse-
pen," indicating that they were made to subserve the pur-
pose mentioned. The stock was driven to Charles-town
and other places on the coast, as well as to more distant
markets. Large numbers of cattle were sent from Pedee
to Philadelphia.*
Pork soon became a valuable article of export. In the
course of time, " Cheraw bacon " was destined to be famous
in distant parts of the country. Lumber was also sent off
in large quantities, saw-mills having been erected at different
points soon after the first settlement s.f
The " Effingham Mills," in what is now Darlington
District, are mentioned early, as well as others more imme-
diately contiguous to the river. J
* It is related of Malachi Murphy, who drove many beeves annually to
Philadelphia, that on one occasion was a famous beast, called " Blaze Face," of
great size and unusual sagacity, which he sold in Philadelphia.
On the night of his return home to Pedee, and soon after his arrival, he heard
the low of Blaze Face. He had escaped and followed close upon the track of
his owner, swimming rivers and distancing all pursuers. Mr. Murphy drove him
a second time to Philadelphia, and again he returned. Such a spirit was worthy
of a better fate, but did not shield the bold rover. He was taken a third time
to Philadelphia, and came back no more. This was related to the author by the
late John D. Withirspoon, of Society Hill.
f The prices of some leading articles of trade in Charles-town at this
period will give some idea of the remuneration received by the settlers :
(From Gazette of the day.) Nov. 1, 1739.
Rice, 82*. to 83*. 9d. per cwt. Pitch, 40*. per cwt.
Turpentine, 20*. per cwt. Tar, 80*. per cwt. Skins, 18*. to 19*. per cwt.
Indian corn, 7*. 6d. to 10*. per cwt.
July 16, 1741.
Rice, 31. per cwt. Skins, 16*. 3d. per Ib. Pitch, 55*. per barrel.
Tar, 45*. per barrel. Indian corn, 30*. per bushel.
Turpentine, 22*. 6d. per bushel. Indian Peas, 30*. per bushel.
J The following notices, which appeared in the Gaxette, Charles-town, a
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. Ill
Hemp and flax did not prove to be such profitable crops
as the Welch at first anticipated, and were not much raised.
Neither the soil nor climate were well adapted to their pro-
duction. For hemp, particularly, very rich land, of a
peculiar quality, was required. Wheat and corn were
found more valuable, especially the latter. Indigo, how-
ever, proved to be the most lucrative crop. The rich lands
on the river were admirably adapted to its production, more
so than those in the lower parts of the Province near the
coast.
" About the year 1745," we are informed, " the fortu-
nate discovery was made that this plant (indigo) grew spon-
taneously in the Province, and was found almost everywhere
among the wild weeds of the forest."
As the soil naturally yielded a weed which furnished the
world with so useful and valuable a dye, it loudly called for
cultivation and improvement.
For this purpose, some indigo seed was imported from
the French West Indies, where it had been cultivated with
great success, and yielded the planters immense profit. At
first the seed was planted by way of experiment, and it was
found to answer the most sanguine expectations. In conse-
quence of which, several planters turned their attention to
its culture, and studied the art of extracting the dye from
it. Every trial brought them fresh encouragement. In the
year 1747, a considerable quantity of it was sent to Eng-
few years after, will give some idea of the progress which had been made in
this department of industrial enterprise :
" Notice by John Manderson.
" To be sold at Private Sale, the Subscriber's three saw-mills and grist mill
on Big and Little Cedar Creek. 60,000 feet lumber have been carried by
2 hands on one raft to George-town most populous part Cheraws District
15 hands of the Chickasaw and English breed.
" Sept. llth, 1777."
" May 6th, 1778. Valuable Saw and Grist Mills on Juniper Creek, 4 miles
below Cheraw Hill, with a bolting mill also a bolting mill, distance 2 or 8
miles to Cheraw, where the Church is.
" Timber may be rafted from pier head of lowest mill in small Hafts to the
River, it being not more than 4 miles from the mill to the River down the
Creek, and 3 by land, where the rafts are joined to carry down to George-
town, and has generally been done in Rafts containing from 30 to 40,000 feet
in 5 days, the distance from George-town by land is 90 miles, by JACOB
VALK, Charles-Town."
112 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
land, which induced the merchants trading to Carolina to
petition Parliament for a bounty on Carolina indigo. This
petition from the merchants was followed by another from the
planters and inhabitants of Carolina. Accordingly an Act
of Parliament was passed, about the beginning of the year
1748, for allowing a bounty of sixpence per pound on all
indigo raised in the British American plantations, and im-
ported directly into Britain from the place of its growth.*
It was sent by our farmers to Charles-town, and sometimes
to London, f and occasionally to markets in the neighbouring
colonies. The amount of indigo exported from South Ca-
rolina, in 1754, was 216,924 pounds.^
Fortunes were made rapidly by its cultivation. It
brought at one time from four to five dollars per pound.
Traces of the old indigo vats are to be seen here and there
on the Pedee. Its cultivation ceased about the close of the
century, or soon after.
Higher up the river, in North Carolina, it was followed
by tobacco, which became the principal export, and, for a
time, the chief circulating medium. ||
Some of the first settlers established themselves as
traders, chiefly on the river. Cheraw Hill, Long Bluff, and
Hunt's Bluff were points of note for trade. The navigation
of the river commenced with the arrival of the colonists, as
at Sandy Bluff, who are said to have come up in boats. As
early as 1740, the navigation was open from Cheraw down.
There were serious obstructions, however, which became the
subject of legislation in after years, and with the aid of
individual energy and enterprise, were gradually removed.
The subject of roads, bridges, and ferries claimed the early
Ramsay's History S. C." voL ii. pp. 138, 139.
f The account sales of one cask indigo shipped to London from the Pedee
in 1766, shows that it commanded 2s. 3d. per pound, amounting to 372. 4*. 3d.
The bounty on it was 32. 12s. 4d. The total expense of the shipment from
Charles-town was 32. 6*. 4d.
J Ramsay's " History," p. 191.
As an illustration of the value of the crop, it may be mentioned that
General Harrington sent three four- horse waggon' loads to Virginia, and with
the proceeds of the sale bought from fifteen to twenty negroes.
|| Where it was raised above the head of navigation on the river, tobacco was
carried off to market in hogsheads, weighing from 1000 to 1400 Ibs. The hogs-
heads were strongly hooped, and with an axle and felloes of pine to prevent the
middle from being injured, drawn by two horses.
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHEBAWS. 113
attention of the settlers. Highways were to be established
for travel and transportation. The first roads, rough cor-
duroys, were just wide enough to admit the passage of a
kind of vehicle common then, called a sled. It was of
simple construction, but indispensable at that early day,
when something better was not to be had. It required but
two side pieces of oak, with the ends turned up in front,
and confined together, about four feet apart, by cross pieces
securely tenanted into them. Thus, rough-hewn and expedi-
tiously put together, this simple conveyance was ready for use.
With it, rails were hauled for fencing, wood for fuel, and
logs and other materials for cabins. By the addition of a
box for a body, the corn and other products of the field were
carried to the barn, and families often to places of gather-
ing. But these could not long continue to supply the
growing demands of an advancing population. Better roads
and better conveyances were to be provided. Accordingly,
in 1747, we find the first effort made in this direction.* An
Act waS passed in that year by the Commons House of
Assembly, of which the preamble was in these words :
" Whereas the Upper Settlements on Pedee, Waccamaw,
and Black Rivers are very extensive and remote from each
other, by reason whereof it will be convenient to divide the
same into several districts, under several sets of Commis-
sioners, to the end that the making- and repairing of high-
ways and causeways in those parts may be better attended
to and performed," &c.
It was accordingly enacted, " That the Parts situate upon
or near to Pedee, Waccamaw, and Black Rivers/' should be
divided 4nto five districts. Of these, the third district was
to embrace the settlements on the eastern side of Great
Pedee River, extending from the Province line south-east-
ward to Cat Fish Creek ; and William Colt, William James,
Abraham Colson, Malachi Murphy, and Jacob Buckholt,
were appointed Commissioners of Highways for the said
district. The fourth district embraced the lands " situate
on the south-west side of Great Pedee River, from Lynche's
Creek south-westward to the bounds of the Province ; and
* " Statutes at Large of Sd. Ca.," vol. ix. p. 144.
114 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
James Gillespie, Francis Young, John Dexter, Samuel De
Sorrency, and Thomas Elleby, were appointed Commis-
sioners/'
By the same Act,, the Commissioners were directed to
meet at such places in their respective districts as the
majority should appoint, twice a year viz., on Easter
Monday and the first Monday in August, for the despatch
of business.
They were to establish ferries as well as highways. For
some years after this, no further legislation was needed. It
was not until 1768 that another Act was passed, establish-
ing a public ferry " at the lands of James James, in the
Welch Tract, on the South East side of Great Pedee River,
in the Parish of Prince George, opposite to Cedar Creek,
which is on the South West side of the said river, in the
Parish of St. Mark, on the lands of the said James James,
and to land on either side of the said creek " " the said
ferry to be vested in the said James James, his heirs, &c., for
the term of fourteen years." The rates of ferriage were :
" For every single person, one shilling and three pence ; for
a horse and chair, or a horse and cart, five shillings ; for a
four wheel carriage, with five horses, twenty shillings ; for
neat cattle, ferried or swum, seven pence half penny in the
current money of the Province/ 7
" All Ministers of the Gospel, all persons going to and
from Church Service, and muster of Militia, and all persons
in time of alarm, and all Expresses or Messengers sent in
the service of the Government, and free Indians in amity
with the Government," were to be free from toll.
" Abel Wilds, David Evans, James James, Alexander
Mackintosh, John Kimbrough, Thomas Evans, George
Hicks, Thomas James, and John Mackintosh, were ap-
pointed Commissioners for laying out, making and keeping
in repair, a road from the North-east side of the above-
mentioned ferry, to lead down the country into the public
road ; and likewise a road to lead from the upper side of
the above-mentioned creek ; and also a road to lead from
the lower side of the above-mentioned creek, into the public
road which leads down the country."
This was the second Act passed on the subject of roads
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 115
and ferries for this part of the Province, and no other ap-
pears for sixteen years following.
Some of the earlier land grants contained several curious
privileges, reservations, and conditions.
In a grant of land in the Welch Tract, dated 1750, after
the usual form, &c., it is added ; " together with privilege
of hunting, Hawking, and Fowling, in and upon the same,
and all Mines and Minerals whatsoever ; Saving and Reserv-
ing, nevertheless, to us, our Heirs and Successors, all white
Pine Trees, if any there should be found growing thereon :
and also Saving and Reserving to us, our Heirsand Successors,
one-tenth part of Mines of Silver and Gold only." Also it
was provided, that the grantees " should clear and cultivate at
the rate of one acre for every Five Hundred Acres of Land, and
so in proportion according to the quantity of Acres contained
therein ; or, build a Dwelling House thereon, and keep a stock
of Five Head of Cattle for every Five Hundred Acres, upon the
same,- and in Proportion for a greater or lesser quantity."
It was also provided, that " on every Twenty Fifth Day of
March, the said Grantee, his Heirs, &c., should pay to the
Receiver- General of the Province, or to his Deputy, or
Deputies, for the time being, at the Rate of Three Shillings
Sterling, or Four Shillings Proclamation Money, for every
Hundred Acres, &c."
This was one of the tokens and acknowledgments of a
subjection under which the Colonists had even now become
restive. As a source of revenue to the Crown* simply, it
was less objectionable.
" Few countries," it is said, " have at any time exhibited so
striking an instance of public and private prosperity as ap-
peared in South Carolina between the years 1763 and 1775.
The inhabitants of the Province were in that short space of
* The following is a specimen of the payment, hy way of crown tax, thus
required :
" South Carolina.
" Received, the Thirteenth Day of August, in the year
of our Lord one Thousand seven Hundred and Sixty four, of Philip Pledger
and Jesse Councill, the sum of Ten pounds, sixteen shillings, Proclamation money;
being for Eighteen years quit-rent due to the Crown, the Twenty Fifth Day of
March last, for Three hundred Acres of Land held by them, and situated in
Craven County. I say, received for the use of his Majesty, by
" ALEX. MACKINTOSH,
" 10 16*. Od." " Deputy Receiver.
1 3
116 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
time more than doubled. Wealth poured in upon them
from a thousand channels. The fertility of the soil gene-
rally repaid the labour of the husbandman, making the poor
to sing, and industry to smile through every corner of the
land. None were indigent but the idle and UDfortunate.
Personal independence was fully within the reach of every
man who was healthy and industrious. The inhabitants, at
peace with all the world, enjoyed domestic tranquillity, and
were secure in their persons and property. They were also
completely satisfied with their Government, and wished not
for the smallest change in their political constitution/'*
This glowing account of the general condition of the Pro-
vince was literally true of the upper parts of the Pedee.
Nowhere else were the leading elements of prosperity
more vigorously operative. As an illustration of the pro-
gress made by the settlers in these parts in manufactures,
the following extract will suffice. It appeared in the
Gazette, Charles-town, Dec. 22, 1768.
"A gentleman of St. David's Parish, in this Province,
writes to his correspondent in Charles-town : ' I expect to
see our own manufactures much promoted in this part of
the Province. I send you some samples of what hath been
already done upon this River and in this Parish. The
sample of white cotton was made in the proportion of
twelve yards to oae pound of cotton. Hemp, Flax, and
Cotton may be raised here in any quantity ; as to wool, one
cannot have much of it/ "
To this, the Editor of the Gazette added : - " The num-
ber of samples mentioned above is eleven, which the curious
may have an opportunity of seeing, by enquiring of any
one of the young men, at the Great Stationery and Book
Shop/' Where, or by whom, these samples were produced,
is not known. Cotton was not much cultivated for many
years after this. Another notice appeared in the Gazette
of March 2, 1769, to this effect : " Many of the Inhabitants
of the North and Eastern Parts of this Province have this
winter clothed themselves in their own manufactures ; many
more would purchase them if they could be got, &c."
* Ramsay's " History Revolution in So. Ca.," vol. i. p. 7.
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHE RAWS. 117
One of the drawbacks experienced, was in the droughts
which sometimes prevailed for months together, and with
great severity. This was the case in 1752, and again in
1769, as was stated in the Gazette of July 5th of that
year, viz. : " That there was a great drought in the Pro-
vince, and to the North-Eastward, as far as Virginia none
such having been known since that of 1752. Drivers of cattle
to Charles-town have to dig fifteen feet for water." Mention
has been made of the increasing number of slaves. This
began to be the case almost immediately after the first
settlements. The prices paid about this time indicate the
extent of the demand. In 1762, a woman, with two chil-
dren, a girl and boy, sold for 477 pounds current money.
In the following year, the same prices were given. Some
of the first settlers brought their slaves with them. The
labour of the negro was found to be indispensable on the
river low-lands to which the first plearings for a time were
almost exclusively confined. The first settlements were for
the most part made immediately on the banks of the river,
at elevated points, where good springs of water were to be
found. Such a position experience has proved to be
healthier than the intermediate swamps between the river
and the high land, or even than the latter, when contiguous
to the swamps. At first the emigrant from more northern
latitudes, or healthier climes, did not experience any serious
effects from a residence in the miasmatic regions of the
south. It was only after the clearings began, that diseases
appeared, except the fever and ague, which were known from
the first. This, however, was more troublesome and enervat-
ing than dangerous. When openings were made, and the
rich alluvial soils and stagnant waters became exposed to
the sun, the inhabitants began to suffer more severely from
bilious and other more fatal forms of fever. The planters
were consequently driven from their swamp homes to
healthier localities.
In addition to all this, it is a well-established fact in the
history of the diseases incident to rich alluvial bottoms, that
a seaspn marked by certain atmospherical changes, or other
unusual atmospheric phenomena, may give rise to types of
fever of the most malignant charatter. During the months
118 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHEBAWS.
of June, July, and August, 1752, the heat in Carolina is
said to have been oppressive to a degree never felt before.*
Such seasons, doubtless, had much to do, when recurring,
with changes of residence. The removal of the planters from
the east side of the river in the Welch Neck formed the germ
of a settlement at the Long Blufff on the west, in what is
now the District of Darlington. As early as 20th Dec.,
1748, S ami. Wilds, who had settled a little below on the
opposite side of the river, petitioned Council " for 100 acres
of land across Pedee, stating he was a settler in the Welch
Tract, on lands he purchased about five years ago, which is
low and often overflowed that there was a Plot of vacant
land opposite his across the River Pedee, which was high
land, and which, for the health of his family, he desired to
settle." His petition was granted. The land here referred
to is situated a little below the Long Bluff. To this period
we may refer the beginning of the community at the latter
point, which continued to increase, with accessions to its
population from other quarters. In a few years it became
a place of some importance. It had the advantage of being
central and accessible. It was immediately on the river,
and though exposed to the miasma from the extensive swamp
across, continued for many years to be comparatively
healthy. The public highway leading from Cheraw Hill to
George- town passed near it .J
The settlement at Cheraw Hill also continued to advance
for the like reasons in part, but chiefly because of its note
as a point for trade. Being at the head of navigation on
the river, with an extensive and fertile country to be de-
veloped, and mainly dependant on it for supplies, its location
was peculiarly advantageous. The land on which the town
is built was granted to Eli Kershaw in 1766.
About the same time it was laid out by the Kershaws,
* Ramsay," ii. p. 179.
f So called from its being one of the longest bluffs on the river, extending
without break for about three miles.
J The Cheraw and Darlington R. R. runs for a short distance along this old
track, from a point opposite Long Bluff, up.
The following notice, which appeared in the Gazette, Charles-town, shows
that the Kershaws left a few years after this :
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 119
Eli and Joseph, with others. It was a few years after, proba-
bly in 1775 for the first time, called Chatham, in honour of
the first Earl of that name, which it bore until its incorpo-
ration long afterward. It did not advance much in growth,
but few families being attracted to it as a place of residence.
As late as 1792 it is said to have contained not more than
a dozen dwelling-houses.
Among other signs of progress was the formation, as
early at least as 1768, of the "Planter's Club/' or " Society,"
as it was otherwise called. It was often alluded to in a
private journal of the time, and is supposed to have em-
braced the principal planters on the river above the "Welch
Neck.
It was probably formed for social purposes chiefly, after
the manner of the " Clubs" which had been in existence
before, and were then so well-known in the lower parts of
the Province. Committees were appointed for the transac-
tion of business, and meetings frequently held. On one
occasion an anniversary, perhaps a sermon was preached
before it by the Eev. Nicholas Bedgegood. It continued in
existence until the Revolution.
Not much attention had yet been paid to military mat-
ters in the interior of the Province. A small banding
together of neighbourhoods against the Indians, appears to
have been all that was demanded. George Pawley was
Colonel of the Craven County Regiment in 1744. Soon
after this militia companies were formed in the upper parts
of the Pedee. Philip Pledger was commissioned Captain
" Sale.
" 1774. On Wednesday, the 16th day of Nov. next, and the following days,
at the Court House, at Long Bluff, will be sold,
" That valuable Plantation, called Liberty Hill, and all their other Lands, at
and near Cheraw Hill, on Pedee River, together with their Store Houses, Mills,
remaining stock of store goods, and about fifty valuable negroes, employed in
carrying on their business at Chatham, under the firm of Eli Kershaw and Co.
The whole being to be sold in order to make a final settlement of the copartner-
ship which lately subsisted between the subscribers. Twelve months credit will
be given, if required, upon all sums above one hundred pounds, on paying in-
terest from the day of sale, giving such security as shall be approved of by
" JOSEPH KEESUAW,
" JOHN CHESNUT,
" ELI KEESHAW,
" WILLIAM ANCETJM,
" AAEON LOOCOCK."
120 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
in his Majesty's Service in 1756. George Hicks and
Thomas Loyd were Captains in 1762, and Alexander Mack-
intosh in 1765. In January 1748 the Craven County
Regiment consisted of 1200 men. The first General
Militia Review for the upper Pedee was ordered in 1759 by
George Pawley, Adj** Gen 1 ', beginning with George-town,
Oct. 4th ; Mars Bluff, Oct. llth, and Westfield on Pedee*
Saturday, October 15th. The only military organization in
the Province prior to this time, and going back as far as
1703, consisted of companies, battalions, and regiments.
The Act of 1747, which was continued by Act of 1753 for
two years, and revived and continued by Act of 1759, pro-
vided for the calling and assembling of all persons from six-
teen to sixty years of age, and to be formed into companies,
troops, and regiments. It was not until 1778 that brigades
were established.
The earliest list of Justices of the Peace, embracing the
upper part of Craven County, appeared in 1756, when George
Hicks and Abraham Buckholts were appointed. In 1761
Alexander Mackintosh was added, and in 1767 Claudius
Pegnes.
A generous hospitality and unrestrained social intercourse
were strikingly characteristic of this period. The sparse-
ness of the population and the few public occasions which
there were to bring the people together, made our early
settlers more dependent on each other for whatever of
pleasure and excitement social intercourse could afford.
Hence, every house was open. A cordial greeting awaited
the visitor. He might prolong his stay without danger of
becoming an annoyance. A social bore was scarcely known.
The news, from whatever quarter, when it reached the
settlements, was thoroughly discussed and well digested. As
we look back upon them from a more conventional age, we
are tempted to exclaim, Happy were the days of which
so much in this respect could be said. It was fortunate
for the healthy progress of the settlements on the Pedee, that
in the central and most important of them all, the religious
element so largely prevailed.
* This was near Cheraw Hill.
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 121
There the simple and unobtrusive, yet sturdy and manly
virtues which the Welch Christians brought with them,
were found in active operation. How much, in the end,
other neighbouring communities were indebted to their
salutary influence, it would be difficult to estimate.
That they continued to operate, and to form a public
sentiment of a sound and elevated character, there is abun-
dant evidence. And in this, as in the virtuous influence
brought to bear upon the mingled elements of population
from whatever sources entering in, was found the germ of
that steady intellectual and moral advancement, of which
the happiest indications afterward appeared.
Even the troublous times of the Revolution could not
altogether repress this spirit, as will be found in tracing
the subsequent marks of its progress.
Another feeling, however, was now beginning to take
possession of the hitherto peaceful dwellers on the Pedee.
Attached as the people of the Province had ever been to
the Crown, they still rejoiced in their connexion with the
Mother Country, and in being subjects of the same king.
Up to this time there had been no special cause, except
the want of courts of their own, for dissatisfaction with the
Royal Government on the part of the people of Carolina, as
was the case in some other of the colonies. Though essential
changes had been made in the commercial system of the
colonies for preventing a contraband trade with the French
and Spaniards, and for enlarging the powers of the Courts
of Admiralty, creating great uneasiness in some parts of
the continent ; the Carolinas, whose commerce was carried
on agreeably to the British laws of trade and navigation,
were very little affected by these innovations. Until the
accession of George III., Great Britain, in time of war,
had been in the habit of making requisitions for supplies to
the Provincial Assemblies. These were so liberally granted
by many of them, and particularly by that of South Caro-
lina, that the Parliament of Great Britain had sometimes
reimbursed them for their extraordinary expenses.*
Some of our wealthier planters had been in the habit of
* Ramsa/s " History Revolution in So. Ca.," vol. i. p. 9.
122 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
sending their sons abroad to be educated. As a whole,
the colonists were as loyal as any of the subjects of the
Crown at home. But, in 1763, when the scheme of an
American revenue was laid before Parliament, to be col-
lected in the colonies without the consent of their local
legislatures, the first shock was given to that loyalty which
had never before been seriously disturbed. How that first
shock soon after settled down into a feeling of dissatisfac-
tion, which continued to increase, with an occasional strug-
gle of the old attachments of birth and association, and at
length attained complete ascendancy, are among the records
of history. The people on the Pedee, from the first, par-
ticipated deeply in the feeling of resistance against that,
which in common with their countrymen elsewhere, they
regarded as the encroachments of oppression at the expense
of that well-regulated liberty which they had been accus-
tomed to enjoy. They were, moreover, active and stead-
fast throughout the great controversy and struggle which
were at hand.
As yet, they could scarcely be said to have a voice of
their own in the Provincial Assembly, where the first notes
of opposition were to be heard. Though nominally em-
braced in parochial organizations, which were influential,
they were virtually unrepresented. But little intercourse
had yet been established with the parishes lower down ;
and no member of Assembly had appeared from the Upper
Pedee. For this and other reasons, much anxiety was felt
to have a distinct organization of their own, through which
their sentiments might become known, and their influence
be felt beyond the boundaries of their settlements, which
were remote, and, as yet, comparatively unknown. One
relic remains, identifying them with the general feeling
which pervaded the people of the Province at this period
a relic connected with the immortal Pitt. It was after
the repeal of the " Stamp Act/' when the difficulty with the
Mother Country was thought for a time to have been happily
adjusted, that so large a debt of gratitude was felt by the
colonists to be due to Lord Chatham, the fearless and
eloquent defender of the oppressed people of America. In
Great Britain, the repeal of the " Cider Act " helped also
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
123
to swell the feeling of enthusiasm which moved the hearts
of that great people.
In the South Carolina Gazette and Country Journal, of
Charles- town, July 22nd, 1766, appeared this item of news
from the British correspondent : " There is a handsome
medal struck and distributed, about the size of a crown-
piece, on which is the head of Mr. Pitt, with his name ;
and for the reverse, the following inscription : ( The Man,
who, having saved the Parent, pleaded with success for her
children/ " It was also added : " A great number of rings,
set with the head of Mr. Pitt, is intended to be sent, as
presents, to some of the principal merchants in America,
by their correspondents in this country." One of these
medals was found a few years since in an ancient clearing*
at Cheraw Hill, in a good state of preservation. It is a
handsome piece of work, the face being well executed, with
the inscription, " Gulielmus Pitt /' and on the reverse the
words already quoted.
The repeal of the Cider and Stamp Acts, in which Pitt
took so prominent a part, produced a general and extra-
ordinary outburst of enthusiasm. " The Irish/' it was said, in
the Account already noticed, " are going to erect his Statue
in every City in the Kingdom, as the Man who first saved
the Mother, and after that her children, from ruin \" allud-
ing to Great Britain and the colonies. Statues were ordered
* It was picked up by a child on the surface in an old field near St. David's
Church, and given to the author. No clue was found as to its history, until the
account of it was met with in the old Gazette.
The woodcut annexed represents it correctly.
THE MAN
WHO- HAVING
SAVED THE
PARENT-PLEADED)
TH SUCCESS
FOR HER
.CHILDREN.
124 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
this year by the Commons House of Assembly of Maryland
to the honour of this noble defender of the rights of man.
The Assembly of New York also ordered an elegant statue
of brass from England. "They have also ordered/' it
was said, "that a piece of Plate, value 100 pounds
sterling, be presented to John Seargant, Esq., of the City
of London, with the thanks of the House, for his having
cheerfully undertaken at their request, and to their great
satisfaction faithfully discharged, the trust of special agent,
and liberally declined any allowance for his trouble. June
30th, 1766."
The language inscribed on the medal appears to have
been quite in vogue at the time.
In the Gazette of July 8th, of the same year, it was
said : " In the House of Commons, the entire illegality of
General Warrants, was determined 25th April, even without
a Division ; upon which occasion, that great Man, ' who
saved the Parent, and pleaded with success for her chil-
dren/ exerted himself in a remarkable manner." Occa-
sionally the British papers contained happy hits at the
opponents of American Rights, of which the following was
a specimen :
" London, March 1.
" Intelligence extraordinary.
" A person of considerable eminence is said to be pre-
paring the heads of a bill, to be laid before a great, august
Assembly, in which, among other things, it will be proposed
to be enacted, that no American shall presume to eat, drink,
or sleep for the space of one whole year."
The feeling in Carolina, after the repeal of the Stamp
Act, was intense. A marble statue of Pitt was ordered from
England, to be executed in the highest style of art. When
received in Charles-town, the enthusiasm of the people knew
no bounds. The principal men of the city, unwilling for
the precious burden to be borne by other hands, drew it
themselves, amid the firing of cannon and other demonstra-
tions of admiring affection, to the spot selected for its erec-
tion, the intersection of Broad and Meeting streets. The
subsequent history of this statue was remarkable. The
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 125
right arm, raised in eloquent attitude, was shot off by a
cannon-ball discharged from a British Fort on James Island,
during the siege of Charles-town, in 1780. And such is the
fickleness of popular feeling, that a few years after, the ex-
citement against the son of Mr. Pitt, who was then direct-
ing the war against France, was as great with some at the
South as it had been enthusiastically warm for the father.
In consequence of which, it is said that the statue in being
taken down for a change of place, was allowed to fall, and
in its broken and mutilated state put away among some
old rubbish, where it remained for years uncared for and
forgotten.* Until, at length, the noble impulse that had
prompted its execution in the first instance, once more
attained the ascendancy, and the valuable relic was carefully
placed where it now stands, in front of the Orphan House
in Charleston, an ornament to the city which should hold
it dear to the latest generation.
Such had been the progress of the settlements on the
Pedee in all the elements of prosperity, that a distinct
organization of their own, the want of which had been long
felt, was now imperatively demanded. And happily for
them, their claims in this behalf, could no longer be over-
looked. It will be seen how a new impetus was thereby
given to their hitherto steady progress, and an opportunity
afforded them of taking their proper place in the affairs of
the Province, to the advancement of which, in their mea-
sure, as good citizens, they had faithfully contributed.
The time withal was at hand, when their voice was of
right to be heard ; and their efforts, as an organized body,
to be acknowledged, who, having once been as loyal as any
other subjects of the British Crown, were now to be as
prompt and decided in throwing off the yoke which a mis-
guided government, as an unnatural parent, would fain have
put upon them.
* Drayton's " Memoirs," v. 1, p. 60, and note, giving an interesting account
of this statue.
126 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
CHAPTER VII.
Judicial history Only Courts held in Charles-town Evils resulting Lynch
law Disturbances in North Carolina Similar troubles in this Province
How remedied by the people Regulation movement First expression of
the popular voice by petition for Circuit Courts Action of Council thereon,
and of Commons House of Assembly Nothing done People discouraged
and disaffected Acts of Regulators Government alarmed Accounts
from Back Country Proclamations of Governor to quiet disturbances
Further accounts from interior Action of Council Legal proceedings
instituted Disturbances continue People await the fate of Circuit Court
Act Disturbances in neighbourhood of Mars Bluff Colonel Powell
Companies from Long Bluff Accounts of the conflict Its end Govern-
ment alive from the first to the serious nature of the troubles Regu-
lators meet Account of them New election of Members of Assembly
ordered General meeting of Regulators Precautions to preserve quiet at
elections Assembly meets His Excellency's address Assembly's reply
Domestic manufactures Efforts to promote them Subscription in St.
David's Assembly espouses cause of colonists Concluding reflections.
TOWARD the close of the period of which some account has
been given, events were transpiring, important beyond all
others in their bearing upon that decisive change which the
conflict with the Mother Country was soon to bring about.
An alarming state of affairs had existed in the interior and
more remote parts of the Province. Prior to the year 1769,
the General Court was holden in Charles- town. This had
supplanted the County and Precinct Courts which were ap-
pointed in 1725 ; and being the only Court of Criminal and
Civil jurisdiction in the Province (except the Courts of Jus-
tices of the Peace, which had jurisdiction in all civil causes
as high as twenty pounds current money), great oppression
and inconvenience were felt by the people living remote
from the seat of justice by parties, witnesses, and jurors,
who were obliged to attend the court ; and especially by
suitors and prosecutors, who were often worn out by the
law's delay, insulted by the insolence of office, and ruined
by costs and expenses, most unreasonably incurred and
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 127
cruelly exacted.* The delay of suits, in many cases, in
consequence of the distance from Charles-town, was very
great, and the cost and inconvenience of such attendance
exceedingly burdensome and detrimental. The business of
the Provost Marshal was much too extensive to be duly
executed, and his fees, by reason of the extent of his office
throughout the Province, often more than half the amounts
sued for. The expense of recovering small debts frequently
exceeded their whole sum. In consequence of this state of
things, numbers of people, it is said, were deterred from
becoming inhabitants of the Province, and many large and
valuable tracts of land continued to lie uncultivated, to the
injury of the public revenue and the trade with Great Bri-
tain. And yet greater evils prevailed, so as seriously to
affect the inhabitants of the interior, because unprotected to
a great extent in their persons and property by the strong
arm of the law. They were too remote to think of carry-
ing thieves and other offenders, except in extraordinary
cases, to Charles- town. Hence the most unhappy facilities
were afforded to the worst classes of people to escape the
punishment due to their crimes, and the payment of their
just debts. This state of things drove the inhabitants of
the middle and parts of the upper county, then the frontier
settlements, into the most disorderly and violent measures.
The laws, which were found ineffectual to restrain and
punish horse thieves and other notorious offenders, were also
disregarded by good and honest men, who undertook to do
themselves justice, and to punish the guilty by arbitrary
measures. The authority of the civil magistrate was held
in contempt, because insufficient for the maintenance of
order and the regular execution of the laws. Some efforts
were made to repress these disturbances, but they were
found unavailing.*
The evil, which had been of long standing and grown
with the increase of population, at length became intoler-
* Introduction to Brevard's " Digest," vol. i. p. 14. This introduction is of
great value in connexion with the Judicial History of this period. Though
brief, it is a very able and comprehensive exposition of those evils which drove
the people to desperation, and of the changes imperatively demanded,
f Brevard, vol! i. p 14.
128 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
able. Such was the distance to Charles-town, the seat of
justice; such the difficulty, nay, the impossibility in most
instances, of securing the attendance of necessary parties,
and the great expense withal, that redress was literally out
of the question redress according to the forms of law.
This, indeed, has been the case in the first settlement of all
our western states at later periods.* To increase the diffi-
culty in Carolina, a certain class of offenders now abounded.
There was a floating element men of lawless character, who
lived by their wits, and infested every community. Horse
thieves and negro stealers, highway-robbers and abandoned
trespassers had to be dealt with. Signal and summary
punishment, though often demanded by the atrocious cir-
cumstances attending particular cases, was not to be had
according to the established course of justice. However
heinous their offences had been, criminals could not ordi-
narily be brought to a legal condemnation. They came in
strongly organized bands, and by their mutual support, false
swearing, and intimidation of prosecutors, either caused the
law to be ineffectual, or the guilty entirely to escape.
Having in vain sought relief from the Government, the vir-
tuous inhabitants had but one alternative left to take the
administration of remedial measures into their own hands.
They called themselves " Regulators ;" and thus " Lynch
law" had its origin at this period.
The Regulators consisted of respectable planters and
others, who demanded a better system for the more regular,
equal, and vigorous, as well as prompt administration of 'jus-
tice, f Such was the character of the actors, and of the
movement made on the Pedee. The Regulators maintained
for some time a vigorous and effective organization, not
abusing the powers they assumed, or exercising them beyond:
the exigences of their unhappy condition. On the other
hand, the Government, instead of giving ear to their timely
and respectful complaints, and providing some redress, em-
ployed as instruments to subdue the spirit of rebellion, as it
* Remarkably so in Texas, where the history of Lynch Law, or the Regu-
lators, has been one of a peculiar and most instructive character,
f Brevard's " Introduction," p. 14.
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 129
was called, and enforce the existing system, men of little or
no character or respectability, the obsequious tools of those
in power, who abused their authority and fattened on the
general distress. This was more or less the case in all the
interior parts of the Province, and especially in the western
district, where a man of low character, named Scovill, was
employed to enforce the law among the self-constituted
Regulators.* In executing his commission he adopted very
severe measures, and came into serious collision with num-
bers of the better classes among the people, involving mul-
titudes in great distress. All this led, in that part of the
Province, to very grave difficulties and disturbances at the
commencement of the Revolution.
In North Carolina also serious troubles now existed.
The first complaints there arose from oppressive exactions
laid by government officials in the shape of exorbitant fees
and otherwise upon the people.
As early as 1766, these disturbances, beginning in Gran-
ville, extended into Orange and Anson Counties. Up to
April, 1768, those who had taken part in these proceedings
in North Carolina were designated by the appellation of the
" Mob/' and seem to have adopted it themselves. On the
4th of April they changed it to that of " Regulators. "f
Oppressed with the malpractices of some avaricious indivi-
duals, they forcibly opposed the administration of civil
government under the officers of the Crown. These insur-
gents, though numerous, being undisciplined, and for the
most part without arms, were easily dispersed by Gov r<
Try on at the head of the incorporated militia of the country.
Some of their leaders were killed in action, others were
hanged, and all of them were involved in distress. J Three
hundred of their number were left dead upon the field. It
might have been expected that those in either Province, who
were thus ready to resist the constituted authorities, on
account of oppressions, or to take the law into their own
hands in order to bring the guilty to condemnation, would
* Ramsay's " History of Revolution in So. Ca.," vol. i. p. 63.
f Martin's " History of No. Ca.," pp. 215-217.
{ " Ramsay," vol. i. p. 213.
130 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
be true to their country in the great conflict then approach-
ing. These were in reality the first revolutions in America,*
and those who assumed therein the attitude of open resis-
tance were the first rebels. But, disappointing public ex-
pectation, many in North Carolina afterwards joined the
royal party.
As it was with those between the Broad and Saluda
Rivers in S 0< C a - who came in conflict with Scovill, having
suffered so severely for opposing regular government, they
could not be persuaded afterward to co-operate with their
countrymen in the support of congresses and committees
raised for purposes of resistance. f And thus, a spirit true
to the instincts of liberty in the inception of the struggle,
though to some extent misguided, was crushed by the dis-
asters it encountered, and turned at last against that cause
which it might so nobly have sustained. Such, however,
was not the history of the Regulation Movement on the
Pedee. It began not so much in the shape of open resis-
tance or opposition to Government, as in the assumption of
authority within certain limits, which the best citizens
deemed essential to the public welfare and to individual
safety. The most respectable and influential inhabitants
were found chiefly on the river, where the first settlements
were made, and these were all united in their respective
neighbourhoods, as committees of vigilance, for the detection
and punishment of offenders. With them no stigma
attached to the name of Regulator. They were actuated by
good motives, and only sought to effect, by a summary
process of their own, what the law, as then administered,
had signally failed to accomplish. Violent measures were
only resorted to as a temporary expedient. Under the
extraordinary circumstances of the time, the course of these
Regulators cannot be condemned. It furnishes, however,
no precedent for a similar line of conduct in others who
live in a more advanced and better regulated state of society,
with the important privilege, moreover, of courts of their
own, which to our early settlers was denied.
* Sabine's " American Loyalists/' p. 27.
f Ramsay's " Revolution in So. Ca.," vol. i. p. 64.
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHEEAWS. 131
The position taken by the Regulators on the Pedee, and
the conflicts to which it led with the royal authority, un^
doubtedly nursed the spirit of liberty, preparing the way for
that early and bold declaration of their rights, as well as
for those heroic sacrifices and unflinching struggles in the
cause of independence, for which the Whigs of the Old
Cheraws were to be afterward distinguished.
The first expression of the popular voice, with reference
to the evils of which we have spoken, is found in the records
of the Upper House of Assembly, or Council, March 16th,
1752. On that day, this entry was made : " Read the
petition of the Inhabitants on Pedee River, about the mouth
of Lynche's Creek, Humbly setting forth : That the Humble
Petitioners reside in the remotest parts of this Province,
having 200 miles to travel to the seat of Government ; and
that trade and commerce among us are greatly obstructed
for want of a County Court appointed to hear and deter-
mine all causes, as well civil as criminal in the same
manner as every Court in each Province to the Northward,
has pov er to hear and determine all such causes. We find
the frontier here to be a place of refuge for many evil-
disposed people and those of the meanest principles, crowd-
ing in amongst us such as Horse Stealers and other
Felons, having made their escape from North Carolina, and
other parts others cohabiting with their neighbor's wives,
and living in a most lascivious manner, while we have no
way or means to suppress them. We therefore humbly
pray, that an Act be passed, dividing Craven County ; and
that that part from the mouth of Lynche's Creek upward,
to the extent of this Province, on both sides of Great
Pedee River, bounding Southwardly by Lynche's Creek,
Northwardly by the Province line, which we pray may be
further extended ; and likewise by a North line from oppo-
site to the mouth of Lynche's Creek to the Province line
be one distinct County, in which we may have twleve or
more Justices appointed and authorised, without fee or
reward, to hear and determine all causes, as well civil as
criminal, without having their jurisdiction limited any
person supposing himself aggrieved, to be redressed by ap-
pealing to a Superior Court in Charles-town. We likewise
K2
132 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHEBAWS.
humbly pray, that in consequence of the great expense
which our County will be at in building a Court House,
prison, pillory, and stocks, we may be exempt from paying
such public taxes for some few years, as in your wisdom you
shall think fit. And your Petitioners, as in duty bound,
&c.,
"JOHN CRAWFORD,
"OwEN DAVID,
" WM. SUMMER,
" And about 60 more subscribers. " *
This timely and, earnest appeal could not be altogether
slighted. The better classes of people were groaning under
the evils of which they here complained.
" The said Petition," as the Records of Council further
inform us, " being considered ; it was Ordered, that the
same be sent down to the Commons House of Assembly by
the Master in Chancery." On the following day, the
House " Resolved to appoint a Committee to take the same
into consideration, consisting of Mr. Trapier, Mr. Powell,f
Mr. Lynch, Mr. Dart, and Captain Buchanan."
On the 22nd of April, the Committee reported, " That
they have, pursuant to the Order of the House, examined
the matter of the said Petition; and are of opinion,
that it will be no wise to the advantage of the Petitioners
to have the County of Craven divided, as prayed for by
their Petition, because there is no town or other place
proper for holding Courts of Judicature in that part of the
Country which the Petitioners pray may be established a
separate and distinct County. But the Committee are of
opinion, that it is absolutely necessary that a Court be
established, to be holden at George-town, Winyaw, in the
* From two of the names subscribed to this petition viz., John Crav\ ford
and Owen David, it is manifest that the petitioners were not confined to the
country about the mouth of Lynche's Creek, but extended much higher up the
river. The distance stated to the seat of Government (Charles-town) being
double the distance from Lynche's Creek, would aLso indicate that the more
remote parts of Craven County were actually embraced in those taking an active
part in the movement.
f This was George Gabriell Powell, a member from Prince* George, Winyaw,
with whose name we are to become so familiar, as connected with the region
above.
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHEBAWS. 133
said County, for hearing, trying, and determining all
actions, causes, and crimes whatever (capital crimes ex-
cepted), that may arise or happen in the said County;
And humbly recommend that a bill be brought in for that
purpose, and that a Message be sent to the Governor by
this House, to desire that his Excellency will be pleased to
appoint Justices of the Peace in that Part of the Province,
agreeably to the prayer of the said Petition." This Report
was read, considered, and duly agreed to by the House ;
and a Committee appointed to prepare and bring in a Bill
for establishing Courts of Justice at George-town, in Craven
County, and at Beaufort, in Granville County. A Message
was also Ordered to be sent to his Excellency, requesting
him to appoint Justices of the Peace in the distant Parts
of the Province.
And thus the matter ended, except that additional Jus-
tices of the Peace were appointed. But their powers were
too limited to afford such relief as the inhabitants de-
manded. No distinct county organization^ such as was
prayed for, being provided, the consequence was they were
deprived of whatever benefit even a County Court of in-
ferior jurisdiction would have brought with it. No court
was established at George-town, as recommended by the
Committee. The Representatives of the people felt the
necessity of such measures, but the Government, actuated
by a most mistaken policy, was unwilling to lend any en-
couragement.
The inhabitants were consequently forced, either to sub-
mit to the grievous delay and ruinous expense of prose-
cuting their claims there, and carrying criminals to
Charles-town, or to take the redress of their grievances
into their own hands. Finding their efforts for relief in-
effectual, they appear to have made no further attempt in
that direction for years to come. In the meantime the
evils of which they had complained continued to increase,
and at length become insupportable. The Provincial Go-
vernment, reflecting the wishes of that of the Mother
Country, was unwilling, as will be found in thd sequel, to
establish Courts in the interior. These once secured, other
privileges, it was thought, would bte demanded, gradual en-
134 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHBBAWS.
croachments be made on the established order of things, the
influence of the Government in Charles-town lessened, and
by degrees the way prepared for the spirit of liberty, and the
assertion of their rights by the people of Carolina. It was
a short-sighted and fatal policy. For the people who were
thus aggrieved began to feel at length, that those who ought
to have been most deeply alive to their sufferings, and who
had the power to give redress, were willing to sacrifice them,
if need be, to the interests of the Crown.
Of the history of the efforts made by the back settlers,
during the nearly quarter of a century which followed before
they became their own masters, to rid themselves of the
evils mentioned, no record remains. The earliest account
left to us was of a similar state of things in another part
of the Province. In the Gazette of May 26th, 1767, ap-
peared the following extract of a letter from Pine Tree Hill
(Camden), dated May 14th, 1767 : " On the 6 th in st , a
number of armed men, being in search of Horse Stealers,
robbers, &c., discovered a parcel of them in camp on Broad
River, where an engagement soon ensued, and the Thieves
were put to flight ; and though none of them were taken,
it is reasonable to suppose, from the quantity of blood on
the ground, that some of them were killed. They left
behind them ten horses, thirteen saddles, some guns, Sac."
This was but the commencement of troubles. The great
evils complained of began to appear in a thoroughly orga-
nized, and, to the Government, very alarming form. The
Gazette of July 27th August 3rd following, made this
statement : " The gang of Villains from Virginia and North
Carolina, who have for some years past, in small parties,
under particular leaders, infested the back parts of the
Southern Provinces, stealing horses from one, and selling
them in the next, notwithstanding the late public examples
made of several of them, we hear are more formidable than
ever as to numbers, and more audacious and cruel in their
thefts and outrages. "Pis reported that they consist of more
than 200, form a chain of communication with each other,
and have places of general meeting ; where (in imitation of
Councils of War) they form plans of operation and defence,
and (alluding to their secrecy and fidelity to each other),
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 135
call their places Free Mason Lodges. Instances of their
cruelty to the people in the back settlements, where they
rob or otherwise abuse, are so numerous and shocking,
that a narrative of them would fill a whole Gazette, and
every reader with horror. They at present range in the
Forks between Broad, Saludy, and Savannah Rivers. Two
of the gang were hanged last week at Savannah, viz., Lundy
Hart and Obadiah Greenage. Two others, James Fergu-
son and Jesse Hambersam, were killed when these were
taken." Soon after this, other alarming accounts reached
Charles-town from the interior, for the back settlements
were now in a state of genera* commotion. At a Meeting
of Council, October 5th, 1767, " His Excellency informed
the Board that he had received information that a consider-
able number of the Inhabitants between San tee and Water ee
rivers had assembled, and in a riotous manner gone up and
down the country, committing riots and disturbances,
and that they had burnt the houses of some persons who were
reported to be Harbourers of Horse Thieves, and talk of
coming to Charles-town to make some complaints. The
Board gave it as their opinion to his Excellency that to
prevent the mischief such commotions would be attended
with, it would be proper for his Excellency to issue a Pro-
clamation, commanding them to disperse, and enjoining all
officers to take care to preserve the public peace." How
unfeeling must have been a Government which had no sym-
pathies for the troubles of its unoffending subjects ! and
how blind to imagine that proclamations could quiet the
public mind, and restore tranquillity among those whose
persons and property were endangered by outlaws, who were
running at large, the enemies of mankind !
In November following, a petition* from the upper and
interior parts of Craven County, for the redress of grie-
vances, was presented to Government.
In reply to this, and as touching the fearful state of
things of which accounts were now frequently coming in, his
* It is a source of much regret to the author that he was unable, after
diligent search, to discover any further trace of this petition. It was not copied,
as was usual in the proceedings of Council, and was nowhere else to be found
amon^ the public records of the time. It came from the Upper Pedee.
136 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
Excellency Lord Charles Grevill Montagu, on 5th of No-
vember, made the following address to both Houses of
Assembly :
" Hon. Gen tn : I should think myself equally negligent in
the duty I owe to my King and this Province, if I did not
recommend to you an early and serious consideration of the
unhappy situation of the Back Parts of this Country. The
various acts of villainy committed there, in contempt of all
laws, human and divine, we have too frequent accounts of,
and too recent proofs of, in the late trials of the unhappy
convicts now under sentence of death. Far remote from the
seat of Justice, they are daily exposed to misery and dis-
tress. These are objects that require redress, and are
worthy the care of the Legislature. Tumultuous risings of
any people, if not properly attended to, are of dangerous
tendency, and they are a disgrace to a country, and particu-
larly pernicious to a commercial and newly settled colony.
The means to suppress those licentious spirits that have so
lately appeared in the distant parts of the Province, and,
assuming the name of Regulators, have, in defiance of Go-
vernment, and to the subversion of good order, illegally
tried, condemned, and punished many persons, require an
attentive deliberation."
To this the Upper House of Assembly made the follow-
ing reply :
" The Humble Address of his Majesty's Council. We,
his Majesty's dutiful and loving subjects, the Council of this
Province, beg leave to return our thanks to your Excellency
for your speech delivered yesterday to both Houses of
Assembly. It is with the utmost concern that we behold
the distracted state of the Frontier Settlements of this Pro-
vince, where force and rapine, riot and disorder, supersede
the temperate provisions of law and justice ; but, tumultuous
examples never fail to multiply those evils which it is the
policy of well-regulated States to prevent by proper laws.
The great objects proposed to our consideration deserve the
most serious and deliberate attention, and we assure your
Excellency that we shall, on our part, most heartily concur
in every measure calculated to advance the public good, to
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHE RAWS. 137
compose the minds and remove the distresses of our fellow
subjects."
The Government, as is here manifest, did not comprehend
the real nature of existing evils, or the remedies necessary
to be applied. It is also evident from the Governor's
language, that there was not only no sympathy with them,
but that a feeling of very decided opposition had been
excited against the Regulators.
As an evidence of the feeling entertained by the Govern-
ment, the fact may be mentioned that in March following
(1768), a Petition from the Back Settlers for a Circuit
Court Bill, as a measure of relief, was disposed of by
Council, " after mature deliberation, by determining ' that
it would not be necessary to take any notice of the same/ "
This, of course, only led to more desperate measures on the
part of the sufferers.
In less than a month, however, the authorities in
Charles-town were induced to change their minds, and
pursue a different policy, such were the indications of ap-
proaching difficulties, threatening to bring the people at
once into an attitude of open rebellion, and perchance to
overthrow the Government itself. On the 18th of April,
a Circuit Court Act was passed, but afterwards failed to
become a law. On the next day, April 19th, at a Meeting
of Council, " His Hon r- the Lieut. -Gov r * observed to his Ex-
cellency, that a great number of Prosecutions \ ere now being
carried on against the people who had committed several
outrages in the Back Country, and went by the name of
Regulators, that several of the delinquents were very poor,
and would be much harassed by them, and they had been
unhappily deluded by some, who were ring-leaders in these
riots, the punishment of whom, he apprehended, would
answer the end of public justice, and vindicate the honor
of Government ; and therefore mentioned it as his opinion,
that it would be proper to give directions to the Attorney-
General, after a sufficient number of the most considerable
were convicted, to enter Nolle Prosequis on the remaining
prosecutions. The Board agreeing in opinion with his
Honor, his Excellency was pleased to direct, that the
138 HISTORY OP THE OLD CHERAWS.
Attorney-General, after such a number as lie should think
convenient, not to exceed eight of the Principal Rioters,
were convicted, to stop farther proceedings against the rest/'*
Little did his Excellency, his Honor, and the Council un-
derstand the real state of the case. United as the sturdy
yeomen of the Back Country were, and far removed from
the coast, what cared they for prosecutions commenced in
Charles-town? Having in vain petitioned for redress, no
alternative was left them but to enter boldly upon the con-
flict now at hand. In less than three months they were
found at work, as appears from the following remarks in
the Gazette of June 13th. " It seems hardly probable that
the disturbances in our back settlements will entirely sub-
side, notwithstanding all the prudent steps that have been
taken, or can be taken, by the Government to suppress them,
until the late Act of the General Assembly of this Province
for establishing Circuit Courts, takes effect : for we daily
hear of new irregularities committed by the people called
Regulators, who, seeming to despair of rooting out those des-
perate villains that remain among them any other way, still
take upon themselves to punish such offenders as they can
catch. We hear, that within this month, one Watts and one
Distoe, have received 500 lashes each by their direction ; and
that an infamous woman has also received corporal punish-
ment. We hear, also, that one John Bowles has lately lost
his life in attempting to take Mr. Woodward, one of the
leaders of the people called Regulators. According to our
account, Woodward, refusing to surrender himself, Bowles
fired at, and would have killed him, but the ball struck the
barrel of a gun which he held across his breast, upon which,
some people in company with Woodward, fired, and killed
Bowles."
It seems that up to this time, the authorities in Charles-
town were not apprized of the fact that the regulation
movement embraced the most respectable and influential
element in the Back Country. At a later period even, a
most singular misapprehension will be found to have pre-
vailed on the subject. The crisis on the Pedee was now
* " Council Journal/' No. 34, pp. 118, 119.
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 139
rapidly approaching. The next intelligence of which any
account remains, though not directly from that quarter, in-
dicates what was going on there.
"At a Meeting of Council, July 5th, 1768, his Honor
communicated to the Board a letter he had rec d> from
Tacitus Galliard, Esq., to whom he had sent an express,
desiring him to use his endeavours to apprehend the
Deserters from the Regulars in Charles-town, in which
Mr. Galliard informed his Honor, that the Back parts of
the Country were far from being quiet, and that those
people called Regulators, continued still to assemble together;
but, as few members were present, the further consideration
of what might be proper to be done, was adjourned over
till next Friday morning."*
At that meeting, however, no action appears to have
been taken. On 25th July, the following intelligence was
given in the So. Ca. Gazette. " The last accounts from the
Back Settlements say, that the People called the Regula-
tors were to have a meeting at Lynched Creek, on last
Friday, where it was expected 1200 would be assembled.
The occasion of this meeting is said to be, a Party of them
lately having been roughly used by a Gang of Banditti,
consisting of Mulattoes, Free Negroes, &c., notorious
Harborers of runaway slaves, at a place called Thompson > s
Creek, whom they ordered to remove. It is added, they
anxiously wait to hear the fate of the Act for establishing
Circuit Courts in this Province, sent home for the Royal
approbation, which, if it obtains, will restore good order in
those parts." It may surprise the reader to find that so
large a number of the classes here mentioned, Mulattoes,
Free Negroes, &c., had collected at this early period in the
settlement of the Province. Such a meeting of the in-
habitants would indicate a formidable band of desperadoes.
A more serious conflict was now to begin on the River.
In Council, August 2nd, " His Honor communicated to the
Board a letter from Col. Powell, and another from Robert
Weaver, Esq., a magistrate for Craven County, and an affi-
davit taken by Mr. Weaver from some of the people who
* " Council Journal," No. 34, pp. 174, 175.
140 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
live upon the Pedee; from which it appeared that a Con-
stable having a Warrant of Distress to execute on the
Chattels of some of the Regulators, had called to his
assistance 13 other men ; that this party had fallen in
with a considerable number of the Regulators, under Gideon
Gibson, an Inhabitant of those Parts, when a skirmish was
begun by the Regulators, in which one of the Constable's
party was killed ; that the Regulators then overpowered the
Constable's party, and whipt some of them in a most cruel
manner, and threatened to hang one of them, in case one
of their party, a brother of the said Gibson, who was
wounded in the affray, should die. It also appeared that
Mr. Weaver, the Magistrate who had issued the warrant,
and was obnoxious to them because he declared his disap-
probation of their proceedings, lived in the greatest terror
and danger of his life and property, and that all that part
of the Country was a scene of riot and disorder."
" His Honor, by the advice of the Board, sent for Mr.
Campbell, the Clerk of the Crown and Peace, and directed
him to lay those papers before the Judges, and to inform
them that he earnestly recommended to them to take such
steps as would enforce obedience to the laws, quell the
disorders in the Back Country, and bring some of these
atrocious offenders to condign punishment ; and to assure
them of his readiness to give all assistance in his power to
accomplish these ends."*
This disturbance near Mars Bluff thus begun, proved to be
of most important consequence in alarming the Government
on the one hand, and rousing and uniting the better class
of inhabitants in the interior on the other. Gideon Gibson,
though of violent and perhaps turbulent character, was a
man of property and influence, an acknowledged leader in
that part of the Country, and as bold as he was intent upon
vindicating the rights of the people. It was necessary,
therefore, if a Government whose authority was now on
the wane, was to be supported, that prompt and stringent
measures should be adopted. In Council, August 3rd,
" His Honor observed to the Board, that his Majesty had
* "Council Journal," No. 34, pp. 194, 195,
HISTORY OF THE OLD CKERAWS. 141
published a very strong Proclamation in England on
account of the late riots near London, and desired the
opinion of the Board if it might not be proper to issue some-
thing similar to it here, on account of the Riots in some of
the Back Settlements. The Board were of opinion that it
would be proper ; and the following draught of a Proclama-
tion being approved of, it was ordered to be prepared."
" South Carolina.
" By the Hon 1 ' W m ' Bull,' Esq., Gov r - and Commander-
in- Chief in and over the said Province .
" A PROCLAMATION.
" Whereas, it has been represented to me, that divers
dissolute and disorderly persons have of late frequently
assembled themselves together in the North- Western Parts
of this Province, in a riotous and unlawful manner, to the
disturbance of the public Peace, and in particular have, in
the most illegal manner, taken upon them to whip and con-
fine several persons, under the pretence of punishing them
for crimes which they have charged against them, instead of
delivering them into the hands of public Justice, and have
daringly resisted the execution of the King's Process;
and that these acts of violence have been accompanied with
threats of still greater outrages, which have spread terror
and alarm amongst those most likely to be affected thereby ;
and that some of those dissolute and disorderly persons have
audaciously attempted to deter and intimidate the Civil
Magistrates from doing their duty I have taken the same
into serious consideration, and being duly sensible of the
mischievous consequences that may ensue from the con-
tinuance and repetition of such disorders, have thought fit,
by and with the advice of his Majesty's Hon 1 ' Council, to
issue this my Proclamation, hereby strictly requiring and
commanding all the Justices, the Provost Marshal, and all
other the Peace Officers of this Province, that they do
severally use their utmost endeavours, by every legal means
in their power, effectually to prevent and suppress all such
tumults and unlawful assemblies, and to that end to put
in due execution the laws for preventing, suppressing, and
142 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
punishing the same, and that all his Majesty's dutiful and
loyal subjects be aiding and assisting therein : And farther,
that the Magistrates and all others acting in obedience to
this my Proclamation, may rely on the protection and sup-
port of the law in so doing, as they shall answer at their
peril for the neglect thereof. Given under my hand and
the great seal of his Majesty's said Province, at Charles-
town, this third Day of August, 1768, and in the eighth year
of his Majesty's reign. WILLIAM BULL.
" By his Honor's command,
" Tho 8 Skettowe, Sect*.
" God save the King."*
This measure, however, being deemed insufficient, further
action was taken. In Council, August 5th, " His Honor
the Lieu** Gov r> observed, that several of the People who had
associated with the Regulators had been unwarily led into
the tumultuous proceedings they had been engaged in, and
had also been greatly provoked thereto by the repeated
losses they had sustained from the villainous gangs of Horse-
Thieves that infested those parts; and that he was of
opinion that if a promise of a free pardon was to be offered
to them for outrages already committed, it would probably
disperse them and restore peace and tranquillity to the
Back parts of this Province ; and a majority of the Board
agreeing with his Honor in opinion that the effect of such
a Proclamation should be tried ; the following draught of a
Proclamation being approved of, it was ordered to be pub-
lished.
" A PROCLAMATION.
" South Carolina,
" By the Hon e - W m - Bull, &c.
" Whereas, by the advice of his Majesty's Hon L Council, I
did, on the 3rd day of August ins* 1 issue my Proclamation,
reciting, that it having been represented to me that divers
dissolute and disorderly persons had of late frequently
assembled themselves together in the North- Western parts
of this Province, in a riotous and unlawful manner, to the
disturbance of the public Peace ; and particularly had, in
* Council Journal," No. 24, pp. 203-204.
HISTOKY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 143
the most illegal manner, taken upon themselves to whip
and confine several persons, under pretence of punishing
them for crimes which they had charged against them,
instead of delivering them into the hands of Public Justice,
and had daringly resisted the King's Process, and that their
acts of violence had been accompanied with threats of still
greater outrages, which had spread terror and alarm amongst
those most likely to be immediately affected thereby ; and
that the said disorderly persons had audaciously attempted
to deter and intimidate the Civil Magistrate from doing his
duty; and I, having taken the same into my serious con-
sideration, did think proper thereby strictly to enjoin and
command the Justices, Provost Marshal, and all other the
Peace Officers of this Province, to use their utmost endea-
vours, by every legal means in their power, to prevent and
suppress all such tumults and unlawful assemblies ; and to
that end to put in due execution the laws for preventing,
suppressing, and punishing the same, assuring them and all
others acting in obedience thereto, of the protection and sup-
port of the law in so doing : But forasmuch as it has also
been further represented, and appears unto me, that very many
of the persons concerned in the said acts of violence, have
unwarily been drawn in, and even provoked thereto by the
great and repeated losses they have sustained from the
gangs of Robbers and Banditti who infested those parts, and
who were become the more dangerous and daring by being
confederated in numerous bodies, and it was thereby ren-
dered difficult to bring them to Public Justice : I, there-
fore, taking the same into my serious consideration, and
being willing, under such circumstances, rather to prevent
than to inflict the punishment due to such outrageous and
illegal proceedings, do, by and with the advice of his
Majesty's Hon 1 ' Council, issue this my Proclamation, hereby
strictly commanding and requiring all persons so unlaw-
fully assembled to disperse themselves and repair peaceably
to their respective homes and occupations, and forbidding
them and all persons hereafter, at their utmost peril, so to
assemble again ; and I do promise his Majesty's most gra-
cious Pardon for the misdemeanors by them committed at
any time before the date hereof in so unlawfully assembling,
144 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
whipping or confining any person or persons as aforesaid,
to all such as shall forthwith pay due obedience to this my
Proclamation, excepting to those persons concerned in the
outrages and daring violences committed by Gideon Gibson
and others upon George Thompson, a lawful constable, and
his party, in the actual execution of a legal warrant, at or
near Mars Bluff, in Craven County, upon the 25th day ot
July last. Given under my hand, and the Great Seal of the
Province, &c., this 6th August, 1768.
" WM. BULL/"*
This was followed, two days after, by the following state-
ment in the South Carolina Gazette : " Tuesday last, the
Proclamation inserted in the first page of this paper was
published in the usual manner ; and on Saturday there was
another, which is not come into our hands. A variety of
reports continue to be circulated in different ways, and no
doubt with different views, of the Proceedings and Inten-
tions of the People called Regulators, in the North Westernf
part of this Province, some of them very alarming : amongst
others, that 2 or 3000 of them were to assemble on Thurs-
day, at the Congarees, for very unjustifiable purposes ; but
we are assured, that the People so met, or to meet, are not
so considerable a body, and have only in view to be in-
formed of the Bounds of the Respective Parishes to which
they belong (the lines of which have been but lately run),
that they may not lose the right of voting for Representa-
tives of their own nomination, at their next general election,
whenever the law gives it them/'
August 15th, the Gazette said : " The outrageous oppo-
sition lately offered to the Civil authority near Mars Bluff,
on Pedee River, being at present a general subject of con-
versation, and by many attributed to the People called
Regulators, it may not be amiss to lay before the public the
following information, viz. : That there are two parties so
called, and the proceedings of the one frequently con-
founded with those of the other. That the first (called the
Honest. party) consists in general of people of good prin-
Council Journal," No. 34, pp. 208-211.
f It should rather have been " North Eastern," Ac.
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 145
ciples and property, who have assembled chiefly about the
Congarees, the Ridge, &c., professedly with the view of
driving all horse thieves, with their harbourers, abettors,
and other vagabonds, from amongst them; and that the
other (called the Rogues' party) are a gang of banditti, a
numerous collection of outcast Mulattoes, Mustees, Free
Negroes, &c., all horse thieves from the borders of Virginia
and other Northern Colonies (the very people whom the
Regulators would have expelled the Province, or brought to
Justice), and have taken up arms to carry on their villainy
with impunity. The last accounts we have received of both
are, That the former, on the 16 th past, took up one Charles
Sparks, of infamous character, on Pedee, and ordered him to
receive 500 lashes and quit the Province : and of the latter,
that an armed company of them, headed by one Gideon
Gibson, on the 25 th past, near Mars-bluff, surrounded a
Constable and 12 men, who were sent to bring one of the
villains before a magistrate, and after a smart skirmish,
wherein two of the Constable's party were mortally wounded,
and one shot through the shoulder, took the rest Prisoners,
whom he discharged, after ordering them 50 lashes each. In
the skirmish, Gibson had one of his sons killed, and another
wounded in the neck. Proper measures are taken to bring
the principals of this desperate gang to Justice/'
On the 22nd August, the Gazette said : " We are sorry
that we cannot have the pleasure of informing the public,
that either of the Proclamations issued by his Honor the
Lieu* Gov r on the 3 rd and 6 th ins ta , are likely to produce the
desired effects; Gideon Gibson declining to surrender on
any terms; having put himself under the protection of
people that do not at present seem disposed to give him up.
This man's character, we are told, always stood fair, till he
lately became the tool of a Party, who committed the out-
rages near Mars-bluff, mentioned in our last."
The Gazette, from which the preceding extracts are taken,
was in the interest of the Government, and therefore dis-
posed to cast as much odium as possible on every proceeding
in which the people arrayed themselves against the consti-
tuted authorities of the Province. At first the Regulators
were spoken of in terms of unmeasured condemnation ; but,
L
146 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
as the fact became known that they embraced the best people
in the interior settlements,, the tone of the press, as well as
of the Government, became very much softened. To Gibson,
however, no mercy was to be shown. He was made to
appear as one of the Rogues' party. How far this was from
being the case will appear in the sequel.
Immediately after the receipt of the intelligence in
Charles-town, Col. Powell, of the Pedee Regiment, with the
Provost Marshal, was despatched to the interior to quell
the disturbance. In Council, 26th August, His Honor,
Wm. Bull, informed the Board, that Roger Pinckney, Esq.,
the Provost Marshal, had returned from the Northward, for
which place he had set out with warrants against Gibson,
one of the Regulators, and that he had, by him, received
the following letter from Col. Powell :
" To the Hon 1 W m Bull, &c.
" Hon 1 Sir,
" On the 9th ins* I set out with Mr.
Pinckney for Mars-bluff, and reached Lynched Creek, dis-
tance 42 miles, that night, where we were joined by about
25 of the Posse Comitatus; and the following evening
arrived at Mars-bluff, distance 30 miles ; at which place we
found 15 men of Capt. Weaver's company, and were the day
following reinforced by 20 men of Capt. Thomson's com-
pany. It appeared to us, by all accounts, that Gibson was
guarded by a large body of men, and could in an hour raise
300 more. Mr. Pinckney and myself thought it prudent
that I should send orders to the Captains, Pledger, Hicks,
and M'Intosh, and to the Lieutenants, Clary and Michael,
to join us with 20 men of each of their Company s,^ at Mars-
bluff, the 15th ins*, under the hopeful expectation of being
able to prevail on these gentlemen to assist us readily in
* In the private journal of Rev. Nicholas Bedgegood, then pastor of the
Welch Neck Church at Long Bluff, this entry appears during the year 1768 :
" Sunday, 14th August. No sermon, on acct. of march of ye Companies to
Mars-bluff."
Until the letter of Colonel Powell was found, the author had no clue to the
purport of this entry, and was for a time wholly at a loss to explain it, not having
heard of the tradition which had come down in the neighborhood, of Gibson's
fight at Bass's Mills, &c. t' ,V?
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 147
taking Gibson, Lance, &c. Mr. Pinckney being informed
that Gibson would surrender himself, and desirous of accom-
plishing his purpose in the most prudent manner, nor will-
ing to risk the lives of those of the King's subjects he had
with him, by opposing them against such unequal numbers,
agreed with me in opinion, that my inviting Gibson to meet
me in a certain place in the woods, where he and I might
be alone, and there talking the matter calmly over with him,
might perhaps have a good effect. I wrote to Mr. Gibson,
and met him accordingly, on Sunday, the 14th, where, after
an hour and an half's, conversation, he solemnly promised
to deliver himself up to Mr. Pinckney the following Mon-
day, 8 o'clock in the forenoon; and, indeed, I had not the
least doubt but that the man would have fulfilled his pro-
mise. However, when the time came about, I found myself
egregiously mistaken ; for, instead of coming, he wrote me
a letter, signifying that he had altered his resolution, and
would not surrender himself. About 10 o'clock, that day,
Monday the 15th, Mr. Claudius Pegnes came to Mars-bluff,
and assured me he would render all the service in his
power, seemed to know nothing of Gibson's measures, nor
the intentions of the Captains,* Pledger, Hicks and M'ln-
tosh, and Lieutenants Clary and Michael, who arrived about
noon; drawing up their company in the woods at half a
mile's distance from Weaver's house. Mr. Pegnes then told
us, they did not intend to advance any further. Where-
upon, Mr. Pinckney and myself, together with Pegnes, went
to meet them ; where, to our surprise, we found, instead of
100, 300 men and upwards. I acquainted the officers with
the occasion of my calling upon them, and the service ex-
pected from them.
" Mr. Pinckney also acquainted them with his errand in
these parts, read to them his authority, and your Honor's
Proclamation, and demanded their aid accordingly. Which,
instead of paying any regard to, they absolutely refused, as
* These were John Pledger, George Hicks, and Alexander M'Intosh, among
the most prominent and influential men on Pedee, in the neighbourhood of Long
Bluff, as was John Mikell and all distinguished afterwards in the Revolution.
Mr. Pegnes was the first member elect to the Assembly, from St. David's,
showing the estimation in which he was deservedly held.
L 2
148 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
Gibson, they said, was one of them (Regulators), and had
applied to them for protection.
" They said much about certain grievances which they
conceived themselves labouring under, for the want of County
Courts, and the exorbitant expense of the Law, as it now
stands. It was with the greatest difficulty we could per-
suade them to march to Weaver's, against whom they ex-
press much resentment. However, as victuals were pro-
vided for them there, and I was in hopes of bringing them
into better temper, by taking opportunity of conversing
with the leading men singly, I put myself at the head, as
their Colonel, and marched them to Weaver's house, where
both Mr. Pinckney and myself took great pains to point out
to them the mistakes they were running into, prompted, as
it appears evidently to us they were, by some turbulent, de-
signing persons. Mr. Pegues seemed to be an active man
amongst them, and is a person pitched upon to represent
them in the next General Assembly ; for which purpose, a
subscription is already set on foot to bear his expenses. To
enter into a detail of their unprecedented behaviour, would
be drawing this letter to too great a length, and I must beg
leave to refer your Honour to Mr. Pinckney.
" Only I would observe that, notwithstanding I had heard
much of the notorious behaviour of the Regulators in gene-
ral, yet, as several of them are men of good property, I
nattered myself they might be open to conviction, and in-
duced to admit that the method they were pursuing was
not the proper mode to bring about their wished-for pur-
pose ; but, to my astonishment, I found all arguments lost
upon them, and I am ashamed to tell your Honor, that if
there had not been left amongst them some faint regard
for their Colonel, the Provost Marshal would have been
grossly abused, a scheme having been laid for that purpose.
" These people proposed to Alran,* his releasement ; and
* Of Alran, to whom Colonel Powell here refers, nothing is known. In the
journal of Mr. Bedgegood, this entry is found :
[1768.] " Sunday, 5th June, Mr. Alran taken by the Regulators."
If he had, prior to this time, made himself obnoxious to the civil authorities,
and been rescued by the Regulators, it would seem that he was seized a second
time, and would have been released again had he desired it.
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 149
it was only owing to himself, the Provost Marshal could
bring him to town.
" Upon the whole, Sir, these disturbances seem to have so
dismal a tendency, that I am at a loss to guess where they
may terminate, and I think I may now say with safety, that
unless some speedy measures are fallen upon to put a stop
to them, the consequence will be very shocking. I cannot,
with any propriety, continue to be Colonel of a Regiment
of Militia, amongst whom I have the mortification to find
myself of so little weight as not to have been able to per-
suade them to do the duty they owe to their King and
Country. I must therefore beg leave to resign my commis-
sion, and I would have enclosed it to your Honor, but that
I lost it on my return from Keeowee, in fording Broad
River. In consequence of my promise, I enclose to your
Honor a letter from the Officers of the Regiment respecting
Captain Weaver.
" I am, with great respect,
" Honorable Sir,
' ' Your most obedient, humble Servant,
" G. G. POWELL.
" Weymouth, 19th August, 1768."
<f His Honor also informed the Board that he had re-
ceived a copy of a letter, directed to the Provost Marshal,
which was delivered him by a waggoner in the Back Coun-
try, threatening his Deputies, if they offered to serve any
process in those parts, and advising them not to send them
up, as they were determined to pay no obedience to any
process issued from Charles-town. His Honor informed
the Board that he had written an account of these matters
to Ms Excellency, the Governor, and that he proposed, in a
week or ten days' time, to dissolve the Assembly, and to
call a new one, which would be ready to meet about the
time his Lordship might be expected to return into the
Province/'*
The interesting letter of Colonel Powell discloses the fact,
how much deceived and disappointed he was as to the feel-
Council Journal," No. 34, pp. 219-225.
150 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
ing of the officers and companies from Long Bluff, with
respect to Gibson and his proceedings, as well as to the
course of the Government in general. Loyal yet in his
own sentiments, and not having felt, perhaps, as others had
done, the grievances of which they so justly complained, he
was at a loss to account for their conduct. His visit to
Broad River was probably made in the service of the Go-
vernment, to assist in quieting disturbances in that region.
He appears, after all, to have retained his commission; and
what is more remarkable still, not to have forfeited the con-
fidence and affection of the people on the Pedee, having
been afterward, for several years in succession, the Repre-
sentative from St. David's Parish* in the Commons House
of Assembly, and cherishing himself, to the close of his
useful life, the deepest interest in all that related to the
welfare of that Parish.
Colonel Powell's letter also corrects the tradition, f as it
liad come down in a most distorted/ shape, in the immediate
neighborhood of the fight, in which Gibson bore so pro-
minent a part.
The result, upon the whole, as the affair ended, was of
much importance. The popular feeling became deeper and
more determined than ever. The line was now, as it was
henceforth to be, distinctly drawn. And the Government
* St. David's Parish had been established in April of this year (1768).
f The tradition was related to the author by the late Hugh Godbold, of
Marion District, as he had heard it in his younger days from some aged
persons who were cotemporaries of Gibson. According to that account, the
Regulators came down from North Carolina, increasing in numbers as they
came, and headed by Weaver, White, and Gurley. Crossing the river at
Mars Bluff, they went up to what has since been known as Bass's Mill, on
Naked Creek, where an island was formed by a bend in the Creek, and a
channel cut across the mouth of the bend for mill purposes.
On the island they found Gibson strongly posted, at the head of the
citizens. He defeated them, killing several, taking the rest prisoners, and giving
them fifty lashes apiece. There is no doubt but that a conflict took place at the
point described, which was not far from Gibson's residence ; but it was that
between Gibson's party and the Constable's, confounded by the tradition with the
march of the companies afterward to Mars Bluff, as it was also erroneously
related that the companies had come down from above under Weaver, Gurley,
&c. This spot was but a. few years after the scene of a bloody conflict between the
Whigs and Tories in the Revolution, of which some account will be given. The
author visited the locality in company with Mr. Godbold. The facts above
related show how, even in a generation or two, past events may be perverted
by tradition.
HISTORY OF THE OLD CDERAWS. 151
was from the first, perhaps, fully aroused to the magnitude of
the issues involved, as well as the futility of the measures
which had been adopted to quell the rising spirit of oppo-
sition throughout the back parts of the Province.
His Honor and his Majesty's Council must have felt
grave apprehensions now, if never before, that Proclama-
tions, prosecutions, and official action of whatever kind,
would be unavailing, if timely concessions were not made
to the just and long-continued demands of the people. The
necessity for Circuit Courts could no longer be denied. The
Government at home, yielding to the pressure which it had
been unable to resist, lent its active aid in effecting so de-
sirable an object, and in less than a year, a Bill to that
effect became law. In the meantime, the Regulators con-
tinued to meet, and to keep up their organization.* On
the 2nd of September, there appeared in the Gazette, the
following " extract of a letter from a Gentleman at Pedee,
to his friend in Town " : " I wish you would inform me
what is generally thought in town of the Regulators, who
now reign uncontrolled in all the remote parts of the Pro-
vince. In June, they held a Congress at the Congarees,
where a vast number of people assembled; several of the
principal settlers on this River, men of property, among
them. When these returned, they requested the most
respectable people in these parts to meet on a certain day ;
they did so, and, upon the report made to them, they
unanimously adopted the Plan of Regulation, and are now
executing ft with indefatigable ardour. Their resolution is,
in general, effectually to deny the Jurisdiction of the
Courts holden in- Charles-town over those parts of the Pro-
vince that ought to be by right out of it ; to purge, by
methods of their own, the country of all idle persons, all
that have not a visible way of getting an honest living, all
that are suspected or known to be guilty of malpractices,
and also to prevent the service of any writ or warrant from
Charles-town ; so that a Deputy Marshal would be handled
by them with severity. Against those they breathe high in-
* In Mr. Pugh's journal the following and like entries are found : " Aug.
16th. Went over the Marsh to a meeting of the Regulators." " Septr. 12.
Went to Murphee's. Regulators met there."
152 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
dignation. They are every day, excepting Sundays, employed
in this Regulation work, as they term it. They have brought
many under the lash, and are scourging and banishing the
baser sort of people, such as the above, with universal
diligence.
" Such as they think reclaimable, they are a little tender
of; and those they task, giving them so many acres to tend
in so many days, on pain of flagellation, that they may not
be reduced to poverty, and by that be led to steal from
their industrious neighbours. This course, they say, they
are determined to pursue, with every other effectual mea-
sure, that will answer their purpose; and that they will
defend themselves in it to the last extremity. They hold
correspondence with others in the same plan, and are engaged
to abide by and support each other whenever they may be
called upon for that purpose. This, it seems, they are to
continue till County Courts, as well as Circuit Courts,
shall be rightly established, that they may enjoy, by that
means, the rights and privileges of British subjects, which
they think themselves now deprived of. They imagine that,
as the Jurisdiction of the Courts in Charles-town extends all
over the Province, Government is not a protection, but an
oppression ; that they are not tried there by their Peers ;
and that the accumulated expenses of a law-suit, or prosecu-
tion, puts justice out of their power ; by which means the
honest man is not secure in his property, and villainy be-
comes rampant with impunity.
" Indeed, the grievances they complain of are many, and
the spirit of Regulation rises higher and spreads wider every
day. What this is to end in, I know not ; but thus matters
are situated; an account of which, I imagine, is not unac-
ceptable, though perhaps disagreeable to hear."*
This letter, singularly calm in its tone for a time of such
general and intense excitement, appears to have been written
by some one who was yet loyal in his feelings toward the
Mother Country*
It may be regarded, upon the whole, as an impartial
account of the Regulation movement, and exhibits the
* Gazette, August 26, September 2, 1768.
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 153
character of those who were taking the lead in the matter,
as well as the laudable objects they proposed to accomplish.
A few days after, September 12th, we find this account in
the Gazette ; " On Thursday last, the General Assembly of
this Province was dissolved by Proclamation, and writs for the
General Election of new Representatives, we hear, will be
signed and issued on Thursday next : so that it is probable the
election days may be fixed for Tuesday and Wednesday, the
4 th and 5 th , and the day for the meeting of the next General
Assembly, for Monday, the 25 th of next month. The People
called Regulators have lately severely chastised one Lum,
who is come to Town ; but we have not yet learnt the real
cause for this severity to him. A letter from Pine Tree
Hill (Camden), dated the 6 th ins*, contains the following
intelligence, viz. : The Regulators have fixed upon the 5 th of
next month to have a meeting here, to draw up their grie-
vances, in order to be laid before the new Assembly. 2500
or 3000 of them, from St. Mark's and St. David's Parishes,
are to rendezvous, on the 10th, at Eutaw, and thence pro-
ceed to Charles-town, to pursue the proper measures for
Redress. The Regulators from the Congaree, Broad, and
Saludy Rivers, are not to proceed to Town, unless sent for by
their brethren ; but 1 500 of them are to hold themselves
in readiness, in case they should be wanted. They do not
intend the least injury to any person in Town, desiring only
provision and quarter till their complaints shall be heard.
The confusion in North Carolina is still greater than in
this Province ; where the People of Orange County again
threaten Col. Fanning, and refuse paying any Taxes, till an
Act, granting an enormous sum for building a House for the
Governor, be repealed ; so that Gov r Tryon has been obliged
to draught 2000 men from Mecklenburgh and Dobbs
Counties, to overawe them, who are to march from the Town
of Mecklenburgh the 12th ins 1 . Two of their Leaders have
been secured, but it's apprehended they will be released before
they can be brought to Trial, as the People in general com-
plain loudly of the above-mentioned Act, as a Great Grie-
vance, as well as of that laying a Duty on Paper, Glass, &c.,
which will soon drain from them what little specie they
have. Their paper Currency being mostly sunk, and a Poll
154 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHE RAWS.
Tax of eleven shillings Proclamation money, does not fail to
add to the distresses of that Country ."
The next intelligence from the interior was of a more
cheering character. The Gazette of September 26th says :
" The People in the Back Settlements of this Country, we
hear, are now perfectly quiet, having almost thoroughly
expelled the dangerous set of Horse Thieves and Vagrants
that were becoming formidable amongst them ; and they
will probably continue so (his Honor the Lieutenant Go-
vernor's Proclamation of the 3 rd ul to , having had a very good
effect), until the important crisis of the next General Elec-
tion, which takes place throughout the Province on Tuesday
and Wednesday next week ; or, until the Meeting of the
General Assembly, when, they say, they will, in a Constitu-
tional way, not only have their Grievances heard, but also
redressed, so far as it may appear to be in the Power of the
Legislature. But, the Disturbances in North Carolina have
not subsided, according to our last accounts from the Back
Counties in that Province, dated the 16 th ins*, his Excel-
lency, Gov r Tryon, was then there, and to proceed from
Salisbury to Orange County, the 22 nd ins*, but not likely
to succeed, the People seeming almost unanimous in refus-
ing to submit to any Laws that seemed to them oppressive
or unconstitutional. Further particulars must be deferred
till our next."
The election for General Assembly was now drawing near,
and much trouble apprehended by the authorities. But,
the opportunity being therein presented to the people of
expressing their own will, such apprehensions proved to be
groundless. The Gazette of October 10th, said, as to this
matter :-" Great disorder was apprehended in several
Country Parishes, at the General Election of Representa-
tives on Tuesday and Wednesday last, from numbers of the
People called Regulators coming down from the Back Settle-
ments to vote, where it appeared to them they had a right ;
but, we are informed, that they behaved everywhere with
decency and propriety.
" They mentioned many intolerable grievances they had
long laboured under, and seemed to have most immediately
in view, a more equal Representation in Assembly ; the ob-
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 155
taining, without loss of time, an Act for ascertaining and
better regulating public officers' fees, especially in law mat-
ters ; and, another for establishing County Courts, if the
Precinct Court law lately sent home, should fail to receive
the royal approbation."
The real objects of the Regulators were now understood,
and justice was at length to be meted out to their motives
and conduct. The elections had passed off quietly, not-
withstanding the fears of disorder and violence.
In the Parish of St. David's, recently organized, and
where the polls were opened for the first time, militia com-
panies were detailed for each election precinct, to preserve
the peace, and other precautions used to prevent disturbance.
But, no disposition was evinced by the people to resort to
any improper measures.
The elective franchise was one of those rights which they
were most anxious to exercise. They were satisfied it would
result in still more favourable changes. The struggle for
constitutional liberty thus commenced, was destined, how-
ever, to continue, and to encounter, at every step of its pro-
gress, the most determined opposition.
The news now on the way from England, was to be by
no means cheering, so misguided was the policy persisted in
by the Mother Country towards her aggrieved and petitioning
Colonists.
The Gazette of October 10th, gave the following informa-
tion to the public : " Last Thursday, arrived here the ship
Beaufain, Cap n David Curling, in 45 days from the Downs,
by whom we have not received a single article of agreeable
news for North America. Our Circuit Bill, passed the 12th
of April last, was not likely to receive the Royal assent ; so
that the Back Settlers, or People called Regulators, in this
Province, may, in all probability, obtain what they seem
more anxious to obtain, a Bill for establishing County
Courts."
"We are informed that the People called Regulators,
have lately brought back five mortgaged Negroes from North
Carolina, which were carried off by an absconding debtor
from Pedee : that, if any creditor is doubtful of a debt due
there, and will come amongst them, they have offered to
156 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
protect and assist 1dm in procuring good security for what-
ever may be owing; and, if that cannot be obtained (pro-
vided he brings a blank writ up), to deliver the debtor
into the common Gaol : that the affair of Gibson's party in
July last, has been grossly misrepresented : and that they
did not rendezvous, as it was proposed, at Eutaw, on the
10th inst."
Having elected Representatives of their own choice, the
Regulators were satisfied to leave the redress of grievances
to them in Assembly, and hence the failure to meet at
Eutaw, as was intended. The public statement, that the
affair of Gibson had been grossly misrepresented led to the
following account in the Gazette of October 24th : " If we
are to credit the Depositions of George Thompson, William
Loving, James White, Stephen Sebastian, Godfrey Kerfey,
John Hollo way, Reuben White, and William White, pro-
duced to us by Robert Weaver, Esq. of Mars- Bluff, the
conduct of Gideon Gibson was not misrepresented in this
Paper of 15th August last, unless by the omission of some
aggravating circumstances."
So well had the facts of the case been established, how-
ever, that Gibson and his friends deemed it unnecessary to
reply to this. Comparative quiet was at length restored.
The claims of the Regulators were respected and their power
acknowledged. A general desire was now felt to comply
with their just demands> which had been so long urged in
vain.
On the 15th November, the General Assembly met, and
the inhabitants of St. David's Parish were represented for
the first time by one of their own choice, in the person of
Claudius Pegies, Esq. On 17th Nov r his Excellency, C. G.
Montagu, made an address to the Commons House of
Assembly, of which the following is an extract : " I shall
now only recommend to your attention, the falling upon some
method to retrieve the distresses of your fellow subjects in
the remote parts of this Province, and, at the same time, to
discharge, and, if possible, entirely to prevent, for the future,
such illegal insurrections as have for some months past ap-
peared in those parts. In every constitutional measure to
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 157
promote these purposes, I shall cheerfully concur, and will
strenuously exert myself."
In the conclusion of their address, the Assembly made
this reply : " Your Excellency may depend on our doing
everything in our power, to relieve the distresses of our
fellow-subjects, in the remote parts of this Province, and
thereby prevent future insurrections ; not doubting of your
Excellency's cheerful concurrence in every constitutional
measure that may be thought necessary to answer these good
purposes : though, at the same time, the House cannot but
lament, the very little power that is left, by ministerial in-
structions, in the Legislature of this Province, to remedy the
capital grievances which these people labour under; parti-
cularly, the want of Courts of Justice amongst them, the
want of an equal representation in Assembly, and the exces-
sive fees of office, arid charges of the law/'
This portion of the Assembly's address, while respectful
in tone, was decided in sentiment, and gave token of the
last days of Royalty in Carolina. Here was to be seen the
germ of a spirit which continued to grow, until, a few years
later, it assumed the form of open opposition and revolu-
tionary conflict the Assembly of the Province having
boldly espoused the cause of his Majesty's injured subjects.
" The little power left in the Legislature, in consequence
of ministerial instructions, to remedy the capital grievances
of the People/' was felt more and more, until these instruc-
tions ceased to be regarded, and the Governor himself, the
last vestige of the power of the throne, was forced to fly
from the City, to a British Man-of-War in the harbour of
Charles-town.
The people were not only determined to be independent
as to Courts of their own. There was a general disposition
to throw off the yoke, and cherish the spirit of a timely
self-reliance. This was the case as to many articles of
manufacture which had been supplied to the Colonies from
the Mother Country. It will be remembered, that as early
as December 22nd, 1768, the letter from a gentleman on
Pedee, to his correspondent in Charles- town, related to this
matter. He said, " I expect to see our own manufactures
158 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
much promoted in this part of the Province/' and samples
of white cotton cloth, which had been produced in that
region, were sent to Town for inspection.
It was stated in the Gazette of March 2nd, 1769, that,
" Many of the Inhabitants of the North, and Eastern parts
of this Province have this winter clothed themselves in their
own manufactures ; many more would purchase them if
they could be got ; and a great reform is intended in the
enormous expense attending funerals, for mourning, &c.,
from the patriotic example lately set by Christopher
Gadsden, Esq., when he buried one of the best of wives,
and most excellent of women. In short, the generality of
the People now seem deeply impressed with an idea of the
necessity, and most heartily disposed, to use every means to
promote industry, economy, and American Manufactures, and
to keep as much money amongst us as possible/'
The next allusion to the subject is found in December of
the following year (1770), when a most important plan was
set on foot for promoting the objects just referred to. The
Gazette of the 29th of Dec r * contained this intelligence :
" The Committee to consider the ways and means for esta-
blishing and promoting such manufactures as this Province
is capable of producing, have already had several meetings.
It consists of fifteen gentlemen, who have determined to
begin, by setting forward a General Subscription to raise a
Fund of Money, towards which themselves have collectively
subscribed upwards of 2200/. They have chosen Henry
Laurens, Esq., for their Chairman and Treasurer : and
Subscription Papers are forthwith to be printed, which, with
a Circular Letter, are to be despatched to all Parts of the
Province. This is one of the measures which an unkind
mother and false brethren have given rise to."
A non- importation agreement had very generally been
entered into, and pledges or articles signed, and great dis-
satisfaction was felt now towards the Northern Colonies, in
departing from their non-importation agreement hence the
action above.
A meeting was held in Charles- town on the 13th inst.
(Dec.) and a sub-committee appointed, by the General Com-
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 159
mittee of the friends of liberty, to consider of every means
for the encouragement of domestic Manufactures and non-
importation of tea and various articles of luxury.
Of the Circular Letter, to be despatched to the different
parts of the Province, no trace has been found. But, of
the Subscription Papers, which were also to be printed and
sent with the Letter, the following relic appears in a memo-
randum book* of the day, viz. :
" Subscribed for the Papers :
s.
Thomas Evans ........'. 15
*James Hicks 10
William Coward (paid 3 5*.) 50
James Shields 10
John Adam 10
*Daniel Walsh 50
*John Hodges ......... 50
Philip Singleton 10
Claudius Pegnes, jun r< 100
Benj n - Rogers . . 120
William Thomas, paid 20 13
Charles Sparkes . 10
Fran 8 - Gillespie ......... 50
John David 50
*Charles Mason . . . . . . . . . 15
*Thomas Ellerbe 12
William Ellerbe . . . . .3^. . . . 7 10
Isham Hodges 50
Joseph Dabbs 50
James Gregg 50
Moses Murphy . . ;K 3ji.fi. io. %-*;- . . . 10
Duke Glen .......... 10
John Brown 50
John Hodge (Cashway) (paid 4, 17*. 6d.) . 10
Daniel Sparks 70
* This old book was found, containing also other valuable matter, among the
collection of papers in the possession of Philip Pledger, Esq., in Marlborough
District, already referred to.
160 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
9.
*Tliomas Powe 50
George King 50
John Hire 50
Tristram Thomas 50
*Ben n - James, Cons ble * . . 10
Nathaniel Saunders (paid 9 15s.) . . . 15
*John Thomson 10
*John O'Neal, paid 10
Aaron Daniel . 10
Auth- Pouncy 10
Rob*- Witherspoon 10
Thos 8 ' North . 50
Stephen Ford, Jun r - ....... 20 0."*
This was, doubtless, but one of the lists of subscriptions
in the Parish of St. David.
The prompt and liberal response of the inhabitants in
this matter was only one of the many indications of that
determined spirit by which they were now actuated in the
struggle for independence.
Defensive, not less than offensive, measures were thus set
on foot for their protection and support. To the latter
they had become accustomed, and were ready for any fur-
ther conflict which time might bring about.
We have seen how the years 1767 and 1768 were among
the most eventful in preparing the minds of the people for
Revolution. In bringing this result to pass, the regulation
movement and the conflict to which it led, were largely
instrumental. Though an extreme measure, it must be
sanctioned by the verdict of history, inasmuch as those,
who, in the character of humble and loyal subjects of the
Crown, began to petition as early as 1752 for the redress of
their grievances, but in vain, were justified in the use of the
means to which they were driven by necessity.
* For some time after the discovery of this interesting record, the author
was greatly at a loss to ejplain it, the simple heading, " Subscribed for the
papers" furnishing the only clue to its history. Upon the subsequent dis-
covery, in the old Gazette of the day, of the plan of the " Circular Letter and
Subscription Papers/' &c., the difficulty was at once removed.
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 161
It was not until every constitutional method was ex-
hausted, that they were induced to fall back upon those
rights of man which are inalienable.
The descendants of the Regulators on the Pedee may
revert, with honest pride, to this unequal, but finally success-
ful struggle of their fathers.
162 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
CHAPTER VIII.
The name of St. David Some account of it Welch names Necessity for a
parochial organization Provisions of the Act establishing the Parish of
St. David What it contemplated The first records of the parish Pro-
ceedings of Commissioners Names of voters for parish officers Election
of Representative to Assembly Names of voters Previous proceedings
Second election Names of voters Colonel G. G. Powell Account of him
Appointment as Judge Proceedings of Commissioners for building a church
Church officers Efforts to procure a clergyman Progress of Church
building History of it afterward Successive elections for Representative to
Assembly Church officers and other officers from year to year Proceed-
ings of vestry Notice of individuals The close of the parish history
Concluding reflections.
IN the year 1768, a name appears for the first time among
its records, which was ever after to be identified with the
history of the Pedee. This was St. David/ the Tutelar
Saint of the Welch, given to the first parochial organiza-
tion which was here established. The " Welch Neck" is
the only other name remaining, to indicate the origin of the
Colony that led the way in the settlement of this region.
Unlike the English, French, and Spaniards, who, in their
first discoveries and settlements in the West, failed not to
leave many of their distinctive national appellations behind
them, the Welch were satisfied to give to one locality a
name that would link it perpetually with the land of their
* St. David was the most famous of all the Welch names. He was a Bishop
of Wales in the sixth century, celebrated for his learning and piety, and a
patron of those schools of literature which flourished there at an early period.
He is supposed to have been, by the mother's side, of regal descent. His con-
secration took place at Jerusalem, it being a distracted time at home, and the
Britons, who were most inclined to devotion, preferring to go thither. His
domestice ducation is said to have been under Paulinus, a disciple of St. Ger-
man, in Whiteland, Caermarthenshire. Soon after his return from Jerusalem,
he attended a famous synod of bishops, abbots, and others, held at a place
called " Llandein-Brevi," the church of St. David at Brevi ; and here, by his
authority and eloquence, put an effectual stop to Pelagianism, and before the
end of the synod, it is said, was chosen, by general consent, Archbishop of
Caerleon, and so continued in the exercise of his episcopal functions to the close
of an honoured life. His day, as a tutelar saint of the Welch, is 1st March.
Stillingfleet's " Antiquities/' vol. ii. pp. 515-523.
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 163
fathers. They left, however, a better memorial in those
virtuous principles and sturdy traits of character which
were transmitted to their descendants.
The population of the upper parts of the Parishes of
Prince George and St. Mark's, extending on both sides of
the river to the line of North Carolina, had now reached a
point demanding a distinct organization of its own. The
inhabitants of these parts, remote from the parochial centres
below, could no longer endure the disadvantages and hard-
ships which their present condition involved, without being
seriously affected. Application was accordingly made to
the Assembly, and an Act passed, April 12th, 1768, "for
establishing a Parish in Craven County, by the name of
St. David, and for appointing Commissioners for the High
Roads in the said Parish."
The Preamble to the Act was in these words : " Whereas,
the inhabitants residing on Pedee River, in the Parishes of
St. Mark's and Prince George, in Craven County, have
represented many inconveniences which they are under for
want of having a parish laid out and established in the said
County, and prayed that a law may be passed for that pur-
pose :" it was therefore enacted
" I. That a Parish shall be laid out and established in
Craven County aforesaid, bounded in the following manner
(that is to say) by a North-West line to be run from the
northward-most corner of Williamburg Township to Lynched
Creek, and from thence by that Creek to the provincial
line; and that the line dividing St. Mark's from Prince
Frederick's Parish, be carried on in the same course from
the Great Pedee, where it now ends, to the provincial line
aforesaid ; by which, together with lines aforesaid, and
Lynche's Creek, the new Parish shall be bounded, and that
the said Parish shall hereafter be called and known by the
name of St. David.
" II. That a Church, Chapel, and Parsonage house shall
be built at such places, within the bounds of the said Parish,
as the major part of the Commissioners hereafter named
shall order and direct.
" III. That the Rector or Minister of the said Parish,
for the time being, shall officiate in the said Church and
M 2
164 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
Chapel alternately, and shall be elected and chosen in the
same manner as the Rectors or Ministers of the several
other parishes in the Province are elected and chosen, and
shall have yearly paid to him and his successors for ever,
the same salary as is appointed for the Rector or Minister
of any other Parish in this Province, (the Parishes of St,
Philip and St. Michael excepted,) out of the fund appro-
priated, or to be appropriated for payment of the salaries of
the Clergy of this Province ; and the public Treasurer, for the
time being, is hereby authorized and required to pay the
same, under the like penalties and forfeitures as for not
paying the salaries due to the other Rectors or Ministers of
the several other parishes in the Province; and the said
rector or minister of the said Parish shall have and enjoy
all and every such privileges and advantages, and to be
under such rules, laws, and restrictions as the rectors or
ministers of the other parishes in this Province have and
enjoy, or are subject and liable unto.
" IV. That Claudius Pegnes, Philip Pledger, Alexander
M'Intosh, George Hicks, Thomas Ellerbe, Robert Allison,
Thomas Lide, Charles Bedingfield, James James, Robert
Weaver, Thomas Crawford, James Thompson, Thomas Port,
and Benjamin Rogers, be, and they are hereby appointed,
Commissioners, or supervisors, for the building of the said
Church and Chapel, and parsonage-house in the parish of
St. David; and they, or a majority of them, are fully
authorized and empowered to purchase a glebe for the said
parish, and to take subscriptions, and to receive and gather,
collect and sue for all such sum or sums of money, as any
pious or well-disposed person or persons shall give and con-
tribute for the purposes aforesaid ; and, in case of the
death, absence, or refusing to act of any of the said Com-
missioners, the Church wardens and Vestry of the said
Parish of St. David, for the time being, shall and may
nominate and appoint another person or persons to be Com-
missioner or Commissioners, in the place of such so dead,
absent, or refusing to act, as to the said Church wardens
and Vestry shall seem meet, which Commissioner or Com-
missioners, so to be nominated and appointed, shall have
the same powers and authorities for putting this Act into
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 165
execution, to all intents and purposes, as the Commissioners
herein named.
" V. That from and immediately after the passing of
this Act, the Commissioners herein appointed, &c., do call
the inhabitants, &c., together, to choose parish officers, and
fix on the most proper places for building the Church and
Chapel.
" VI. That from and after the dissolution of the present
General Assembly, the inhabitants of the parish of St.
Mark's (which heretofore chose two members of Assembly),
and the inhabitants of the Parish of St. David, qualified by
law for that purpose, shall choose and elect one member
each, and no more, to represent the said parishes respec-
tively in General Assembly ; any law, usage, or custom, to
the contrary in any wise notwithstanding; and that writs
for electing members to serve in General Assembly for the
said parishes, shall be issued at the same time, and in the
same manner as for the several other parishes in this Pro-
vince, according to the directions of the Act of the General
Assembly in that case made and provided.
" VII. That Claudius Pegues, Philip Pledger, Alexander
M'Intosh, George Hicks, Thomas Ellerbe, Robert Allison,
Thomas Lide, Charles Bedingfield, James James, Robert
Weaver, Thomas Crawford, James Thompson,, Thomas Port,
and Benjamin Rogers, shall be, and they are hereby ap-
pointed Commissioners for the high roads in the said parish
of St. David ; and the said Commissioners, or a majority of
them, shall have the same power and authorities for laying
out, and making and keeping in repair, the roads in the said
parish, and shall be subject and liable to the like penalties
and forfeitures as the Commissioners for the high roads in
the other parts of this Province have, or are subject and
liable unto by the laws of this Province ; and in case any of
the Commissioners appointed by this Act, shall happen to
die, depart the Province, or refuse to act, it shall and may
be lawful for the remainder of the Commissioners, or a
, major part of them, to nominate or appoint another Com-
missioner or Commissioners, in the room of him or them,
so dying, departing the Province, or refusing to act, and the
Commissioner or Commissioners, so nominated and appointed.,
166 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
shall have the same power and authorities, and be subject to
the same penalties and forfeitures as the Commissioners ap-
pointed by this Act/'*
The organization here contemplated, was ecclesiastical,
according to the Act of 1706, commonly called the Church
Act, for the establishment of religious worship, according to
the Church of England, and for erecting Churches, support-
ing ministers, &c. It also embraced, in part, the manage-
ment of the civil affairs of the Parish, as it was made the
duty of the Vestry, by Act of 1712, f to nominate yearly
Overseers of the poor of the Parish, as well as to exercise
other functions strictly civil. The Overseers of the poor,
with the Churchwardens, were to have the ordering and
relieving of the poor committed to them, out of such monies
as might be given for that purpose, or raised by assessments
laid on the inhabitants of the Parish. The Vestry was also
to bind out orphan children as apprentices; and by Act of
1721,J it was made the duty of Churchwardens to provide
for the election of Members of Assembly.
This was the only parochial organization known at the
time, and was therefore so ordered as to provide for all the
wants and exigencies of the Parish.
The first record following the passage of the Act, esta-
blishing the parish of St. David, opens the journal of the
proceedings of the Vestry, and is in these words : " The
General Assembly of the Province of South Carolina having
passed an Act, bearing date day of , for
making a new Parish out of part of the parishes of St. Mark,
Prince Frederick, and Prince George; [| the following gentle-
* " Statutes at Large," vol. iv. p. 300.
f " Public Laws," p. 104. J " Public Laws," p. 113.
The old Parish Book, of later years among the records in possession of the
vestry, was found by the late Rev. Andrew Fowler at the residence of Mrs.
Sarah Pegnes, of Chesterfield District, whose husband was a son of one of the
first vestrymen.
Mr. Fowler made a visit to St. David's as a missionary, in December, 1819,
and was afterwards appointed for a longer period. On one occasion, while
searching among the old books and papers at Mrs. Pegnes's this interesting and
valuable record was found. Mr. Fowler was a faithful and devoted minister of
Christ, planting the Church and building it up in not a few places where it had
gone to decay. He died at a very advanced age, a few years since.
|| It will be observed, that the Act is here said to have been passed for
making a new parish out of part of the parishes of St. Mark, Prince Frederick,
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 167
men were, "by the said Act, appointed as Commissioners for
the said Parish, which, by the Act, is appointed to go by the
Name of the Parish of St. David " and the list of names
is then given.
On Monday, August 1st, the Commissioners met, accord-
ing to public notice, at the house of Charles Bedingfield *
when Alexander Mlntosh, James James, and Robert Alli-
son, declined acting in the affairs of the Church.f The
following parish officers were elected, viz. : Claudius Pegnes,
Philip Pledger, William Godfrey, Charles Bedingfield, Thomas
Lide, Thomas Ellerbe, and Thomas Bingham, Vestrymen;
Alexander Gordon and Benjamin Rogers, Churchwardens ;
Durham Hitts was appointed Clerk. The oath of office was
administered the next day.
The names of those who voted for Vestrymen and Wardens
were as follows, viz. : " William Hardwick, Duke Glen, John
Mackintosh, John Jenkins, Edward Ellerbe, John Hus-
bands, Thomas Boatwright, Sen., John Pledger, Robert
Anderson, Robert Clary, Benjamin Jackson, James Knight,
Samuel Wise, James Thorsby, Thomas Williams, Thomas
Wade, and Leonard Dozier in all IS."
The next matter which engaged attention was the elec-
tion of a Member to the Commons. House of Assembly, as to
which the following entries appear upon the Journal of Jhe
Vestry :
"Monday, September 26th, 1768.
"The writs of election of a Member of Assembly for
the Parish of St. David having been sent up from Charles-
town, twenty-six advertisements were sent to the different
parts of the Parish, requiring the appearance of the inha-
bitants of the said Parish at Mr. John Mackintosh's, t on
and Prince George. From this it would appear that, according to the under-
standing of the inhabitants at the time, " Prince Frederick" did extend over,
forming a part of the territory east of the Pedee. The confusion on this subject
in the Acts of Assembly has been mentioned.
* This was at what is now known as Irby's Mills, in Marlborough District, on
the public road from Cheraw to Bennettsville, and three miles from the former place.
f These gentlemen lived some distance below on the river, and two of them
were of other religious connexions.
J This was just above Cock Run, about two miles below Long Bluff, on the
public road leading thence to George-town, called long afterward the " Old
River Road," where the traces of the first settlement are still to be seen,
168 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
Tuesday ; and at Mr. Charles Bedingfield's, on Wednesday,
the fourth and fifth days of October, ensuing; Being the
Days appointed for the Election of a Member to represent
the Parish in the Commons House of Assembly.
" Likewise, Circular Letters were writ to the Captains,
James Knight, James Thomas, Thomas Conner, and Ben-
jamin Jackson ; and to Messrs. John Kimbrough, William
Watkins, Robert Lide, and Gideon Gibson, with two or three
of the Advertisements of the Election enclosed in each, to
put up at the most Public Places in their respective Districts,
and a desire to bring their Companies, under their proper
leaders, to the Places of Election, to prevent confusion."*
The Advertisement was as follows :
" The Inhabitants of the Parish of St. David are required
to meet on Tuesday, the Fourth Day of October, ensuing,
at the House of Mr. John Mackintosh, and on Wednesday,
the fifth day of the same month, at the House of Mr. Charles
Bedingfield, in order to Elect a Member of Assembly for
the said Parish. The Hours of Election to be from ten in
the forenoon to four in the afternoon.
" By Order of the Church wardens,
" DUEHAM HlTTS, C.P.
" September 26th, 1768."
The Circular Letter was as follows :
" Sir,- You have Enclosed Advertisements, for Electing
a Member of Assembly for this Parish. Please to circulate
them to the most convenient Places. You are desired by
the Captains, Pledger, Hicks, Lide, &c., for the Honor of
the Parish, to bring as many Voters as you possibly can to
the Place of Election, where they will meet you with each
of their Companies.
" They also desire that you will keep and bring up the
People under their proper Leaders, in order to prevent con-
* This precaution, it will he remembered, resulted from the apprehension
on the part of the Government that disturbances might ensue in consequence
of the previous action of the Regulators, and the fear, in particular, that
numbers of them might come down from North Carolina to overawe the law-
abiding citizens, as these last were esteemed, and thus the general state of
alarm and confusion be increased.
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 169
fusion. They hope that you will, on this occasion, exert
yourself to the utmost of your power.
" I am, Sir,
" Your humble Servant,
" DURHAM HITTS, C.P.
"September 26fch, 1768."
The foregoing Circular Letters were directed for forward-
ing to Mr. John Kimbrough, as follows :
" Sir, As the time is so short between our receiving the
writs of Election, and the time for Electing of a Member
for this Parish (as you will see in the Letter directed to
you), you will do a good piece of service to the Public, in
causing the Letters enclosed, directed to the Captains,
Thomson and Knight, and to Mr. Watkins and Mr. Gibson,
to be conveyed to them as speedily as possible.
" I am, Sir,
" Your humble Servant,
" DURHAM HITTS, C.P."
September 26th, 1768."
"Tuesday, October the Fourth, 1768. The Poll for the
Election of a Member of Assembly for the Parish of St.
David, in Craven County, South Carolina, was opened at
the House of Mr. Mackintosh, and the following Persons
voted, viz. :
" Bartholomew Ball Richard Pouder
Simon Holmes Francis M'Call, Jun.
John Renynolds Thomas Harry
William Reeves John Mackintosh
John Holley Charles M'Call
William Lucas Roderick M'lver
John Jamieson John Evans ,
Robert Clary Daniel Devonald
Samuel Sparks Thomas James
Lewis Rowan Alexander Mackintosh
Charles Strother Philip Howell
John Davis Edward Lowther
John Courtney Francis M'Call
Malachi Newberry Gideon Parish
Thomas Evans William Edwards
170
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
John M'Call
John Cheeseborough
Richard Blizard
Nathaniel Douglass
Thomas Davidson
John Prothero
Evans Prothero
James Knight
James Rogers
Joseph Dabbs
Peter Kolb
John Kimbrough
John Cooper
David Harry
William Dewitt
William Allen
Andrew Hunter
John M'Call
Christopher Teal
George King
Josiah Evans
Joseph Luke
Samuel Wilds
John Rowell
Dennis Galphin
Benjamin Pruiel
Thomas Edwards
John Griffith
John Knight
Philip Pledger
James James
Daniel Man
Magnus Corgill
William James
John Dyer
John Marsha
Thomas Levy
Robert Blair
Lewis Blalock
Daniel Luke
David Harry
Joshua Douglass
Jacob Lamplugh
Howel James
Joseph Barker
Isam Ellis
William Tyrrell
Abel Edwards
James Bruce
William Pouncey
John Jackson
Joshua Edwards
John Brown
Enoch Luke
Jenkin David
Richard Allen
Philip Robland
Abel Wilds
Edward Jones
Benjamin Wright
Gilbert Moody
Thomas Lane
William Megee
Samuel Evans
Martin Kolb
Robert Lide
Joseph Alison
John Alran
John Brown
John Flanagan
Job Edwards
Richard Me La More
Anthony Pouncey
Duke Glen
Joshua Hickman
David Evans
Walter Downes
Aaron Daniel
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
171
John Bruce Martin Dewitt
James Dozier John Darby.
" Number of Voters this Day, 113."
" Wednesday, October 5th, 1768. The Poll for Electing
of a Member of Assembly for the Parish of St. David, in
Craven County, South Carolina, was opened at the House
of Mr. Charles Bedingfield, and the following Persons voted,
viz. :
" Thomas Boatright
Lewis Gardiner
William Carter
Benjamin James
John Purvis
Charles Bedingfield
Enoch James
Jesse Counsell
William Gardiner
John Pledger
John Williams
John Jenkins
Abraham Colt
William Ellerbe
Thomas Ellerbe
Enoch Thomson
Edward Ellerbe
Charles Irby
Alexander Gordon
Peter Heathy
John Frazier
Thomas Sommerlin
John Williams
William Hardwicke
Thomas Lide
John Husbands
Jonathan Williams
Samuel Hatfield
John Jones
William Johnson
Thomas Williams
William Hicks
John Beverley
George Hicks
John Lyons
John Sutton
Edward Bryan
Benjamin Rogers
Thomas Bingham
William James
Thomas Conner
Kedar Keaton
William Godfrey
George Sweeting
John Moffatt
John Westfield
Jonathan Wise
John Shumake
John Hicks
Thomas Rogers
Samuel Williams
John Pow
William Hernsworth
" Number of Voters this Day, 53/
" Claudius Pegnes, Esqr., was unanimously elected a
172 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
Member of Assembly for the Parish of St. David's, all the
Votes for both Days being for him.
" The Votes for the first Day were . .113
the second Day . . 53
The full number of Votes were . . 166 "
To have been elected their first representative by a
unanimous vote, was a singular mark of the esteem and
confidence entertained for Mr. Pegnes by his fellow-citizens,
and more particularly so as he had not been very long a
resident among them. He came to Pedee about eight years
before, and was now in his forty-ninth year an active,
prudent, and useful man. Retiring in his disposition and
habits, he withdrew, after serving one term in Assembly, to the
more congenial pursuits of private life continuing, however,
as he had ever been, faithful and untiring in his devotion to
the public good and the rights of the people.
With the account of this election closes the Parish record
for 1768. The proportionate numbers, voting respectively
at the two polls, indicate a large preponderance of popu-
lation in the lower parts of the Parish. These embraced
the two principal settlements of the Welch, near Long
Bluff, and the Sandy Bluff neighbourhood below, which
continued for many years after, to maintain the ascendancy.
The record of the year 1769 opens with the order for the
election of a new Member of Assembly, "the last Assem-
bly/' it was said, " having been dissolved by his Excellency,
the Governor of South Carolina, almost as soon as called/'
New writs of election were sent up to the churchwardens,
February 25th, and the election ordered for the 7th and 8th
of March, at the same places as in the former year. At the
lower poll, 98 votes were cast, and among them were the
following names which did not appear at the former elec-
tion, viz. :
Daniel Saunders Jordan Gibson, jun.
Saunders Reuben Gibson
John Rothmahler Nathaniel Hunt
Nicholas Bedgegood Daniel Sparks
Daniel Monahan Thomas Avery
John Crawford Charles Sparks
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHEKAWS. 173
James Mikell Walter Owens
Solomon Staples Harrison Lucas
Robert Moody Charles Lisenby
Moses Bass John Hitchcock
Joshua Lucas John Crews
Malachi Murphy Blundell Curtis
Arthur Hart John Mikell
William McTierre William Floyd
Stephen Sebastian George Booth
Edward Owens Jacob Baxter.
Samuel Haselton
At the upper poll 59 votes were cast, and among them,
certain names for the first, viz. :
Rebecca Lide Daniel Lundy
Catharine Little Benjamin Ladd
Francis Benton William Lankford
Simon Lundy Sarah Booth
Cornelius Acmens Abel Wilds
Robert Westfield William Crowley
John Perkins Thomas Wade
Elizabeth Counsell William Prestwood
Michael Griffith Soloman Holmes
Samuel Hards Frederick Kimbell
W m Gardiner, jun. Joel Yarborough
Silas Harandine William Jackson
Francis Gillespie Thomas Tomkins
James Salmons David Davidson
James Lundy Joseph Parsons
Jacob Johnson Thomas Williamson
Richard George William Hayes/'
At this election, Col. George Gabriel Powell received 154
of the 157 votes cast, and was consequently returned as the
new member for St. David's. It is the first time that the
name of Col. Powell appears in connexion with the Parish of
St. David, though shortly afterwards to become so promi-
nent in all the leading events of its history. He had been
for some time in command of the Craven County Regiment.
On the 1 Oth of August, of this year, he was appointed one
of his Majesty's Judges for the Courts of General Sessions
and Common Pleas, and took his seat on the Bench the 16th
174 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
October following, retaining it until 1772, when he was
superseded.
The change was then doubtless made in consequence of
his manly independence and unflinching devotion to the
rights of the Colonists. He did not sympathize sufficiently
with the Crown, though a loyal subject, as his course with
reference to the difficulty at Mars Bluff, of the previous
year, very clearly indicated, as it did also a want of co-ope-
ration on his part with the Regulators and a misunderstand-
ing of their movement.
His first charge from the Bench was spoken of in the
public Prints of the day, as having given universal satis-
faction.
On Easter Monday, March 27th, at a meeting of the free-
holders of the Parish, at the house of Charles Bedingfield,
the church officers of the previous year were re-elected. It
was not until the 23rd of September following (1769) that the
Commissioners appointed under the Act of Incorporation,
for that purpose, held a meeting with reference to the erec-
tion of a Church Building. In consequence, however, of
some informality in the notice calling them together, there
was not a full attendance, and nothing was done. It was
agreed by those present, viz., Claudius Pegues, Robert Alli-
son, Benjamin Rogers, Philip Pledger, Thomas Lide, Thomas
Ellerbe, and Charles Bedingfield, that the Commissioners
should meet again on the 25th of October ensuing; but,
owing probably to the engrossing events of the time, or dif-
ferences of opinion as to the location of the Church, no
meeting was held, or at least no further entry appears on
the records of the Parish, until Feb. 1st, 1770.
On that day, at a meeting of the Vestry and Wardens, Ely
Kershaw was appointed a Commissioner in the place of Robt.
Allison, deceased. And on the 22nd of the same month,
an agreement was executed in due form, between Thomas
Bingham, of the one part, and Ely Kershaw, Philip Pledger,
George Hicks, Thomas Lide, Benjamin Rogers, Charles
Bedingfield, Thomas Ellerbe, and Claudius Pegnes, Commis-
sioners, of the other part, for the building of theParish Church.
It was to be erected on the south-west side of Pedee River
(at Cheraw Hill), upon land given for that purpose by Ely
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 175
Kershaw, and completed on or before the first day of March,
1772. In consideration whereof, the said Commissioners
agreed to pay the sum of Two thousand six hundred pounds
currency, one half when the building should be raised, en-
closed, and covered ; and the other half upon its completion.
It was also provided, by additional agreement, that alter-
ations might be made in the stipulated plan, if agreeable to
both parties.
It does not appear that a Glebe was ever set apart, or any
steps taken towards the erection of a Parsonage. This was
doubtless owing to the failure to procure a settled clergyman.
On the 30th of April, of this year (1770), at a meeting
of the Freeholders of the Parish, the following gentlemen
were elected Church officers, viz. : John Kimbrough, Ely
Kershaw, Jesse Counsell, Samuel Wise, Henry William Har-
rington, John Pledger, and William Ellerbe, Vestrymen :
William Godfrey and William Pegnes, Wardens.
The important subject. of procuring a Parish Clergyman,
had already engaged attention.
During a part of this year, the Rev. James Foulis* offi-
ciated, but remained a short time only in the Parish. " The
Rev. Mr. Hogart, of England, was next invited to this Cure ;
but not accepting it, application was made, in 1772, to the
Rev. Mr. Robinson to officiate, and if approved of, the Vestry
would recommend him for Holy Orders." It is probable
that this gentleman was a minister of some other communion.
The Journals are silent as to the result. f
The church building was not completed until some time
subsequent to the spring of 1774, as appears from the fact
that its unfinished state was made the subject of present-
ment by the grand jury of Cher aw District, as will be seen
hereafter.
It was opened, however, for public worship as early as
December 1772,J and continued to be used in common by
* Mr. Foulis had charge of St. Helena parish, Beaufort, during the latter
part of 1778. It is not known how long he remained, or what became of him
afterwards.
f Dalcho's " Church of So. Ca." p. 327.
J The Rev. Evan Pugh speaks in his private journal of having officiated there
in the parish church.
176 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS,
the denominations around, as religious ministrations could
be had at that early period.
It was almost a half century afterward before it was
restored to its original use and design as an Episcopal
Church. During its common occupancy the burden of its
repairs was borne by the inhabitants generally ; and as a
consequence, when an exclusive claim was set up in the year
1819 to its possession, no little feeling was aroused, and
there was for a time a determination to resist it. The
original Act for the Organization of the Parish and the
proceedings under it, were either unknown or lost sight of,
and having been so long occupied and repaired in common,
it is not surprising that a feeling of strong opposition was
excited. The discovery, however, of the old Parish records
and subsequent investigation, cleared the whole matter up,
and the claim was fully established. It was described
many years after as a neat church, " a frame building, on a
brick foundation, 53 feet long, 30 wide, and 16 high in the
clear, with a cove ceiling, and arched windows. The chan-
cel 10 feet by 6." Subsequently to the year 1819 the
interior arrangements were materially altered, the chancel
being removed from the side, as it was at first, to the east
end, and other changes made. A porch was also added,
with a beautifully proportioned steeple.
For a short time, during the summer of 1781, it was
occupied by British soldiers, and not a few of them, it is
said, who fell victims to the climate, lie buried in one com-
mon grave under the shadow of its portals.
Unharmed by the ravages of time, the venerable building
still remains, one of the few material relics left us of that
era. It was erected by the sturdy men of that day with
the care befitting such a work, and upon a sure foundation.
There has been wonderful progress since in every depart-
ment of human labour- but a progress rather in matters of
outward adornment than in those durable elements and
that thorough finish which are calculated for lasting use.
The affairs of the Parish continued to be administered
with regularity, though becoming more local and circum-
scribed than was anticipated at the time of its organization.
After the appointment of Col. Powell as one of the Assis-
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 177
tant Judges, there appears to have been no further election
for Members of Assembly until March, 1772, when Col.
Charles Augustus Steward was returned. A new election
having been ordered in September following, for the
Assembly, which was to meet in Beaufort, 8th Oct., Col.
Stewart was again successful, after an exciting contest.
There was now a deepening conviction in the minds of the
people, that their representatives would shortly be called to
contend in a decisive struggle for every constitutional right.
The powers of Royalty and of popular sovereignty were
being rapidly arrayed. There was a premonitory feeling, in
short, though with no clear conception as to the course
events would take, that momentous changes were approach-
ing.
Col. Stewart retained his seat but for one session. In
December Col. Powell was again returned. He was re-
elected the following February. Up to this time, and for a
year later, the Commons House of Assembly consisted of
48 members. It was summoned to meet, February 23rd,
1773, and dissolved for the last time by Royal authority
1st Sept. 1775. During the intervening period Col. Powell
continued to represent the Parish of St. David, and was the
able and faithful guardian of its rights. He is supposed to
have practised at the Bar of Cheraw District ; but, though
owning property in it, never had his residence within its
limits. With his name closed the list of Representatives
of St. David under the old regime.*
At a meeting of the Freeholders of the Parish, April, 1771,
the following officers were elected, viz. : Jesse Counsell,
Ely Kershaw, Charles Bedingfield, Samuel Wise, Thomas
Wade, William Godfrey, and John Westfield, Vestrymen:
Thomas Lide and Thomas Ellerbe, Wardens : George Hicks,
Daniel Lundy, and John Mitchell, Overseers of the poor.
The list of paupers was increasing, and their support formed
the chief burden of the Parish. At a meeting of the war-
dens and vestry, Feby. 18th, 1772, it was agreed that the
inhabitants should be taxed 2s. 6d. for every 100 acres of
land, and the same amount for all negro slaves, free-
Dray ton's " Memoirs^' vol. i. p. 162.
N
178 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHEBAWS.
negroes, Mulattoes, and Mestizoes, to defray the expense of
maintaining the poor of the Parish. William Godfrey and
Charles Bedingfield were appointed to collect the same.
The surplus, if any, was to be paid into the hands of the
churchwardens. The following Church Officers were
elected, April 20th, 1772, viz. : James Kelly, Daniel Lundy,
Jacob Johnson, John Kimbrough, William White, William
Dewitt, and John Jackson, Vestrymen : Thomas Wade and
W m> Henry Mills, Wardens : George Hicks, Malachi Murphy,
and Robert Anderson, Overseers of the poor. Nothing of
special interest appears among the Parish records of this year.
Public affairs were becoming more and more the engrossing
topic of thought and conversation, the Parochial Officers
giving their attention only to the care of the poor, and the
appointment of assessors and collectors of the Parish taxes.
On Easter Monday, April 12th, 1773, were elected,
Charles Augustus Steward, Claudius Pegnes, Ely Kershaw,
Jesse Counsell, Thomas Lide, Thomas Ellerbe, and William
Dewitt, Vestrymen : Philip Pledger and Samuel Wise,
Wardens : Alexander Gordon, Malachi Murphy, and John
Blakeney, Overseers of the poor. The meetings of the
vestry were more frequent than during the previous year,
the care of the poor increasing upon them. The sum of
3571. 13^. was expended in 1772; and in more than one
instance 60/. had been appropriated to a single individual
a liberal amount for a sparse population, with limited means
at their command.
On Easter Monday, April 4th, 1774, the Church Officers
elected were as follows, viz. : Henry Counsell, John Andrew,
Thomas Bingham, Burwell Boyakin, Aaron Daniel, John
Hewstess, and William Henry Harrington, Vestrymen :
Claudius Pegnes and Ely Kershaw, Wardens : John Kim-
brough, Charles Evans, jun., and Thomas Conner, sen.,
Overseers of the poor.
Thomas Williams, George Hicks, and William Ellerbe,
were appointed Parish Assessors, to defray the expenses of
the preceding year. The name of Thomas Lide was sub-
sequently inserted in the place of George Hicks. A tax of
3*., current money, was laid on every 100 acres of land ;
also, for all negro slaves, free negroes, Mulattoes and Mes-
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 179
tizoes. Philip Pledger and Samuel Wise were appointed to
collect the same.
The same tax was levied the next year, and Claudius
Pegnes and Ely Kershaw were appointed Collectors. At a
meeting of the Vestry on this occasion (April, 1775), the
name of Chatham, instead of " Cheraw " and " Charraws,"
as heretofore, appears for the first time in the Parish re-
cords. The change was made in honour of the Earl of
Chatham, the eloquent advocate of American rights.
The following Church Officers were elected April 24th,
1775, viz. : Aaron Pearson,* William Dewitt, William
Ellerbe, William Strother,t John Westfield, John Jackson,
and Charles Irby, Vestrymen : Henry William Harrington
and William Pegnes, Wardens : Daniel Sparks, Robert
Lowry,J and William Allen, Overseers of the poor.
After this time, scarcely anything more than the annual
election of officers, the provision for the Parish taxes, and
the care of orphans, appears in the records.
In 1776, the officers elected were, William Ellerbe,
Francis Gillespie, Capt. John Blakeny, Thomas Powe, Mat-
thew Saunders, Capt. Lafayette Benton, and Buckley Kim-
brough, Vestrymen : Col. George Pawley and Claudius
Pegnes, Wardens : Alexander Deau Bois and Peter Roach,
Overseers of the poor.
For 1777, the following: John Kimbrough, Thomas Lide,
James Hicks, Thomas Powe, William Pegnes, Joseph Grif-
fith, and Robert Lowry, Vestrymen : John Andrews and
Charles Irby, Wardens : Benjamin Jackson, John Pledger,
and John Jackson, Overseers of the poor.
At a meeting of the Wardens and Vestry, 21st June,
17 77, it was resolved, " That a letter should be written to
* The Pearsons settled on the east side of the river, in what is now Marl-
borough District, on a valuable tract of land, known afterwards and from an
early day as the " Big Plantation." Moses Pearson was a noted captain in
the Revolution.
} William Strother, whose name appears here for the first time, was a son
of Charles Strother, who emigrated from Virginia to Charles-town, and died
there. William Strother moved to Cheraw not long before this period. He
married, first, a Miss Rogers, daughter of Benjamin Eogers, and afterwards,
Lucy Hicks, a daughter of Colonel George Hicks.
J The Lowrys settled in the upper part of what is now Chesterfield Dis-
trict, a name long and respectably known iu its history.
N 2
180 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
the Rev. Mr. Winchester,* to preach a sermon, on Satur-
day, the 28th instant, on the happy deliverance of the State
from our cruel and oppressive enemies, 28th June, 1776."
It was the first anniversary of that auspicious event, and
the hearts of the people were full of gratitude to Him, who
ruled the destinies of nations, and in the hour of their first
great conflict had given them the victory.
In the spring of the following year, the same tax as be-
fore was laid, and Charles Irby and William Pegnes were
appointed Collectors.
The Church Officers for 1778 were, Benjamin Hicks, sen.,
Claudius Pegnes, jun., William Thomas, Francis Gillespie,
Thomas Ellerbe, William Ellerbe, and John Speed, Vestry-
men : Benjamin Hicks, jun., and William Lide, Wardens :
Benjamin Rogers, Tristram Thomas and William Blassin-
game, were appointed Overseers of the Poor. The foregoing
continued in office until the spring of 1780.
The following was the record of Parish Officers until
1785 :
FOB 1780.
Wm. Pegnes and Benj. Hicks, Sen. . Wardens.
Claudius Pegnes, Jr., Thos. Powe,\
Charles Irby, John Westfield, John [--
Andrews, John Wilson, and Holden F ^
Wade J
John Husbands, Guthridge Lyons, )~ -p,
, -r, . . ' ' J '\ Overseers of Poor,
and Benjamin Jackson . .)
Jesse Baggette .... Clerk.
1781.
Wm. Pegnes, and Benj. Hicks, Sen. . Wardens.
Charles Irby, Claudius Pegiies, Jr./
John Westfield, Holden Wade, and
Vestrymen.
John Wilson
Guthridge Lyons .... Overseer of Poor.
1782.
Thos. Ellerbe and Wm. Strother . Wardens.
* Mr. Winchester was the pastor of the Welch Neck Church, and an ardent
friend of his country,
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 181
Charles Irby, Claudius Pegnes, Jr.,"!
John Westfield, John Wilson, Wm. [ Vestrymen.
Lide, Wm. Dewitt, and Wm. Pegnes j
1783.
Thomas Powe, and Claudius Pegnes, Jr., Wardens.
Charles Irby, John Andrews, Thos.\
Ellerbe, Benj. Hicks, Jr.. Robert L r
T> i T rr j T i r Vestrymen.
Pasley, Jas. Gillespie, and Lemuel [
Benton .J
1784.
Benj. Hicks, Sen., and Wm. Pegnes . Wardens.
Thos. Ellerbe, Wm. Strother, John\
Westfield, Claudius Pegnes, Jr., John Tr
' . to ' I- Vestrymen.
Wilson, Benj. Hicks, Jr., and Wm. F
Ligate i :l{ .)
1785.
Col. Lemuel Benton, and Capt. Calvin) ^, T ,
^Wardens.
SpeDcer . . . . .]
Thos. Powe, Wm. Ellerbe, Sen., John]
Andrews, Holden Wade, Wm. [-Vestrymen.
Pegnes, and Morgan Brown . . j
With this year (1785), upon the division of the Parish
into Counties, and the establishment of County Courts, the
parochial organization ceased to exist. No further records
appear until after the year 1819, when the Parish was
revived as before mentioned, under Rev. Mr. Fowler. Upon
the prorogation of the Assembly in April, 1770, a Bill was
under consideration for altering the bounds of St. David's
Parish. It appears to have been subsequently abandoned,
and of its provisions nothing is known.
Amid the changes of time and civil rule, only the old
Parish Church remained to tell its tale in the associations
and traditions connected with its earlier days. It had been
polluted by the tread of invading foes, and resounded with
the shock of arms. Around it lie the dead of successive
generations. But a year or two more, and its first century
will be completed.
Long may it stand, a touching relic of the past, the
spiritual home and joy of many in the present, and to be
open, as of old, to others yet to come !
182 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
CHAPTER IX.
Parochial organization inadequate Disturbances continue The Moderators
and Regulators Circuit Courts growing in favour Governor's address on
the subject Circuit Court Bill passed by Assembly Governor refuses his
sanction Again passed and made a law Its provisions Boundaries of
Cheraw District Times for holding courts Commissioners for building
court house and gaol Their proceedings Cheraw Hill selected Petition
of Freeholders, &c., against it, and in favour of Long Bluff Counter peti-
tion Memorial of commissioners to Assembly sustaining their action
Assembly decides for Long Bluff Lieutenant Governor's order to Commis-
sioners Their error Effect of Courts The buildings progress Distur-
bances revived Last affair of the kind on Pedee Court house finished
Account of it Officers, how appointed Persons selected Opening of
Court at Long Bluff Presentments of grand jury, November, 1772 Pre-
sentments in April, 1773 Reflections on same Presentments in November,
1773 Published accounts Presentments April, 1774 Early history ot
Bar of the Old Cheraws.
GOING back to the beginning of the year 1769, it will be
found that the parochial organization, established a short
time before, did not meet, in some very important respects,
the wants of the people. Though affording partial relief in the
provision made for a Representative of their own in Assembly,
and the care of the poor, it left one of the chief grievances,
of which they had long complained, remaining in full force.
They were yet without a Court of their own, easy of access,
and in which rights could be enforced, and crime punished,
without the intolerable burden of long delays and ruinous
expenses. Comparative quiet, indeed, had been restored
through the effective measures of the Regulators, and yet
the disturbances continued to threaten the public peace and
safety. In the South Carolina and American General
Gazette of 27th March, 1769, it was said: " Various
accounts continue to be received from the back country.
A new set of people, who call themselves Moderators, have
appeared against the Regulators. These two parties mutually
accuse each other. "What justice they have on either side,
time will discover."
The plan of a Circuit Court Act was gaining ground
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 183
daily. On the 29th June, the Governor, in his address to
the Assembly, said : " Although there are several matters
that well deserve your serious consideration, I cannot help
mentioning to you the grievances that your fellow- subjects
suffer in the interior parts of this Province, from the want
of an equal distribution of justice, as a matter that claims
your immediate attention and regard. As I have lately
been an eye-witness to the distresses they labour under, I
earnestly recommend to you, to pursue such measures as
will tend to relieve them ; and, in order to ease your delibe-
rations on this point, I will lay before you copies of the
Report of the Lords Commissioners for Trade and Planta-
tions, on the Bill for establishing Circuit Courts in this
Province; passed some time since, wherein you will see
stated, the reasons that operate against that Act's receiving
the Royal approbation."
This timely and urgent recommendation of his Excellency
had the desired effect, though the Assembly needed not any
new arguments to lead them to speedy action on the subject.
The result was, that on the 5th of July following, a Cir-
cuit Court Bill was brought into Assembly, and passed its
first reading. It was also stated in the public prints of the
day, " that, in consideration of the great inconveniences
and grievances to which the back settlers are subject, as
soon as the Circuit Court Bill is gone through, another Bill
will be presented to the House for establishing temporary
County Courts." On 27th July, the Circuit Court Bill, having
been passed, was presented to the Governor, who refused his
sanction. On what ground, after his own urgent recom-
mendation for some measure of relief, does not appear.
There may have been, in his view, some particular feature
of the Bill of an objectionable character. It passed the House
again, and on the 2nd of August received the Governor's
approbation.
And thus, the long-fought battle ended in victory for the
people. Popular rights, enforced by the strong arm of po-
pular sovereignty, came out of the conflict triumphant.
It was thought advisable by the Government at this cri-
tical juncture, to adopt, in addition, a precautionary mea-
sure for preserving the public peace on the Pedee and in
184 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
neighbouring parts of the Province. The Gazette of August
10- 17th, said: " His Honor the Lieut. -Gov. has been
pleased to appoint George Gabriel Powell, Esq., Colonel of
the Militia in the North Eastern parts of this Province, to
be one of his Majesty's assistant Judges ; an appointment,
which, it is thought, will give general satisfaction, particu-
larly to the back settlers, by whom that gentleman is much
and deservedly respected."
The Circuit Court Act was passed, " for laying off several
Districts or Circuits, and authorizing the holding of Courts
of General Sessions and Common Pleas twice a year, for the
trial of causes criminal and civil, arising within the same
respectively, as nearly as may be, as the Justices of Assize
and Nisi Prius do in Great Britain. Circuit Courts were,
by this Act, to be held at Orangeburg, Ninety- Six, the Che-
raws, George-town, Beaufort, and Charles-town" to sit
six days each. The Courts to be held in Charles- town,
however, were not strictly speaking Circuit Courts ; but, like
those of Westminster Hall, in England, alone possessed of
complete original and final jurisdiction, all writs and other
civil processes issuing therefrom and being made returnable
thereto.
The provision made for the interior Districts, was not, for
this reason, altogether complete, though a signal advance
for them, on their previous condition. Henceforth, Govern-
ment became more efficient, and justice was brought nearer
the habitation of each individual.*
And withal, as their own rights would thus be made to
pass in review before them, as also the wrongs and oppres-
sions of Government, if any there were, a decided impetus
would thereby be given to the progress of enlightened senti-
ments, and the expression of them, in a bold and indepen-
dent manner by the people.
"By the Circuit Court Act, the Judges were authorized
to determine, without a Jury, in a summary way, on peti-
tion, all causes cognizable in the Circuit Courts for any sum
not exceeding twenty pounds sterling ; except when the title
of land should be in question. But each party might claim
* Brevard'a " Digest/' vol. i. p. 14.
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 185
to have the benefit of a Jury trial. The office of Provost
Marshal was abolished, and Sheriffs and Clerks were ap-
pointed."*
The Judicial District of Cheraws " was to be bounded by
the course of Lynche's Creek north from the point where a
north-west line from the northernmost corner of Williamburg
Township reached the said Creek, to the Provincial line, by
the Provincial boundary, and the line dividing St. Mark's
and Prince Frederick's Parish, which shall be continued till
it intersects the northern Provincial line/'f
These boundaries were identical with those of the Parish
of St. David, created by Act of the previous year. The
Courts were to be holden " on every 15th day of April and
November, at the Cheraws, for the District of Cheraws."
And, by the Act, the Judges of the Courts of Common
Pleas were authorized and directed, " to contract and agree
with proper persons, for the building and erecting Court
Houses and Gaols, in places most convenient for holding
the said Courts, and to purchase land for that purpose."
George Hicks, Thomas Lide, Jonathan Wise, Benjamin
Rogers, and Eli Kershaw, were appointed Commissioners
for building the Court House and Gaol in the Cheraw Pre-
cinct.
Agreeably to the instructions sent them by the Lieute-
nant- Governor, 22nd March, 1770, they met on 13th April,
aDd contracted for one and a half acres of land on Cheraw
Hill, whereon they proposed to have the said buildings
erected ; as they judged that the most convenient and pro-
per place, from its being the most public and healthy
situation on the Pedee.
Active steps were taken to carry their resolution into
effect. It excited, however, very decided opposition on the
part of many, who thought the neighbourhood of Long
Bluff a better location for the Court House.
The result was, that a petition for the change, and a coun-
ter-petition were sent up to the Assembly, and action taken
thereon.
* Brevard's " Digest/* vol. i. p. 15.
f "Statutes at Large,"- vol. vii. p. 199.
186
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
The following extracts, from the Journal of the House,
explain the whole proceeding :
"August 17th, 1770.
" A Petition of the Freeholders and Electors of the Parish
of St. David's and the Cheraw District, was presented to the
House and read, in the words following, viz. : ' That, where-
as an Act of Assembly, passed the 29th July, 1769, for
establishing Courts, &c., for the more convenient adminis-
tration of Justice in this Province, and for the ease and
advantage of the Inhabitants thereof; And, where' , there
is another Act passed at the last Session of Assembly,
nominating the Long Bluff as the place for building the
Court House and Gaol for the Cheraw District ; which Acts
your Petitioners humbly conceive perfectly answer and con-
firm the purposes of the first (to wit), the convenience, ease,
and advantage of the Inhabitants ; for your Petitioners think
the Long Bluff not far from the real centre of the District ;
at least the nearest to it of any place they know suitable
for the Court House on Pedee River. These Acts, so wisely
calculated to answer many of the greatest and best pur-
poses, must, under the present House of Representatives,
ever dear to their constituents, and especially to the grateful
Inhabitants of St. David, be enforced. Nevertheless, it is
with the deepest concern, your Petitioners find themselves
under the disagreeable necessity of remonstrating to this
Honorable House against the proceedings of a majority of
the Commissioners relative to the Court House, they being
acquaintances and neighbours of your Petitioners, a conduct
your Petitioners apprehend, tending altogether (as far as in
them lies), to defeat the good intention of the Legislature,
they having appointed the Cheraw Hill (as it is lately
called), or a place at or near Mr. Kershaw's Store, for the
Court House, in direct opposition, as your Petitioners appre-
hend, to the Act of Assembly : Because, a very worthy
Member of the House, of the first character, Thomas Lynch,
Esq., informed them there was an Act for having the Court
House and Gaol at the Long Bluff, which information was
given before they had contracted for any part of the mate-
rials ; and soon afterwards, our own worthy and honorable
Representative also acquainted them with the certainty of
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 187
the Act, and even sent them a copy thereof, before it was
printed, certified by the Secretary, to convince the Commis-
sioners they were acting wrong : Yet they have contracted
for, drawn on and received from the Public Treasurer, three
thousand pounds, in order to build a Court House at Cheraw
Hill. This appropriation of the public money is, your
Petitioners humbly conceive, altogether contrary to the in-
tention of the Legislature, and tending to retard the work,
which will be a prejudice to the whole Province, if, as your
Petitioners are told, the Judges do not ride the Circuit till
the Court Houses are all finished according to law. If the
proceedings of the Commissioners were not contrary to the
Act of Assembly, yet, the ill consequences of their conduct
to the inhabitants of this Parish, will be obvious to all
who consider, that Mr. Kershaw's store is seventeen or
eighteen miles from the Long Bluff, which consequently en-
hances the cost of every precept, as well as the expense and
fatigue of travelling an unnecessary distance ; all which,
your Petitioners conceive, the poor people will be the like-
liest to suffer, as, in all probability, they will be the most
liable to actions of debt. If the intention of the Legisla-
ture, in passing the Act, was partly to encourage trade, as
some of the Commissioners say, yet, their wanting the
Court House at Mr. Kershaw's store, within eight or nine
miles of the Province line, would, we think, only encourage
the inland trade of that part of North Carolina next to the
Court House. There is not an argument which your
Petitioners ever heard advanced in favor of Cheraw Hill,
nor, any produced against the Long Bluff, why (for con-
venience, agreeableness of the place, as well as its central
situation) it should not answer all the salutary purposes in-
tended by the Act, but what your Petitioners are willing,
if called upon, and think themselves perfectly able to con-
fute : and, although two of the Commissioners very candidly
confessed they are interested in having the Court House at
Cheraw Hill, viz., Messrs. Eli Kershaw and Thomas Lide,
'for then we will sell grog and osnaburgs/ as Mr.
Kershaw expressed it ; yet, your Petitioners with confidence
hope, this Honorable House will always protect the public
welfare of this Province against all- private interests, and we
188 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
think we have reason to suspect, that the Commissioners
concerned in the Draft upon the Table, intend to use their
own and their friends' interest to have the Act repealed at
the next meeting of Assembly, in order to carry their point
of having the Court House at Cheraw Hill ; but, should
such a motion be made in the House by Petition or other-
wise, your Petitioners humbly pray this Honorable House
maturely to consider of it, and to repeal or continue the
Act, as to you in your great wisdom, shall seem meet/'*
" 21st August, 1770.
" A Petition of a considerable part of the Free-holders
and Inhabitants of the Cheraw Precinct, in the Parish of
St. David, was presented to the House, and read in the
words following, viz. : ' That your Petitioners have always
entertained the highest regard for the Legislature, and were
never so sensible of its wisdom and equity as wjien an Act
was passed for the more easy and convenient administration
of justice ; nor, did your Petitioners fail of paying due
respect to that impartial regard to the general good which
appointed this populous part of the country to be a Precinct,
by which salutary measure, your Petitioners will be de-
livered from innumerable grievances and enjoy one of the
best privileges of the British Constitution. That your
Petitioners had an additional prospect of felicity by the
Commissioners having appointed the Cheraw Hill as the
most proper place for the Court House and Gaol to be built
on, agreeably to the trust reposed in them, before they were
informed of a different appointment made by the Legisla-
ture. That your Petitioners (paying the greatest deference
to the wisdom which originated the choice of the Long
Bluff, in preference to the said Cheraw Hill, on account of
the former being nearer to the centre of this Precinct), pray
for leave to represent, that, from a personal knowledge of
both places, they humbly conceive it would better answer
the beneficent intention of the Legislature, if the Courts of
Justice should be held at the place nominated by the Com-
missioners ; because your Petitioners apprehend, that the
* "Journal of House of Assembly," No. 38, pp. 407-409.
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 189
centre will certainly be removed a considerable distance
higher up, when the error which was made in removing the
Provincial line shall be rectified : and, more especially, be-
cause your Petitioners conceive from the situation of the
Cheraw Hill, with respect to the country round about it,
and also from the apparent circumstances of trade now
existing, and very likely to nourish, that place will always
undoubtedly be the Capitol of the Precinct, and therefore,
every encouragement given to it, will, in the same proportion
as it promotes commerce, encourage industry in general, but
particularly the poor families on the frontier of this Pro-
vince, who are now very numerous, and daily increasing
by emigrations from the Northern Colonies, and whose lands
are capable of the best improvements ; but, were it not for
the encouragement given them by the Stores at the Cheraws,
their valuable lands would be in a manner lost, on account
of the great distance they are situated from market, which
circumstance alone has been introductory of some of the
worst consequences. Your Petitioners therefore humbly
pray, that such instructions may be given to the Commis-
sioners as in your wisdom you shall deem most proper/
" Ordered to be taken into consideration to-morrow."*
" 22nd August, 1770.
" When the House (according to order), proceeded to
take into consideration the Petitions of the Free-holders and
Electors of the Parish of St. David's and Cheraw District,
which was presented to this House on the 17th inst., and
also the Petition of a considerable part of the Free-holders
and Inhabitants of the Cheraw Precinct, in the Parish of
St. David, which was presented to this House yesterday,
and the Petitions were severally read, and a memorial of
George Hicks, Thomas Lide, Jonathan Wise, Benjamin
Rogers, and Ely Kershaw, commissioners appointed for
building the Court House and Gaol in the Cheraw Precinct,
presented to the House, and read in the words following,
viz. : e That they, the subscribers, being appointed commis-
sioners to contract for, and superintend the building a
Circuit Court House and Gaol at Cheraw, in the Parish of
" Journal of the House,*' No. 38, pp. 415, 416.
190 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
St. David, by an Act of the General Assembly, passed the
29th July, 1769, did agreeably to the instructions sent
them by the Lieut. -Gov., the 22nd. March last, in obedience
thereto, meet on the 13th April, and contracted for one and
a half acres of land on Cher aw Hill, whereon they proposed
to have the said buildings erected, as they judged that the
most convenient and proper place, from its being the most
public and healthy situation on Pedee River ; Public notice
was also given, that they proposed to meet again at Cheraw
on the 10th of May, at which meeting they received a letter
from George Gabriell Powell, Esq., wherein he informed
them, that a bill for removing the Court House and Gaol
to Long Bluff had been framed, but had not passed ; that,
therefore, the commissioners were left at liberty to have
the said buildings carried on with all possible despatch, at
any place they thought proper : they, therefore, agreeably
to this letter, and the instructions sent them formerly, con-
tracted for the materials, the chief of which are now ready
upon the land above mentioned.
" ( But, since our agreeing for the said materials, your
memorialists have been informed that the General Assembly
had thought proper to have the said buildings at Long Bluff
a place which, they humbly conceive, is not so convenient
as the above, being a low situation, surrounded with low,
flat land, and subject at some seasons of the year to be in
a manner surrounded with water, and not likely ever to be
a town, or place of trade.
" They would also beg leave to observe, that though the
Long Bluff, as the Provincial line now runs, is nearer to
the centre of the Cheraw District, yet they are informed
the north Provincial line is likely to be extended higher up ;
but, even if it never should, 'tis their opinion that the
Cheraw Hill will be as central to the majority of the people,
and they conceive it would have been as convenient to
have placed the Court House and Gaol for George-town
District in the centre of that Precinct, as to place the
Court House and Gaol for Cheraw District at Long Bluff.
And they further beg leave to observe, that the Cheraw
Hill is at present, and has been for many years past, the
most public and the greatest place of trade upon Pedee
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 191
River. They, therefore, hope this Honorable House will
take the premises into consideration, and get such informa-
tion of the situation of both places as to your Honors shall
seem meet ; and they have agreed, in order that the public
may not be disappointed, to continue to forward the work
already contracted for, at Cheraw Hill, with all expedition,
so as to have them ready as soon as the other Court Houses
and Gaols. And, after this Honorable House hath con-
sidered the matter, and obtained such information of both
places as you may judge necessary, should it then be deter-
mined by your Honors to have the said buildings erected
at Long Bluff, the frame and other materials might be
removed thither by water, though at a very considerable
expense. Your memorialists, therefore, thought it neces-
sary to lay their proceedings before this Honble. House for
their inspection, and at the same time to give their opinion
respecting both places, in order that they might not be
reflected upon hereafter, should this Honorable House be
imposed on and persuaded to place the buildings at an im-
proper place.
" ' And it is not their intention to contract for anything
further, until they receive positive orders at which place
they can with safety have the said buildings erected/
" And a debate arising thereon, a motion was made, and
the question being put, that the said Petition and Memorial
be referred to a committee, the House divided, and the
yeas went forth.
Teller for the Yeas,) Teller for the Noes,)
Mr. M'Kenzie. j Mr. Lowndes. J
" So it passed in the negative.
" Ordered,
" That a Message be prepared to be sent to the Lieut. -
Gov., to desire, that his Honor will be pleased to give
positive directions to the Commissioners appointed for build-
ing the Court House and Gaol at the Cheraws District, to
cause the said Court House and Gaol to be erected and
built at the Long Bluff.
" According to Order, the following Message was pre-
pared, to be sent to the Lieut. -Gov. ; which, being read a
192 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
second time, was agreed to, and Mr. Speaker ordered to
sign the same, viz. :
" May it please your Honor,
" It appearing to this House, that some doubts
have arisen with the Commissioners for building the Gaol
and Court House in the Cheraw District, about the proper
place for erecting the same, and the House being of opinion
that it is clearly fixed by an Act passed, the 7th of April
last, to be at a place called the Long Bluff: we humbly
desire that your Honor will be pleased to give positive
directions to the Commissioners, appointed for that purpose,
to cause the said Gaol and Court House to be immediately
erected on the spot appointed by the said Act, that there
may be no delay in carrying into execution the good pur-
poses intended by the Circuit Court law.
" By order of the House,
" PETER MANIGAULT, Speaker."*
" A Message from the Lieut.-Gov., by the Clerk of the
Council :
" Mr. Speaker and Gentlemen,
" According to your desire, I have given
positive orders to the Commissioners for building the Gaol
and Court-house in the Cheraws District, to erect the same
at the Long Bluff, and to proceed in the finishing these
buildings with the utmost expedition.
" WM. BuLL.f
"August 23rd, 1770."
The subject was thus very properly disposed of by the
House without debate. And though the Act in favour of
Long Bluff had not been previously passed, the fact would
yet have remained obvious, that the reasons in favour of
that location greatly preponderated. The counter petition
in support of Cheraw Hill, sounds very much like the pro-
duction of a Lawyer paid for the work, and the Memorial
signally failed to establish its case. The interest of a por-
* " House Journal," No. 38, pp. 417-420. f Ibid, pp. 421, 422.
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 193
tion of the Commissioners, who were influential, doubtless,
gave shape to the proceedings of the Board ; and the struggle
was between the interests of a few and the convenience of
many. It is a sad illustration, often furnished in the history
of human affairs, how men of probity may thus be uncon-
sciously biased. Long Bluff itself was almost too high up,
could an eligible location below have been made available.
Under all the circumstances, it was by far the best point
that could have been selected, and there ought not to have
been a moment's hesitation on the part of those entrusted
with the work. In the subsequent division of Cheraw Dis-
trict into Counties, this was the point most central to them
all. It never, indeed, became a place of any commercial
note, and was eventually abandoned, or its immediate site,
at least, as a place of residence. And yet it was at that
time the most central and accessible point for the District
generally, and withal, a place of some importance, as it con-
tinued to be for many years afterward.
Henceforth, Long Bluff was to become the resort of judges
and lawyers. There, deeds of blood were to meet with
their reward, and rigid justice was to be meted out. There,
a people, hitherto practically debarred by the circumstances
of their position from the exercise of some of the dearest pri-
vileges of free-men, were no longer to look upon the admi-
nistration of justice and the adjudication of their rights
from afar. The law was now to come nigh them, and trial
by jury to be their immediate prerogative.
Public wrongs, as well as private grievances, were to be
the subjects of their investigation and complaint. Answer-
able themselves to the Government under which they had
been reared, that power, venerable and august as it was,
was to become amenable to them in turn for its abuses.
And but a few short years were to pass away ere Long
Bluff was to become a name, indissolubly associated with
all that was lofty and ennobling in the first developments
and commanding power of the spirit of independence on the
Pedee.
The dispute about the location, and the transportation of
the materials from Cheraw Hill, caused some delay in the
prosecution of the work. It became necessary therefore to
194 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
use all possible despatch, so as not to be behind the other
Judicial Districts in the erection of their Court Houses and
Gaols. As early as April 12th, 1770, it was said in the
Gazette, " We are advised, from different parts of the country,
that the utmost despatch is used by the several Boards of
Commissioners for building Precinct Court Houses and
Gaols, to complete the same during the course of the present
year ; especially in the frontier Districts, which again begin
to be infested with great numbers of Horse Thieves and
other Vagabonds, from whose depredations and outrages they
fear they can never be completely relieved till a Vagrant
Act is passed."
The partial calm which followed the determined action of
the Regulators during the previous year, was seriously dis-
turbed again. Old offenders, who had been driven off,
returned once more.
The Gazette of April 5th said : " We are informed that
a great number of Horse Thieves, and other Banditti, who
fled from the back parts of this and the neighboring Pro-
vinces quite to West Florida, while the regulating scheme
prevailed, after having sold the horses they rode off, are
returned and returning, in small parties, by sea, to different
sea-ports on this continent, perhaps to play their old game
over again; but they will be narrowly watched, and 'tis
not very unlikely that some of these gentry may furnish the
first business of our new Circuit Courts/'
More than a year subsequent to this time, a serious dis-
turbance occurred on the Pedee.
Of the last notable affair of the kind, the Gazette of
October 3rd, 1771, contained the following account :
" Winsler Driggers, a notorious villain, who escaped out of
Savannah Gaol about thirteen months ago, under sentence
of death, and for the taking of whom a reward of fifty
pounds sterling was offered, has at length met with his
deserts. He was taken about a month ago, near Drowning
Creek, in the Charraw Settlement, proved to be a Mulatto,
tried under the Negro Act, and hanged. It seems he had
been in those parts some months, collected a gang of other
desperate villains, in number near fifty, who committed all
manner of depredations. Capt. Philip Pledger, with a
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 195
number of his neighbors, at length made an attempt to
take or drive them out of the settlement. As soon as Capt.
Pledger's party appeared, the villains fired, and Driggers
wounded Capt, Pledger in one of his arms, so that he has
since lost it (it was amputated). Pledger's party returned
the fire, killed one William Hodge and one Johnston,
wounded Driggers in one arm and the back, who neverthe-
less escaped, but was afterwards taken."*
Depredations were committed after this, but by smaller
parties and by stealth, until the troubles of the Revolution
came on, when this class of people, under the wing of the
Tories, renewed their outrages more boldly than ever.
The Court House and Gaol at Long Bluff, now rapidly
approaching completion, were built after the substantial
manner of those days, when appearance was less consulted
than strength and durability. With massive walls and
heavy oak frames, carefully selected and well put together,
the Court House continued to stand for many years, and
until the ancient village, in the next century, had become
deserted. It stood on the right of the main street, or road,
as it approached the river, and about three hundred yards
from the latter. It was taken down about the year 181 7.
The Parish of St. David, except as to the elective fran-
chise, was henceforth to be overshadowed by the more
imposing judicial organization now established, and the
story of the " Old Cheraws " to become the subject of his-
toric renown.
The offices created by the Circuit Court Act, of Sheriff,
Clerk, &c., were to be filled by appointment of the Crown.
The only popular election yet provided for, in addition to
Parish officers, was the Member of Assembly. The Sheriff
was to be appointed every second year, the Court nominat-
ing three proper persons, freeholders, and residents of the
District or Precinct, whose names were to be presented to
* The tradition of tbis fight was handed down in the neighborhood, and
in a correct shape as to many of the particulars, except that it purported to
have been an affair between Captain Pledger and the Tories.
It was related to the author by the late Captain John Terrell, of Marl-
borough, a grandson of Captain Pledger. The fight occurred near the place
where Captain Terrell lived and died. Driggers was hung near Muddy Creek,
on the Old River Road, six miles below Cheraw. The spot is yet pointed out.
o 2
196 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
the Governor, Lieut en ant- Governor, or Commander-in-Chie f
for the time being, and from whom one was to be selected
and commissioned.
The names of Charles Augustus Steward, Alexander
M'Intosh, and William Henry Mills, were presented to his
Excellency the Governor in June 1772, as suitable persons
for Sheriff of Cher aw District. As was to be expected, from
what was already well known of these gentlemen in con-
nexion with their political sympathies, the latter was
selected and commissioned. He retained his place until a
change of Government in 1776. On the 3rd of November
(1772), the Gazette said: "Since our last, their Honors,
the Judges, set out to open and hold the Circuit Courts for
the several Districts in this Province, which began the 5th
inst., and is the first since the passing of that Act/' Chief
Justice Gordon and Justice Murray took the " North-
Circuit,^ as it was then called. They were to sit first in
George-town. On Monday, the 16th November, henceforth
to be a day memorable in the history of the Pedee, the
Court was to open at Long Bluff.
Imagination may picture to itself the interest with which
the people looked forward to the consummation of their
long- cherished wishes, and the triumph of the hard- fought
battle for their rights.
Happily for them and for their children, the administra-
tion of justice in their midst on so august an occasion was
not to commence without invoking first the blessing of
Heaven, and recalling the sanctions of that Holy Religion,
established by Him who is the Lord and Judge of all the
earth. In accordance, therefore, with the pious custom of
the time, a " Sessions Sermon" was preached on the morn-
ing of the 16th, before the opening of the Court, by the
Rev. Nicholas Bedgegood, Pastor of the Welch Neck
Church. The duties and responsibilities of those in
authority, as well as of the subjects of the state of every
degree, were doubtless enforced, and the thoughts of all
alike directed to a judgment in the end of the world, from
which there is to be no appeal.
The Presentments of the Grand Jury for Cheraws Dis-
trict, made on Monday the 16th, were ordered to be pub-
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 197
lished in the general Gazette of the Province, and were as
follows :
" I. We present, as a grievance, the want of a Law to
cleanse the River of the great number of trees and logs
which interrupt the navigation.
" II. We present, as a grievance, the want of a Bridge
over Thompson's Creek, near Yorkshire Mills ; and another
over Black Creek, a small distance above the Ferry, known
by the name of Douglass Ferry.
" III. We present, as a grievance, the want of a Free-
school in the District.
" IV. We present, as a grievance, that neither the Laws
of this Province, nor the Statutes of Great Britain, now in
force, are printed or published in such a manner as to be
procured by the inhabitants of this District.
" V. We present Edward Williams, late a constable, for
suffering Ralph Sutton, charged with Felony, and John
Williams, the Prosecutor, to escape from him, by the infor-
mation of Col. Charles Augustus Steward.
" Charles A. Steward, Foreman. L.S.
Abel Edwards. L.S.
Thomas Edwards. L.S.
Henry William Harrington. L.S.
Robert Blair. L.S.
William Godfrey. L.S.
Richard Carter. L.S.
Samuel Chandler. L.S.
Peter Kolk L.S.
John Hodges. L.S.
William Dewitt. L.S.
George Hicks. L.S.
Benjamin Rogers, L.S.
Arthur Hart. L.S.
Thomas Evans. L.S.
Robert Clary. L.S.
William Pegnes. L.S.
John Perkins. L.S."
The attention given by the Grand Jury on this occasion
to the important subjects of internal improvements, Educa-
198 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
tion, and the Publication of the Laws of the Province, was
timely. They were matters of serious regard,, and failed
not afterward to be brought to public notice as occasion
demanded. In the Gazette of 15th December following
this account appeared, viz. : " At Cheraws seven Bills were
given out, and four found. Jacob Tilley, convicted of
Horse-stealing, was sentenced to receive thirty-nine lashes,
and to have his right ear cut off; Randall Johnson, con-
victed of Larceny, was burnt in the hand."
On the approach of the April Assizes, 1773, Justices
Savage and Fewtrell chose the Northern Circuit. The
Court opened for Cheraws, April 15th. The Presentments
of the Grand Jury, ordered to be printed, were as follows :
"I. We present, as a grievance, the want of a Law for
cleansing Pedee River.
" II. We present, as a grievance, the want of a Bridge
over Thompson's Creek,* and also over Black Creek, on the
road between the Cheraws and George-town.
" III. We present, as a grievance, the want of a Free-
school in the District.
" IV. We present, as a grievance, the general neglect of
the Militia and Patrol Acts, and recommend that they may
be amended.
t( V. We present, as a grievance, the want of a Vagrant
Act, the District being infested with many idle and disor-
derly persons, who having no visible means of subsistence,
either plunder the industrious inhabitants, or become
chargeable to the Parish.
" VI. We present, as a grievance, the want of a Chapel
of Ease in the lower part of the District.
" VII. We present, as a grievance, that the lines of the
District are not now ascertained.
" VIII. We recommend that a Law be passed, obliging
Persons not resident in the Province, or their agents, to
give security, upon commencing any Suit in the Courts
of Common Law, to pay the costs thereof, if a verdict
shall pass for the defendant ; and also obliging Prosecutors,
* This was doubtless at the point referred to in the former Presentment as
near Yorkshire Mills ; and was on the road from Cheraw to Long Bluif.
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 199
on behalf of the Crown, for misdemeanor, to pay the
costs where the defendant shall be acquitted, or not prose-
cuted to trial.
" IX. We present, as a grievance, that witnesses attend-
ing the Sessions on behalf of the Crown are not allowed
their expences.
" X. We present, as a grievance, that neither the Laws of
this Province, nor the Statutes of Great Britain, made of
force therein, are printed or published.
" XI. We present Edward Jones, Constable, for a wilful
neglect of his duty, on the information of Unity Hunter.
" XII. We present Joseph Gourly, Esq., one of the
Justices for the District, as a common drunkard, a pro-
fane swearer, and disturber of the peace, on the infor-
mation of Robert Dowling.
" XIII. We present, as a grievance, the want of a wall
to enclose the Gaol and the yard round the same, it being
at present entirely open, by which means, persons from
without can reach instruments to the prisoners within, to
facilitate their escape ; and also the want of a well for the
use of the same.
Alexander Mackintosh, Foreman. L.S.
Claudius Pegnes. L.S.
William Johnston. L.S.
Samuel Wise. L.S.
Thomas Lide. L.S.
Thomas James. L.S.
Robert Lide. L.S.
John Kimbrough. L.S.
Martin Kolb. L.S.
John Mikell. L.S.
Thomas Burton. L.S.
Thomas Ayer. L.S.
John Hewstess. L.S.
Malachi Murfee. L.S.
William Dewitt. L.S.
Thomas Ellerbe. L.S.
Martin Dewitt. L.S.
John Hitchcock. L.S.
John Wilds. L.S.
200 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
Aaron Daniel. L.S.
Magnus Corgill. L.S.
Abel Wilds. L.S."
The effect upon the minds of the people of having Courts
of their own, holden among them, was now becoming ap-
parent. Respect for the constituted authorities of the
Province was partially restored, and the majesty of the law
vindicated.
Secure in the feeling that the guilty would not go un-
punished, attention was naturally turned to those important
subjects connected with the general welfare and progress of
society, and hence the several matters brought to public
notice by the Grand Juries, both for Legislative action, and
district regulation and control.
It is somewhat singular, as appears from Presentment
fourth, that after such recent disturbances and in so un-
settled a state of the country, there should have been a
general neglect in enforcing the Militia and Patrol Acts.
It was doubtless attributable in part to the sparsity of the
population, as well as to the difficulty ever existing in the
early stages of society, of securing thoroughly organized
and constant effort for the removal of public evils, or the
enforcement of the laws of the land. A Vagrant Act was
now imperatively demanded. The public expression by a
Grand Jury of the want of a Chapel of Ease (as it was
called in the language of the time, being an adjunct of the
parish church), was a happy omen for the religious senti-
ment and public opinion of the day. The country was
very scantily supplied with religious services, and the want
of additional facilities for public worship was sorely felt.
In this connexion, the presentment of a Justice of the
Peace, as a drunkard and profane swearer, is worthy of
notice, and is an example which their posterity might well
follow more sedulously than they do, as to the high standard
of character which ought ever to be required in those who
aspire to offices of public trust. The functions of a Grand
Jury, as the high inquest of the State, and as here faithfully
discharged, have been too much ignored in later times. To
such a body the most solemn trust is committed; and
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 201
boldly brought to bear upon society, its influence would
be largely felt. The conduct of the Grand Juries of the
Cheraws District in the early days of its history is worthy
of perpetual remembrance.
At the November Term, 1773, Chief Justice Gordon and
Justice Savage presided. Up to this time, the name of
Thomas Turner appears as Clerk for Cheraw District, and
James Johnston deputy-Clerk. The latter place was filled
on this occasion by Henry Wm. Harrington.
The Presentments of the Grand Jury were as fol-
lows :
" I. We present, as a grievance, the want of a Vagrant
Act in this Province, this District in particular being in-
fested with many Vagrants, who do great damage, particu-
larly by fire hunting.
" II. We present, as a grievance, that the division line
lately run between this District and the District of George-
town, does not extend lower down Pedee River than sixteen
or seventeen miles from the Court House : which, we
humbly apprehend, was not originally intended in the
division of the Districts in this Province, and therefore do
recommend that this matter be taken into consideration by
the Legislature.
" III. We present, as a very great grievance, the want of
a Free School in this District.
" IV. We present, as a grievance, the want of a Law for
cleansing Pedee River, its navigation at present being very
unsafe.
" V. We present, as a grievance, the want of a Bridge
over Thompson's Creek, near Col. Steward's Mill, and another
over Black Creek, near the present Ferry.
" VI. We present, as a grievance, the present insufficiency
of the Gaol of this District, by which persons confined
therein are enabled to make their escape ; and we do recom-
mend that it be surrounded by a sufficient wall, at a con-
venient distance therefrom, to prevent the confederates of
the Prisoners from furnishing them with implements for
breaking the same.
" VII. We present, as a grievance, the want of a new
Jury list in this District. .
202 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHE RAWS.
" We recommend that these our Presentments be pub-
lished in the several Gazettes of this Province.
" John Kimbrough, Foreman. L.S.
George Hicks. L.S.
William Pegnes. L.S.
Malachi Murfee, Sen. L.S.
Robert Lide. L.S.
Thomas Ayer. L.S.
John Hodge. L.S.
Abel Wilds. L.S.
Thomas Ellerbe. L.S.
Joshua Hickman. L.S.
Robert Blair. L.S.
Arthur Hart. L.S.
William Godfrey. L.S.
Alexander Mackintosh. L.S.
Martin Dewitt. L.S.
Robert Clary. L.S.
Elias DuBose. L.S.
John Mikell. L.S.
James Kelly. L.S.
Thomas James. L.S/'
On 21st December, the following notice appeared in the
Gazette, viz. : " At Cheraws, twelve bills of Indictment
were given out, of which nine were found. Samuel Winds,
convicted of Horse-stealing, was sentenced to lose his right
ear, and be publickly whipt. John Odom, Sen., Alexander
Purvis, and James Wright, convicted of Petit Larceny,
were sentenced to be whipt. William Lewis, alias John
Macallister, found guilty of Forgery, was sentenced to
stand in the Pillory, and be publickly whipt. Samuel
Winds, Alexander Purvis, and James Wright have been
pardoned by his Honor, the Lieutenant-Governor."
Notwithstanding the urgent recommendations of the
Grand Juries from time to time, nothing was done by the
Legislature to improve the navigation of the river. The
matter was not acted upon until some years subsequent to
the Revolution. Nor were any steps taken for the estab-
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHE RAWS. 203
lishment of Free Schools. Difficult as it has been since to
make any adequate provision of the kind, the difficulty was
much greater then in consequence of the low state of the
public funds and the sparseness of the population.
On Friday, April 14th, 1774, the following Presentments
were made by the Grand Jury of Cheraws, and ordered to
be published, viz. :
" I. We present, as a grievance, the want of a new Jury
list.
" II. We present the Commissioners appointed for build-
ing the parish church of St. David, for not having it com-
pleted in proper time, the money having been granted by
the Commons House of Assembly near four years, for
that purpose, by the information of Charles Augustus
Steward, Esq.
" Alexander Mlntosh, Foreman. L.S.
John Hodges. L.S.
William Hardwick. L.S.
Wm. Henry Harrington. L.S.
Malachi Murfee L.S.
Joshua Hickman. L.S.
Thomas James. L.S.
John Wilds. L.S.
Robert Clary. L.S.
Eobert Blair. L.S.
Abel Wilds. L.S.
Thomas Ayer. L.S.
Moses Speight. L.S.
Robert Lide. L.S.
William Godfrey L.S.
Martin Dewitt. L.S.
William Pegnes. L.S.
Elias DuBose. L.S.
Martin Kolb. L.S.
Alexander Gordon. L.S."
Calvin Spencer was deputy Clerk at this term of the
Court.
The parish church had been used in December, 1772, as
204 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
already staged, though doubtless in an unfinished state, as
this Presentment would indicate. Of the early history of
the Bar of the Old Cheraws very little is known.
Of its learned arguments, its eloquent appeals, and bril-
liant conflicts, no tradition even remains. Up to this time
and for years subsequent, there was no resident lawyer in the
District. Colonel Powell was doubtless a regular attendant
and leading advocate there from the first, as were some of
the eminent members of the Bar of Charles-town, with
Judges Waties and Brevard, before their promotion to the
Bench.
The records which remain are silent on the subject, and
no tongue is left to tell of the stirring scenes which were
enacted there. For many years past every material vestige,
except a few scattered bricks, has disappeared.
The plough, for more than a generation, has made deep
furrows over the ground on which the old Court House
stood. We can only wander back in imagination to its
earlier days, and sadly muse on the past.
Another chapter will open, and burning words come
back the opening chapter of the manly declaration of their
rights and of their country's wrongs, by the sturdy patriots
of the Old Cheraws.
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 205
ISHHft ; >Vhf ;?..? : ^"-''ii .'-.''.dw
CHAPTER X.
A general Congress of the colonies proposed Scene thereupon in Assembly of
South Carolina Action of the Assembly South Carolina takes the lead
Repeal of the Stamp Act Declaratory Act Claim of taxing the colonies
asserted East India Company imports tea Course of South Carolina
Cargo restrained from sale Course of other colonies Town meetings called
Circular letter from Massachusetts Arrival of it in Charles-town Ex-
citement Circular letters sent through the Province General meeting in
Charles-town St. David's represented Action of meeting Provincial
Congress called Deputies from St. David's Action of the Congress
November courts William Henry Dray ton appointed judge Account of
him and his appointment Presides at Long Bluff His charge to the
grand jury Address of petit jury in reply Presentments of the grand
jury Reflections Account of Judge Drayton Subsequent career and
death Action of general meeting in Charles-town as to the poor of Boston
Province sends relief Subscription in St. David's parish Reflections
Close of year 1774. Concluding remarks.
As early as 1765, the passage of the memorable Stamp Act
by the British Parliament roused the American Colonists
generally to opposition. To make this feeling effective, it
was necessary that some common plan of co-operation should
be adopted. Among other propositions offered to secure
such a uniform line of conduct in the several colonies, was
that of a general Congress of Deputies to be elected from
each. When this measure was first proposed in the Assembly
of South Carolina, there were not wanting, as in all revo-
lutions, those who were disposed to frown it down. It was
ridiculed by a humorous member, on that occasion, in words
to the following effect, viz. : " If you agree to the proposi-
tion of composing a Congress of Deputies from the different
British Colonies, what sort of a dish will you make ? New
England will throw in fish and onions. The Middle States,
flax-seed and flour. Maryland and Virginia will add to-
bacco. North Carolina, pitch, tar, and turpentine. South
Carolina, rice and indigo; and Georgia will sprinkle the
whole composition with saw-dust. Such an absurd jumble
will you make, if you attempt to form an union among such
discordant materials as the thirteen British Provinces/' To
206 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
which, a shrewd country member replied : " He would not
choose the gentleman who made the objection for his cook ;
but, nevertheless, he would venture to assert, that if the Co-
lonies proceeded judiciously in the appointment of Deputies
to a Continental Congress, they would prepare a dish fit to
be presented to any crowned head in Europe."*
This reply was worthy of Carolina, and equal to the occa-
sion that called it forth. The Commons House of Assembly
was prepared for decided action ; and having passed resolu-
tions, strongly affirming their rights as British subjects, pro-
ceeded to the election of Deputies to the Congress which
was to meet the following October. South Carolina was
the first of the colonies, out of New England, to take this
step towards a Continental union. The effect of the meet-
ing of the Congress, and of the decided stand taken by the
Colonies, was a repeal of the Stamp Act. The repeal was
accompanied, however, by an Act, commonly called the De-
claratory Act, which affirmed, " that the Parliament of Great
Britain had a right to bind the colonies in all cases what-
soever." In pursuance of this right, thus unconstitutionally
claimed, the experiment of taxation was renewed in 1767,
though more artfully than before, in the shape of small
duties on glass, paper, tea, painters' colors, &c. Again the
Colonies petitioned, and agreed, moreover, among themselves,
to import no more British manufactures.
The Government, alarmed once more at this general and
decided manifestation of the spirit of intelligent resistance
and revolt, repealed all the odious duties except that of
threepence a pound on tea.
In the mean time, the East India Company, in order to
take advantage of this state of things, adopted the scheme
of exporting large quantities of tea, to be sold on their
account in the several capitols of the British Colonies. This
increased the jealousy of the Colonies, and made them more
determined than before to resist the encroachment on their
rights. Accordingly, combinations were entered into to
obstruct the sales of tea thus sent out by the East India
* Ramsay's "Revolution in So. Ca." vol. i. p. 13.
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 207
Company. A cargo sent to South Carolina was stored, the
consignees being restrained from exposing it to sale. In
other colonies similar measures were adopted. In Boston
a few men in disguise threw overboard 340 chests of tea,
the proportion sent by the East India Company to that
Province. This led to a retaliatory Act by Parliament,
blocking up the Port of Boston, and was followed by other
Acts of a similar kind. One of these was called an " Act
for the better regulating the Government of Massachusetts,"
the effect of which was to alter essentially the Charter of
that Province, taking the executive control out of the hands
of the people, and vesting it in the King or his Governor.
Other abuses of the most offensive and alarming character
speedily followed.
The colonists generally took the alarm. The inhabitants
of Boston were thrown into the utmost consternation.
Town-meetings were called ; and at one of them, May 13th,
1774, a resolution was passed, calling upon the other Colo-
nies in the most earnest manner to put a stop at once to
all importations from Great Britain and the West Indies
until the Act for blocking up Boston Harbor should be re-
pealed, or else there would be reason to fear " that fraud,
power, and the most odious oppressions would rise trium-
phant over justice, right, social happiness, and freedom/'
A copy of this vote was immediately forwarded to the other
Colonies. On its arrival in Charles-town, intense feeling
was excited ; and in order that it might be submitted to
the general voice of the people, some of the principal
gentlemen of the town caused circular letters to be sent
out by express, to every Parish and District in the Province,
calling a general meeting of the inhabitants. The sum-
mons was urgent, and met with a hearty response.
Everywhere the people assembled, and appointed Depu-
ties to meet in Charles-town on the 6th of July ensuing.
When that day arrived, " Charles-town was filled with per-
sons from the country. One hundred and four Deputies
represented all parts of the Province, except Greenville
County, St. John's, Colleton, and Christ Church Parish,
which were without delegations. In behalf of Charles-town,
208 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
the General Committee appeared."* Col. George Gabriel
Powell was one of the Deputies from St. David's Parish,
and took a conspicuous part in the proceedings of the
meeting.
Of the names of the other deputies from this Parish no
record remains. No complete list, indeed, of all those in
attendance, appears in the published "accounts of the time.
The meeting was held under the Exchange, July 6th,
and a crowded assemblage it was.
At 9 o'clock in the morning, Col. Powell took the chair;
and it was carried, " that votes should be given by each
parson present, and not by Parishes" and also, " that who-
ever came there might give his vote." The business of the
day then opened with the reading of the communication
from the Colony of Massachusetts. Afterwards resolutions
were considered, touching American rights and grievances.
A resolution was passed, providing for the safety and wel-
fare of the Province, by the appointment of a Committee
of ninety-nine persons, to act as a General Committee, to
correspond with the Committees of the other Colonies, and
to do all matters and things necessary to carry these reso-
lutions into execution ; and that any twenty-one of them,
met together, may proceed in business, their power to con-
tinue till the next general meeting."f
The General Committee was accordingly appointed by
the meeting, and consisted of fifteen merchants and fifteen
mechanics to represent Charles -town; and sixty-nine planters
to represent the other parts of the Province. J
This proceeding, thoughnot strictly authorized by the people
in the action taken at their primary meetings, was acquiesced
in, as being demanded by the extraordinary circumstances
of the time, and manifestly intended for the public good.
After a session of three days the meeting adjourned.
Thus matters went on, the members of the General Com-
mittee attending to their several duties throughout the
Province. In the fall, it was determined by the Com-
mittee to convene a Provincial Congress, by the election of
* DraytonV" Memoirs," p. 126.
Ramsay's " Revolution in So. Ca." vol. i. p. 22.
J Drayton's " Memoirs," vol. i. p. 131.
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 209
Representatives from every District and Parish in the
Province, to meet in Charles-town early in the ensuing
year. The designs of the British Government, in the
meantime, had been more fully developed, and the neces-
sity for increased energy and more perfect union among
the colonists was most apparent.
By means of the Congress of delegates it was thought
the public arm would be strengthened, and the sentiments
of the people better known and more firmly established.
For this purpose, on the 9th of November, the Committee
issued Resolutions, providing for the general election of
Deputies throughout the Province, by appointing the time,
describing the Districts and Provinces, and fixing the num-
ber of Representatives for each. As before, in fixing the
ratio of the General Committee, thirty were allowed for
Charles-town, ten to each of the four large Districts of
Ninety-six, of those between the Broad and Saluda, the
Broad and Catawba rivers, and that eastward of the
Wateree ; and six Representatives to each of the Parishes,
making in all one hundred and eighty-four, nearly four
times as many as constituted the Commons House of
Assembly.
The Resolutions required the Representatives elected to
assemble in Charles-town on the llth of January, 1775;
and also set forth the objects of the meeting, viz., to receive
an account of the proceedings of the late Continental Con-
gress, to elect delegates for another Congress, to be held in
the ensuing May, to elect a new General Committee, and
to establish such regulations as the exigences of the times
might render necessary.
The following gentlemen were elected from St. David's
Parish, viz., Honorable George Gabriel Powell, Claudius
Pegues, Henry Wm. Harrington, Alexander M'Intosh,
Samuel Wise, Esq., and Col. George Pawley.
In the meantime, the people on the Pedee, fully alive
to the critical state of affairs and prepared for every emer-
gency, had spoken in language of no doubtful import on
those exciting topics which now agitated the public mind.
The November Courts (] 774) having come on, the Honor-
able Wm. Henry Dray ton, one of his Majesty's Assistant-
p
210 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
Judges, and Mr. Justice Fewtrell, took the Northern Cir-
cuit, embracing the Districts of Camden, Cheraws, and
George- town. Of all the public men of the Province at
that time, no one was better qualified, in every respect, than
Judge Drayton, to stir up the minds of the people and keep
alive in them the spirit of liberty.
He had been appointed to the Bench the previous winter
in the place of Mr. Justice Murray, deceased. Prior to
this time the Bench seems to have been filled with Assistant-
Judges of independence and property in the Colony, who
served the public in that capacity without fee or reward.
Upon the death of Justice Murray, his Majesty's Council
found some difficulty in getting a gentleman of proper mark
and character to take his place, in consequence of the
inadequate inducement, and the probability, moreover, that
the appointee would be superseded by a Barrister sent from
England. The case seemed difficult to the Council, yet a
Judge must of necessity be appointed. After some time
spent in agitating the subject, Mr. Drayton (being one of
the Council) offered his services until some one should be
selected by the King ; which public-spirited behaviour was
very readily and unanimously approved by the Lieut.-
Governor and Council. This was in January, 1774. Not
long after a Pamphlet appeared, under the signature of
" Freeman," stating the grievances of America, and present-
ing a bill of American rights. It was addressed to the
Congress at Philadelphia, and excited general attention.
Being understood to have come from the pen of Mr. Dray-
ton, it gave great offence to the Royal officers and friends
of the Crown.
Some strictures were also made in it, respecting the
writs of assistance to the Customs, granted by the Judges.
These last fancied the thrust was aimed at them.
Whereupon, the Chief Justice, Thomas Knox Gordon, and
one of the Assistant- Judges, Charles Matthew Cosslet, pre-
sented a remonstrance to the Lieut. -Govr., complaining of
the publication of " Freeman," charging it to Mr. Drayton,
and submitting, whether such a person was fit to hold the
office of Assistant-Judge. To this Judge Drayton replied,
and before the dispute was settled, the November Circuits
HISTORY OE THE OLD CHERAWS. 211
came on. Judge Drayton had scarcely left Charles-town
when Mr. Gregory arrived from England to take his place
on the Bench.* It would have been a signal gain for the
Crown, and as great a loss to the cause of Independence, if
the last circuit of this illustrious patriot had been pre-
stalled.
He appeared at Long Bluff upon the opening of the
Court, on Tuesday, November 15th, and delivered the fol-
lowing charge :
" Gentlemen of the Grand Jury,
" You are now met to
discharge one of the most important duties in society, for
you are assembled arbiters of the innocence or guilt of those
of your fellow-citizens who are so unfortunate as to have
afforded occasion, however slight, for the laws to take cog-
nizance of their conduct.
" You are authorized to pass judgment, in the first
instance, upon the apparently guilty wretch, and by your
acquitting voice, to shield apparent innocence from a mali-
cious prosecution. Such powers have the constitution of
your country vested in you ; powers no less important than
truly honorable, when exercised with a fearless integrity.
" It is your indispensable duty to endeavour to exercise
those powers with propriety ; it is mine, concisely to point
out to you the line of your conduct a conduct, which the
venerable constitution of your country intends, by protect-
ing the innocent and by delivering the guilty over to the
course of law, should operate to nourish, in its native vigour,
even that constitution itself, from whose generous spirit we
have a title to call ourselves free-nvn, an appellation which
peculiarly distinguishes the English subject (those unfortu-
nately disappointed fellow-citizens in Quebec excepted), and
ranks them above all the civilized nations of the earth.
By as much as you prefer freedom to slavery, by so much
ought you to prefer a generous death to servitude, and to
hazard everything to endeavour to maintain that rank which
is so gloriously pre-eminent above all other nations. You
Drayton's "Memoirs," vol. i. pp. 151-161.
P
212 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
ought to endeavour to preserve it, not only for its inesti-
mable value, but from a reverence to our ancestry from whom
we received it, and from a love of our children, to whom
we are bound, by every consideration, to deliver down this
legacy, the most valuable that ever was or ever can be
delivered to posterity. It is compounded of the most
generous civil liberty that ever existed, and the sacred
Christian Religion, released from the absurdities which are
inculcated, the shackles which are imposed, the tortures
which are inflicted, and the flames which are lighted, blown
up and fed with blood, by the Roman Catholic doctrines,
which tend to establish a most cruel tyranny in Church and
State a tyranny under which all Europe groaned for many
ages.
' f ~ And such are the distinguishing characters of this legacy,
which may God, of His infinite goodness and mercy, long
preserve to us, and graciously continue to our posterity ;
but, without our pious and unwearied endeavours to preserve
these blessings, it is folly and presumption to hope for a
continuance of them ; hence, in order to stimulate your exer-
tions in favour of your civil liberties, which protect your
religious rights, instead of discoursing to you of the laws
of other States, and comparing them to our own, allow me
to tell you what your civil liberties are, and to charge you,
which I do in the most solemn manner, to hold them dearer
than your lives ; a lesson and charge at all times proper
from a Judge, but particularly so at this crisis, when
America is in one general and generous commotion touching
this truly important point. It is unnecessary for me to
draw any other character of those liberties, than that great
line by which they are distinguished ; and happy is it for
the subject, that those liberties can be marked in so easy
and in so distinguishing a manner. And this is the distin-
guishing character : English people cannot be taxed, nay,
they cannot be bound by any law, unless by their consent,
expressed by themselves, or their Representatives of their
own election. This Colony was settled by English subjects ;
by a people from England herself; a people who brought
over with them, who planted in this Colony, and who trans-
mitted to posterity the invaluable rights of Englishmen
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 213
rights which no time, no contract, no climate, can diminish.
Thus, possessed of such rights, it is of the most serious
importance that you strictly execute those regulations which
have arisen from such a parentage, and to which you have
given the authority of laws, by having given your constitu-
tional consent that they should operate as laws ; for by your
not executing what those laws require, you would weaken
the force, and would show, I may almost say, a treasonable
contempt of those constitutional rights out of which your
laws arise, and which you ought to defend and support at
the hazard of your lives. Hence, by all the ties which
mankind hold most dear and sacred ; your reverence to your
ancestors ; your love to your own interests ; your tenderness
to your posterity ; by the lawful obligations of your oath ;
I charge you to do your duty; to maintain the laws, the
rights, the constitution of your country, even at the hazard
of your lives and fortunes.
" Some courtly judges style themselves the king's servants
a style which sounds harshly in my ears, inasmuch as the
being a servant implies obedience to the orders of the
master ; and such judges might possibly think that, in the
present situation of American affairs, this charge is incon-
sistent with my duty to the king. But, for my part, in my
j udicial character, I know no master but the law ; I am a
servant, not to the king, but to the constitution ; and, in
my estimation, I shall best discharge my duty as a good
subject to the king, and a trusty officer under the constitu-
tion, when I boldly declare the law to the people, and in-
struct them in their civil rights,
" Indeed, you, gentlemen of the Grand Jury, cannot pro-
perly comprehend your duty, and your great obligation to
perform it, unless you know those civil rights from which
these duties spring, and by knowing the value of these
rights, thence learn your obligation to perform these
duties.
" Having thus generally touched upon the nature and im-
portance of your civil rights, in order to excite you to
execute those laws to which they have given birth, I will
nov point out to you the particular duties which the laws
of your country require at your hands.
214 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
" Unbiassed by affection to, and unmoved by fear of, any
man, or set of men, you are to make presentment of every
person, and of every proceeding militating against the public
good. The law orders me particularly to give in charge, to
watch carefully over our Negro Act, and our Jury Law a
law which cannot be too highly valued, whether we regard
the excellency of its nature, or the importance of its object.
This law carries in itself an indelible mark of what high
importance the Legislature thought it, when they enacted
it ; and it carries in itself, also, a kind of prophecy, that its
existence, in its native vigour, would in after times be en-
dangered, and therefore it is that the law orders the Judge
ever to charge the Grand Juries to watch over it with care ;
indeed, you ought to do so with the most zealous circum-
spection. A learned judge says : ' Every new tribunal
erected for the decision of facts, without the intervention of
a jury, is a step towards aristocracy, the most oppressive of
absolute governments; and it is therefore a duty which
every man owes to his country, his friends, to posterity, and
himself, to maintain to the utmost of his power this valua-
ble constitution in all its rights ; to restore it to its ancient
dignity, if at all impaired ; to amend it wherever it is de-
fective ; and, above all, to guard with the most zealous
circumspection against the introduction of new and arbitrary
methods of trial, which, under a variety of plausible pre-
tences, may in time imperceptibly undermine this best
preservative of English liberty/
<f Mr. Justice Blackstone terms the English Trial by Jury,
the glory of the English law. Let me tell you, our trial
by jury is that kind of glory in full meridian lustre, in com-
parison of which the English mode appears only with
diminished splendor. But let not your care of this great
object occupy all your attention. You are to find all such
Bills of indictment, as the examination of witnesses in sup-
port of them, may induce you to think there is a probability
that the fact charged is true ; for you are not to exact such
circumstantial and positive evidence as would be necessary
to support the indictment before a Petit Jury.
" To make these Presentments, and to find these Bills, it
is not necessary that you all agree in opinion, twelve united
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 215
voices among you are sufficient to discharge the duties of a
Grand Jury; but it is absolutely necessary that twelve of
you agree in opinion upon every point under your consider-
ation ; and happy, happy, thrice happy are that people who
cannot be made to suffer under any construction of the
law, but by the united voices of twenty-four impartial men,
having no interest in the cause, but that the laws be exe-
cuted and justice administered. In short, that you may
discharge your duty with propriety, and that you may pursue
that course of conduct which the law requires, let me, in
the strongest terms, recommend to you, that you keep con-
stantly in your mind the nature and particulars of the oath
which you have just taken. To you, this oath is of as much
importance as the mariner's compass is to those who sail on
the ocean; this points out the course of their voyage; your
oath as clearly points out to you the course of your conduct.
I dare say you are willing to discharge that duty which you
owe to society. I make no doubt but that you will dis-
charge it with advantage to the public, and therefore with
honor to yourselves/'*
This able and eloquent vindication of their rights, and
spirited appeal to his fellow-citizens, both as Americans and
British subjects, appears to have been carefully prepared for
the occasion, and delivered by the Judge at the other
Courts on the Circuit. It was a most critical juncture in
the affairs of the Colonies. The lines were being drawn,
and the people were ranging themselves on one side or the
other, for the rapidly approaching struggle. And then it
was, that no more timely or influential voice was heard
among them than that of William Henry Drayton. Whether
here, or during his subsequent mission, with Rev. Mr.
Tennent, among the disaffected in the Ninety- Six District,
or in his charges afterwards to the Grand Juries of Charles-
town, as Chief Justice, or in the Continental Congress
wherever he appeared, the same thrilling tones were heard
in behalf of liberty.
The Petit Jury were so much roused by the charge on
* " American Archives," vol. i. pp. 959-962 ; also, So. Ca. and American
General Gazette, December 16-23, 1774.
216 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHEKAWS.
this occasion that they were induced to present (though a
most unusual course for such a body), a formal address in
reply, breathing throughout the lofty spirit of constitutional
obligation and patriotic devotion to liberty, which his Honor
had impressed upon them. It was in these words :
" May it please your Honor,
"As your Charge at the
opening of the Sessions contained matters of the highest
importance to every individual in this Colony, as well as to
the Grand Jury, to whom in particular it was delivered, we,
the Petit Jury for the District of Cheraw, beg leave to
testify our great satisfaction, and to return your Honor
our warmest acknowledgments for so constitutional a
charge at this alarming crisis, when our liberties are at-
tacked, and our properties invaded by the claim and
attempt of the British Parliament to tax us, and by their
edicts to bind us in all cases they deem proper ; a claim to
which we will never submit, and an attempt which we are
determined to oppose at the hazard of our lives and property ;
being fully convinced, that by the Constitution of this
Country, we owe obedience to no human laws but such as
are enacted with the consent of our Representatives in
General Assembly. These being our fixed sentiments, we
take this opportunity of publicly declaring them ; and we
would esteem it a particular favor conferred on us, if your
Honor would direct your Charge to be printed, that the
benefit arising from it may be as diffusive as possible, and
that it may remain as a pattern of that constitutional lan-
guage which a Judge should deliver, who is above Ministerial
influence, and knows no Master but the Law.*
" Claudius Pegues, Foreman.
William White.
William Hard wick.
Zachariah Nettles.
Benjamin Williamson.
Benjamin Rogers.
* " American Archives," vol. i. p. 959. This invaluable collection of the
records of the few years preceding the Revolution is to be found in the Charles-
ton Library. S. C. Gazette, December 16-23, 1774.
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 217
Enoch James.
William Hickman.
Jacob Bruce.
Benjamin Davis.
Stephen Jackson.
Joseph Parsons."
This early declaration of their right s, as American free-
men, and of determined resistance to the encroachments of
the British Crown to the last extremity, reflected immortal
honor upon the bold and inflexible patriots of the Old
Cheraws ! Carolina sent forth no timelier or more fearless
voice from her borders. Nor were the Grand Jury, to
whom the charge of his Honor was more specially directed,
wanting in the spirit befitting such a crisis. They took
the matter into anxious consideration, and on the 19th of
November, the day following the address of the Petit Jury,
made their Presentments in these words (relating first to
local matters) :
" I. We present, as a grievance, the want of a Law for
clearing Pedee River, and to prevent trees being felled
therein, its navigation at present being unsafe.
" II. We present, as a grievance, the want of a Law to
prevent the hunting of deer by fire in the night time, by
which means many horses and neat cattle are destroyed, to
the great damage of the owners.
" III. We present Andrew Gibson for wilful and deli-
berate perjury ; by the information of George Cusack.
" IV. We present, as a grievance of the first magnitude,
the right .claimed by the British Parliament to tax us, and
by their acts to bind us in all cases whatsoever. When we
reflect on our other grievances, they all appear trifling in
comparison with this ; for if we may be taxed, imprisoned,
and deprived of life, by the force of edicts to which neither
we or our Constitutional Representatives have ever assented,
no slavery can be more abject than ours.
" We are, however, sensible that we have a better secu-
rity for our lives, our liberties, and fortunes, than the mere
will of the Parliament of Great Britain ; and are fully con-
vinced that we cannot be constitutionally taxed but by Re-
218 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
presentatives of our own election, or bound by any laws
than those to which they have assented.
" This right of being exempted from all laws but those
enacted with the consent of Representatives of our own elec-
tion, we deem so essential to our freedom, and so engrafted
in our Constitution, that we are determined to defend it at
the hazard of our lives and fortunes ; and we earnestly re-
quest that this Presentment may be laid before our Consti-
tutional Representatives, the Commons House of Assembly
of this Colony, that it may be known how much we prize
our freedom, and how resolved we are to preserve it.
" We recommend that these Presentments be published
in the several Gazettes of this Province.*
Alexander M'Intosh, Foreman. L.S.
Henry W. Harrington. L.S.
Thomas Ay res. L.S.
Robert Blair. L.S.
William Pegues. L.S.
Robert Lide. L.S.
George Hicks. L.S.
John Hodges. L.S.
Arthur Hart. L.S.
Elias Du Bois. L.S.
Robert Clary. L.S.
Martin Dewitt. L.S.
Thomas Ellerbe. LS.
Martin Kolb. L.S.
John Kimbrough. L.S.
Moses Speight. L.S.
Thomas Lide. L.S.
Thomas James. L.S.
John Wilds. L.S.
Thomas Edwards. L.S..
" Whereupon the following order was passed, viz. :
" South Carolina,
" Cheraws District.
" At a Court of General Sessions of the Peace, Oyer and
* "American Archives," vol. i. p. 959; S. C. Gazette, Dec. 16-23, 1774.
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 219
Terminer, Assize and General Jail Delivery, begun and
holden at Cheraws, on the 15th day of November, in the
year of our Lord, 1774, before the Honorable William
Henry Drayton, Esq., one of the Justices of our Sovereign
Lord the King, Ordered, that the Charge of his Honor, the
Judge, together with the address presented to his Honor by
the Petit Jury, immediately before their discharge on the
18th inst., and the Presentments of the Grand Jury, the
next day, at the present Sessions, be published in the seve-
ral Gazettes of this Province.
" By the Court,
" CALVIN SPENCER,
" D.C.C. & P."
Thus, in language as manly as had been previously
uttered, did the Grand Jury give expression to those lofty
sentiments which had taken deep hold of the hearts of the
people. In doing so, they gave utterance to those convic-
tions which repeated acts of oppression had only served to
strengthen. The idea of a true constitutional representa-
tion was now as thoroughly comprehended, as the determi-
nation was fixed to secure it, or perish in the attempt.
It is questionable, whether any earlier or bolder declara-
tion of rights is to be found in our Provincial records.
The Charge of Judge Drayton, delivered at the Cheraws,
and other Courts of the Circuit, with the Presentments of
the several Grand Juries, was laid by the Ministers before
the two Houses of Parliament, and made the subject of ex-
citing and indignant comment.*
In his celebrated Charge to the Grand Jury of Charles-
town, in April, 1776 a charge "replete with patriotism,
reasoning, and learning" Judge Drayton, then Chief Jus-
tice, alluded to this subject, saying : " The British Ministers
already have presented a Charge of mine to the notice of
the Lords and Commons in Parliament ; and I am nothing
loath that they take equal resentment against this Charge.
For, supported by the fundamental laws of the Constitution,
and engaged as I am in the cause of virtue, I fear no con-
sequences from their machinations/'t
* " Drayton's Memoirs," vol. i. p, 216. f Preface to ditto, p. xvi.
220 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
It was to be expected, that a Judge, who could speak in
tones of such eloquent defiance, would be speedily removed
from the Bench ; and accordingly, he was superseded the
next month (December), by a more subservient suc-
cessor.
The important part performed by Judge Drayton in pre-
paring the way for Independence, has not in later times
been fully estimated.
He left a kingly bench only to shine with more brilliant
lustre, if possible, as Chief Justice of a Republican Court ;
and from that high position to be transferred to the Conti-
nental Congress by the united voice of his countrymen.
While engaged in the active labors of that body in Phila-
delphia, in Sept. 1779, his honored life was prematurely
brought to a close, not having completed by a few days his
thirty-seventh year. Seldom indeed has such a man, at so
early an age, gone down to the grave, after a career of
labour and a reputation like his. The sounds of universal
mourning were heard, and Carolina grieved as a mother for
her favorite son !
In the midst of the excitement to which the discussion
of the momentous questions of political rights and con-
stitutional liberty gave birth, the debt of charity which
common sufferings in a common cause created, was not
overlooked.
One of the resolutions passed at the General Provincial
Meeting in Charles-town, in July (1774), was in these
words, viz. :
" Resolved, That while the oppressive acts relative to
Boston are enforced, we will cheerfully, from time to time,
contribute towards the relief of those poor persons there,
whose unfortunate circumstances may be thought to stand
in need of most assistance/''
Before this time, indeed, subscriptions had been opened
in Charles- town to relieve the suffering poor of Boston,
who had been usually employed in the trade of that town,
and were now by the acts of the British Government de-
prived of employment. On the 29th of June, 204 barrels
of rice were sent from Charles-town for their support, while
the subscription was still promoted, as a source of future
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
221
supply.* There was a general response throughout the
Province.
The following interesting record remains to do honor to
the patriotic sympathies of the people of the Pedee. The
list embraces the names chiefly of persons in the middle
and upper parts of St. David's Parish. Other similar sub-
scriptions were doubtless circulated.
Account of Cash received for the Poor of Boston, by
Henry W. Harrington.
1774. Dec. 27.
s. d.
Of Philip Pledger
13
Of Arthur Hart . . .
770
Of H. W. Harrington
13
Of John Warden,
by
Mr. Hart
. 1 15
Of Abraham Parks,
by
ditto
. 3 10
Of Noble Barnard,
by
ditto
. 1 12 6
Of George Wright,
by
ditto
. 1 12 6
Of Ethelred Rogers,
by
ditto
. 1 12 6
1774
. Dec. 30.
Of Walter Downs
1 12 6
1775
. Jan. 2.
Of Henry Councel
1 12 6
Of Claudius Pegues,
by
Mr. Hicks
. 13
Of Thomas Lide,
by
ditto
. 13
Of Nathanael Saunders,
by
ditto
.850
Of Malachi Murfee, Jun.,
by
ditto
.826
Of James Reed,
by
ditto
. 1 12 6
Of Thomas Williams,
by
ditto
. 1 12 6
Of John Andrews,
by
ditto
.100
Of Burrell Boykin,
by
ditto
.350
Of William Pegues,
by
ditto
.770
Of James Sanders,
by
ditto
. 10
Of David Roche,
by
Self
. 1 12 6
Of George Hicks,
by
ditto
. 10
125 11 6
Paid this sum to Col. G. G. Powell.
* " Drayton's Memoirs/' vol. i. p. 113.
222 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
1775. Jan. 27. *. d.
Of Daniel Sparks, by self 1 12 6
1775. Feb. 7.
Of Thomas Ellerbe . . . . . . .600
Of William Hardick 1 12 6
Of Thomas Bingham 1 12 6
Of Francis Gillespie 350
Of John Donaldson 500
Of Magnus Corgill, 5 bush, corn, at 12s. 6d. 3 2 6
1775. May 23.
Of Abel Edwards 2 10
24 15
Of the Council of Safety, agreeably to an
order of the Committee 27
51 15
Cr.
1775. May 20. s. d.
By cash paid by H. W. Har-
rington to Pike Johnson, for
bringing an express . . . 27
1776. Nov. 2.
By cash paid to the Committee
by H. W. Harrington . . . 24 15
51 15 0*
Thus the year, 1774, in its eventful progress, drew to a
c l ose a year for ever memorable in the history of St.
David's Parish and the " Old Cheraws."
To the first appeals in behalf of liberty, a hearty response
was made by their inhabitants.
* The original book of entry, with this subscription and other interesting and
very valuable matter, was found among the papers of Philip Pledger, Esq., of
JMarlborough, already referred to, and though subsequently used for common
purposes of memorandum and account, happily escaped the ravages of time,
and remains, in all probability, the oniy relic of the kind connected with the
efforts made by the patriots of Carolina, under the action of the Provincial
Congress, for raising funds for the suffering poor of Boston the saddest com-
mentary, it may also be added, furnished by the history of that era, on tho
changes that have taken place since !
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 223
The approaching crisis found them ready, intelligent,
watchful, and unyielding defenders of every sacred right.
Among the first to make known their political sentiments
to the world, they were not behind the foremost in the
vigor and boldness of style in which those sentiments were
expressed. The documents which have been given, will
compare favorably with any of a similar kind to which this
eventful era gave birth ; and were only surpassed, if at all,
as to a spirit of lofty defiance, by sentiments subsequently
uttered by the patriots of the Pedee themselves.
And yet, so slow are mankind to relinquish long-existing
habits of thought and feeling, and so deeply rooted is the
attachment to forms of Government immemorially established,
that even at this point, far as they had gone, any reason-
able concessions on the part of the Crown and the repeal of
a few odious acts of Parliament, with the exhibition of a
spirit of justice and consideration for the Colonies, might
have turned back the rising tide of rebellion, and secured
for the king once more the affection of his faithful subjects.
But such concessions were not to be made. The suicidal
policy of the Government was pursued with a strange in-
fatuation. The die had been cast. The hand of Provi-
dence was in the work ; and many tribes and tongues who
looked from afar upon the unnatural conflict, deeply in-
terested in its issues, anxiously waited for their final de-
liverance, and rejoiced as the end came, to call the patriots
of America blessed !
224 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
CHAPTER XI.
Last days of Royalty in So. Ca. List of appointees of the Crown published
Object of publication Magistrates for Cheraws District Regimental officers
of militia for Cheraws Meeting of Provincial Congress Account of it
Members for St. David's District committees appointed Committee of St.
David's Duties of committees Their powers Additional power given
Inhabitants to arm themselves Circuit Court for Cheraws His Majesty's
Justices appear for last time Presentment of grand jury of Cheraws
Attempt of Court to quash chief presentment It appears in the papers
Reflections on these proceedings Grand jury exponent of popular sentiment
Congress called together before time fixed for meeting Circular letter
on subject Articles of Association adopted Other resolves Military ardour
of people Provincial officers elected by Congress from St. David's Names
of persons added to Committee of Observation for St. David's Action of
committee as to Colonel Steward and John Mitchell New election for
Congress ordered Spirit of volunteering William Henry Harrington
commissioned Captain Stockade Fort at Cheraws History of it Volun-
teering increases Commissions issued for St. David's parish Dissatisfac-
tions Captain Wise resigns His character Congress meets Its action
as to St. David's Detachment from Colonel Powell's regiment ordered to
join Colonel Richardson Major Thomas marches Colonel Hicks stopped
Conflict with Tories on Pedee Concluding remarks.
WITH the opening of the year 1 775, everything indicated
the approach of the last days of Royalty in South Carolina.
There was an evident effort on the part of the officers of
the Crown, if not to assume more authority, at least to
make the most, by public demonstrations, of what they had.
Their object was to impress and overawe the people. The
time, however, for effect, by means like these, had passed.
The charm which Majesty had carried with it was gone.
The insignia of office did not attract as heretofore, while
promises and threats, though in the name of the King,
were stript of their ancient powers.
There was in the popular mind a growing consciousness
of right, and of the strength which a righteous cause im-
parts. Names now passed for what they were worth, and
things were rated according to their intrinsic value.
So it has ever been in the history of those great revolu-
tions in human opinion which have overthrown successive
HISTOUY OF THE OLD CHE RAWS. 225
dynasties, or hurled the mightiest monarchs from their
thrones. Once the veil is taken away and the bonds are
cast asunder, the progress of liberal thought becomes hence-
forth as rapid as it had been fixed, or even retrograde in
its state of unnatural bondage. Men wonder then that
they did not discover the right or see the wrong before,
and wondering thus, are not unfrequently impelled to
hasty, and as a consequence, unhealthy action. The de-
cline of royalty from what it had been in the American
Colonies before the opening stages of the Revolution, is
in some respects a sadly touching story. So much was
there on the one hand to be lost and such wondrous
pomp to be brought low, with so many long-existing ties
on the other to be rudely severed, that the heart cannot
remain unmoved at the recital.
The year 1775 opened with an order on the part of
Government, the object of which seems to have been, in
part at least, to recall the leading inhabitants, by the
very fact and public declaration of official position, to a
sense of their allegiance to the king ; and also to impress
the people, by such an exhibition of royal prerogative, with
the vigor and determination of the existing rule.
This action was as follows, viz. :
" South Carolina, Jan. 9th, 1775.
" It is ordered by his Honor, the Lieutenant-Go vernor,
in Council, that the names of the Magistrates for the several
districts in this Province be printed in the several Gazettes."*
The names of the Magistrates for Cheraw District, as
published, were these, viz. : " William Arthur, Thomas
Wade, James Lindlay, Henry Patrick, Claudius Pegues,
Charles Augustus Steward, Thomas Turner, John Perkins,
Arthur Hart, Alexander M'Intosh, Philip Pledger, and Wm.
Henry Harrington." In this list of his Majesty's Justices
for Cheraws, are found the names of some who had already
become conspicuous from their opposition to the encroach-
ments of the Crown. It may have been a stroke of policy
as to them ; but if so, it seems to little purpose that the
* So. Ca. Gazette, January 6-13, 1775.
226 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
effort was made. These devoted friends of liberty never
faltered in the course they had begun. They were true
indeed to their king, as far as he would allow them to be,
but not less true to themselves, as the first instincts of
nature prompted them.
The names of the officers of the Provincial Militia were
likewise published in the early part of this year. The
militia at this time consisted of twelve regiments of foot
and one of horse. The Regiment of Cheraws District was
the 7th of Foot, with the following officers, viz. : George
Gabriel Powell, Colonel ; Charles Augustus Steward, Lieut.-
Col., and Abraham Buckholdts, Major.* These officers
were all of royal appointment, and hence the appeal to
their fidelity, and the stigma, as it was thought, which
might thus be made to attach to their desertion from their
sovereign's cause. If the Government, long established,
was to continue undisturbed in the exercise of its authority,
the increasing pressure of the time called for redoubled
efforts, and made it necessary for the prerogatives of the
king to be stretched to their utmost bounds.
The delegates elected by the several districts and parishes
in November, were to meet in Charles-town on the 1 1th of
January of this year.
This new representative body was destined to give shape
and effectiveness to the rising spirit of discontent through-
out the colony, and to mark an era in its history.
The following notice of its first assembling appeared in
the papers of the day.
" Charles-town, Jan. 13th, 1775.
" On Wednesday last the gentlemen chosen by the
several parishes, &c., in this Province, convened here in a
general meeting, and elected Charles Pinckney, Esq., Chair-
man. The meeting has been continued every day since,
and is now sitting. We have been favored with the fol-
lowing list of the gentlemen elected."t Of these, the
names for St. David were those already given, viz. : Hon.
George Gabriel Powell, Samuel Wise, Claudius Pegues,
* Drayton's " Memoirs," vol. i. p. 352.
f Gazette, January 13, 1775.
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 227
Alexander M'Intosh, Henry William Harrington, Esqrs.,
and Col. George Pawley. During the session the members
resolved themselves into " a Provincial Congress/" and the
body was thus designated afterward. The proceedings of
the Continental Congress, which had adjourned in October
previous, were submitted to its consideration. One of the
Articles of Association, adopted by the Continental Congress
on the 26th October, was in these words, viz. : " Eleventh
That a Committee be chosen in every county, city, and
town by those who are qualified to vote for Representatives
in the Legislature, whose business it shall be attentively to
observe the conduct of all persons touching this association ;
and when it shall be made to appear to the satisfaction of a
majority of any such Committee, that any person within
the limits of their appointment has violated this association,
that such majority do forthwith cause the truth of the case
to be published in the Gaze ties, to the end that all such
foes to the rights of British America may be publicly
known and universally contemned as the enemies of Ameri-
can liberty ; and thenceforth we respectively will break off
all dealings with him or her."* In accordance with this
recommendation, it was resolved by the Provincial Congress,
on the first day of its sitting, that the following gentlemen
be the committees for the several districts and parishes
hereinafter mentioned, for effectually carrying into execu-
tion the Continental Association, and for receiving and
determining upon applications relative to the law processes,
&c. The committee under this resolution for the Parish of
St. David consisted of the following gentlemen, viz. : Henry
William Harrington, George Pawley, Alexander Mlntosh,
Claudius Pegues, Burwell Boyakin, George Hicks, Philip
Pledger, and John Donaldson. According to the system of
Government and its subordinate authorities for the Colony,
established by the Congress, the representatives of the
parishes and districts respectively composed their local
committees ; and they were also assisted by Committees of
Inspection. The Provincial Congress made all these
appointments in the first instance ; and even filled up the
* Ramsay's "Revolution in So. Ca.," vol. i. p. 258.
Q2
228 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
double returns of representatives, in order that no time
should be lost in giving a complete appearance to the body
politic and the greatest energy to their operations ; but all
future vacancies were to be filled up by the respective dis-
tricts and parishes in which they should occur.
By these arrangements an independent authority virtually
arose ; while the Royal Government retained little else than
public officers without power, and a show of government
without the means of supporting it.* This plan seems not
to have been carried out fully as to St. David's Parish, so
far as the committee being identical with its delegates in
the Congress.
The Committees of Inspection were distributed through-
out the district or parish, so as to secure a thorough over-
sight in every part. The central or executive committee
was to meet twice a month for consultation and despatcli
of business. The system was admirably arranged, and gave
unity and efficiency to the general efforts to prepare the
way for revolution and a change of government.
It was further resolved, " That it is the unanimous
opinion of this Congress, that no action for any debt shall
be commenced in the Court of Common Pleas of this
colony, nor any such action pending there, which was com-
menced since last September return, be proceeded in,
without the consent of the committee of the parish or
district in which the defendant resides, until it shall be
otherwise determined in Provincial Congress That the said
committees respectively, or a majority of such of them as
shall meet (provided they are not less than three, in the
country parishes and districts), do, upon application, give
permission for the bringing or proceeding in such suits, in
the following cases that is to say, where the debtors re-
fused to renew their obligations, or to give reasonable
security, or are justly suspected of intending to leave the
Province, or to defraud their creditors, or where there shall
appear to the majority of such committees, as aforesaid,
any other reasonable cause for the granting such permis-
sion ; which committees shall meet and sit on the first and
* Dray ton's Memoirs," vol. i. p. 175.
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 229
third Saturdays in every month, at twelve o'clock at noon,
or oftener, as it shall be found necessary, for the purposes of
hearing and determining on such applications. That seizures
and sales upon mortgages shall be considered on the same
footing as actions for debt. That it be recommended to
the committees for each parish and district, that they use
their best endeavours to prevent any debtors from removing
their effects out of the colony, without the knowledge and
consent of their creditors. That the Congress will in-
demnify the committees for so doing. And that no sum-
mons shall be issued by any magistrate in small and mean
causes, without the like consent.""*
A resolution passed at a subsequent meeting of the Con-
gress in June, conferred additional powers on the committees,
and was in these words : " Resolved, that any person having
violated, or refused obedience to the authority of the Pro-
vincial Congress, shall, by the committee of the district or
parish in which- such offender resides, be questioned relative
thereto; arid upon due conviction of either of the offences
aforesaid, and continuing contumacious, such person shall,
by such committee, be declared and advertised as an enemy
to the liberties of America, and an object of the resentment
of the public ; and that the said committee shall be sup-
ported in so doing."f
The committees were requested to use their utmost en-
deavors to obtain liberal subscriptions for the suffering
people of Boston.
Resolutions were also passed, recommending that all the
inhabitants of the colony should be attentive in learning
the use of arms ; and that their officers should train and
exercise them at least once a fortnight.
The Congress then adjourned, January 17th, until it
should be called together by the Charles-town General Com-
mittee.
Such was the state of things now, that those who were>
not well affected began to be seriously alarmed, and, doubt-
less, to organize as well as they could for the approaching
* " American Archives," vol. i. p. 1109.
f Ibid., p. 953, and " Journal of the Congress."
230 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
conflict. Some evidences of this will be found towards the
close of the year. Others, not willing to take up arms
against their adopted country, arranged their affairs so as to
go abroad. Events were transpiring in rapid succession,
startling to the officers of the Crown, and committing the
rising sons of liberty more unchangeably to the lofty and
unyielding position they had taken.
Once more were the people of Cheraws District, in the
highest capacity known to the law, to make a public decla-
ration of their sentiments, but not, as before, in the presence
of one who had encouraged them, by his own fearless bear-
ing and eloquent tones, to resistance.
His Majesty's Justices made their last circuit in the
spring of 1775. The successor of Judge Dray ton, Justice
Gregory, with Justice Savage, appeared on the Northern
Circuit. The course of Judge Dray ton had equally alarmed
and offended the Royal Government, and it was doubtless
arranged for his successor to preside in this part of the
Province for the first time, so as to efface to some extent, if
possible, the impression which had been made, and stem at
the outset the tide of independence.
Some evidences of such an attempt, though worse than
fruitless, will be found in the conduct of the King's Judges
on this occasion.
The action of the Grand Jury, so far as it was published
by order of the Court, was as follows, viz. :
" The Presentments of the Grand Jurors for the District
of Cheraws, &c., at Long Bluff, Saturday, the 15th day of
April, 1775.
" I. We present, as a grievance, the want of a new Jury
list in this district.
" II. We present, as a grievance, the want of a Law for
cleansing Pedee River, and to prevent trees being felled
therein, its navigation at present being extremely dan-
gerous.
" III. We present, as a grievance, the want of a Bridge
over Thompson's Creek, on the road from the Cheraw Hill
to the Court House ; and another over Black Creek, at or
near the present ferry.
" IV. We present, as a very great grievance, the want of
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 231
a Vagrant Act in this Province ; this district in particular
being much infested by many idle people, who have no
visible way of obtaining an honest livelihood.
" We present, as a grievance, the little notice generally
taken of the Presentments of the Grand Juries of this
district.
" Lastly. We recommend that these, our Presentments,
may, by order of the Court, be laid before the Commons
House of Assembly of this Colony, and be made public in
the Gazettes.
" Thomas Lide, Foreman. L.S.
Samuel Wise. L.S.
John Kimbrough. L.S.
John Ellerbe. L.S.
Charles M'Call. L.S.
William Dewitt. L.S.
Peter Kolb. L.S.
Moses Speight. L.S.
Aaron Daniel. L.S.
Magnus Corgill. L.S.
Zachariah Nettles. L.S.
Benjamin Jackson. L.S.
Claudius Pegues. L.S.
William Pouncey. L.S.
Benjamin Rogers. L.S.
Thomas Bingham. L.S."
Unfortunately for the cause of royalty, the additional
matter was published, viz. :
" The Grand Jury likewise offered the following as a Pre-
sentment, but it was quashed by the Court : ' We present,
as an enormous grievance, the power exercised by the
British Parliament of taxing and making laws, binding
upon the American Colonies in all cases whatsoever, such
power being subversive of the most inestimable rights of
British subjects that of being taxed by their consent only,
given by their Representatives in General Assembly, and
that of trial by jury both which are evidently inherent in
every British American, and of which no power on earth can
legally deprive them : We, well knowing the importance of
232 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
these rights, in securing to us our liberties, lives, and
estates, and conceiving it to be every man's indispensable
duty to transmit them to his posterity, are fully determined
to defend them at the hazard of our lives and fortunes.
" ' At the same time that we thus openly declare how
highly we prize our rights, we beg leave to assure your
Honor that we have a due sense of that allegiance, so
strongly recommended to us by your Honor in your charge ;
and that while our Sovereign adheres to his part of that
original and reciprocal contract made with his people, and
expressed in his Coronation Oath, none of his subjects shall
exceed us in constitutional submission and fidelity.
" ' As your Honor, on the second day of the Sessions, was
pleased, not only to acquaint us your Honor had been
informed, " that some of the magistrates of this district
had declared to the people that there was no law/' but also
to recommend to us, " to make strict inquiry, and to present
all such magistrates, that they might be deservedly struck
out of the commission of the peace : " we think it incum-
bent on us to assure your Honor that, notwithstanding we
have made all possible enquiry, we have not received the
least information, except from your Honor, in the general
terms above expressed, of any of the magistrates having
acted so exceeding indiscreetly; and therefore, we cannot
but conceive, that some wicked, malicious persons, enemies
to the happiness and prosperity of this country, have en-
deavored, by false and secret accusations, to prejudice your
Honor against some of the magistrates in this district;
but, as the informers have not thought proper to support
their accusations in public, which they venture to advance
in private, we trust that your Honor will transfer your dis-
pleasure from the innocent accused, to the base accusers/ "*
It is manifest, from this bold and spirited document,
which the Court very unwisely and vainly attempted to sup-
press, that the people of Cheraws District, instead of rece-
ding from the position taken the year before, had gone
further in the fearless expression of their sentiments, and
in commenting on the remissness of the Government. It
* Gazette, June 9-16, 1775.
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 233
had not yet become customary to call public meetings, except
in the larger towns, as a means of giving expression to the
opinions of the people on questions of political moment.
The settlements in the interior were too remote from each
other to render it practicable. The Grand Jury was there-
fore made the exponent of the popular sentiment, as the
most authoritative and imposing organ by which the feel-
ings of a people, under such circumstances, could be
expressed. Though the Court could quash, the Press could
not be silenced. And what his Majesty's Justice would not
allow to be entered on the records, was given shortly after,
in a more public form, to the world. The Grand Jury of
Cheraws is believed to have been the only one in the Pro-
vince which made the wrongs inflicted by the (fJrown the
subject of presentment during the Spring Assizes.*
Their vindication of the magistrates, f upon whom the
Court reflected with so much severity, was as bold as the call-
ing attention to the fact " of the little notice generally taken
of the Presentments of the Grand Juries of this District."
The issue was now made with the King by his loyal
subjects, on the ground of his own solemn coronation oath,
the principle being, " that protection and subjection are
reciprocal ; and that these reciprocal duties form the original
contract between King and people" J a contract which is
broken if the Sovereign oppresses on the one hand, or fails,
through any fault of his, on the other, to afford due protec-
tion.
The tide of events was rolling on. The Provincial Con-
gress had adjourned to meet on the 20th of June.
But intelligence of the battle of Lexington, which had
taken place on the 19th of April, reached Charles-town, and
was laid before the General Committee on the 8th of May.
Upon which a vote was passed to summon the Congress to
meet on the first day of June. For now that hostilities had
* The Courts of Charles-town, George-town, and Beaufort, at least, were
silent, and the silence of the press leads to the inference that others were also.
f The list of magistrates, as given on a foregoing page, embraced some of the
most prominent and influential men in the district. They had doubtless made
themselves obnoxious to the Crown.
J Judge Drayton's charge to Grand Jury of Charles-town, "Ramsay,"
vol. i. p. 114.
234 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
actually commenced, immediate and decided measures were
deemed necessary for promoting the public welfare. One of
the Circular Letters sent out to call the Congress together,
was as follows, viz..:
"To the Committee for the Parish of St. David.
" To the care of Henry Wm. Harrington, Esqr.
"On the Public Service.
" Charles-town, May 8th, 1775.
" Gentlemen, We enclose you a newspaper, giving an
important account of an action between the British Troops
and the Bostonians. Upon this interesting event, the
General Committee have thought it absolutely necessary to
call the Provincial Congress to meet at an earlier day than
the 20th of June. They have therefore resolved that the
Congress shall meet in Charles -town on the 1st of June.
We hereby transmit a proper notice of this new appoint-
ment, and hope you will punctually attend at the appointed
time. The General Committee have also given in charge
to us, to recommend in the strongest terms to you, to cause
the patrols to ride often and diligently, as we have intelli-
gence of exciting the slaves to revolt has been laid before
Administration ; and you are desired to keep this intelli-
gence relating to the slaves as secret as may be.
" We are Gentlemen,
" Your most obedient servants,
WM. HENRY DRAYTON.
CHARLES COTESWORTH PINCKNEY.
WM. TENNENT.
ARTHUR MIDDLETON.
JOHN LEWIS GERVAIS.
" P.S. You will give as general notice to the Members of
the Congress as you possibly can.-"
Of the diabolical plan here alluded to, for exciting the
slaves to revolt, no further notice appears in the histories of
the day. If conceived at all, it was doubtless found to be
either impracticable, or calculated to drive the inhabitants
to desperate measures of revenge, and hence abandoned.
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 235
On the 1st of June, one hundred and seventy-two mem-
bers of the Congress met, and such was the zeal of the people
and alarm felt throughout the Province, that on the second
day, an Association was considered and passed, to be entered
into by the inhabitants of the colony, to which the mem-
bers forthwith affixed their names. It was in these words,
viz. :
" South Carolina.
" The actual commencement of hostilities against this
continent by the British Troops, in the bloody scene on the
19th of April last, near Boston, the increase of arbitrary
impositions from a wicked and despotic ministry, and the
dread of insurrection in the colonies are causes sufficient
to drive an oppressed people to the use of arms. We,
therefore, the Subscribers, inhabitants of South Carolina,
holding ourselves bound by that most sacred of all obliga-
tions, the duty of good citizens towards an injured country,
and thoroughly convinced, that under our present distressed
circumstances, we shall be justified before God and man in
resisting force by force ; do unite ourselves, under every
tie of religion and honor, and associate as a band in her de-
fence against every foe; hereby solemnly engaging that, when-
ever our Continental or Provincial Councils shall decree it
necessary, we will go forth and be ready to sacrifice our
lives and fortunes to secure her freedom and support.
This obligation to continue in full force until a reconcilia-
tion shall take place between Great Britain and America,
upon Constitutional principles, an event which we most
ardently desire. And we will hold all those persons in-
imical to the liberties of the colonies who shall refuse to
subscribe this association/'
Non-subscribers were made amenable to the General Com-
mittee and by them punishable, according to sound policy.
It was also resolved, " That all absentees holding estates in
the colony, except those who were abroad on account of
their health, and those above 60 years, and those under 21,
ought forthwith to return ; and that no persons holding
estates in this colony ought to withdraw from its service,
without giving good and sufficient reason for so doing, to
236 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
the Provincial Congress ; or, during its recess, to the General
Committee/'* On the 5th day of the session, the Congress
resolved to raise 1500 Infantry, rank and file, in two regi-
ments ; and 450 Horse Rangers, constituting another regi-
ment. Proper pay, clothing, and provisions were assigned
them ; and the troops so raised were to be subjected to
military discipline and the articles of war, in like manner
as the British troops were governed.
So great, we are told, was the military ardor among the
gentlemen of the Province, that the candidates for com-
missions in the proposed regiments were four times as nume-
rous as could be employed ; and in their number were many
of the first families and fortune. In -making a selection
among the numerous candidates that offered, care was taken
to choose men of influence, decision and spirit, residing in
different parts of the Province, so as to unite all its energies
in the common cause.
Four or five had the recommendation of having served
in the war of 1756; but the other candidates were pre-
ferred solely on the ground of their possessing the natural
qualifications requisite for making good officers, in addition
to their holding an influential rank among their fellow
citizens, f
Soon after the resolution passed for raising the regi-
ments, a ballot for officers was held. Of these, Alexander
M'Intosh, of Cheraws, was elected Major of the 2nd Regi-
ment. He had held the commission of captain some years
before. His decision and energy, with a commanding
person and ample fortune, gave him a peculiar fitness for
the position. Of the Regiment of Rangers, Samuel Wise
and Eli Kershaw, from the Cheraw District, were elected
Captains, and John Donaldson, a First Lieutenant. On the
18th of June, Isaac DuBose, received the commission of
Second Lieut, in the 2nd Regiment of Foot. Major
M'Intosh was soon after promoted, and continued in active
service. Captain Wise was also promoted to the rank of
Major in the same Regiment.
* Drayton's " Memoirs," vol. i. pp. 255, 256.
f " Ramsay," new edition, p. 135.
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 237
In meeting of the Council of Safety in Charles-town,
23rd June, 1775, it was resolved, " That, in prosecution of
the Resolution of the Provincial Congress of the 19th inst.,
the Committee of Observation for the Parish of St. David,
do allow Mr. John Mitchell, of Meldrum, the sum of seven-
teen shillings, sixpence, per pound, for three hundred and
ninety-two pounds weight of gunpowder, bought of him, and
that they do draw for payment thereof, upon thjs Council.
" Resolved, That the said gunpowder do remain in the
hands of the said committee, for the public service, and that
they do account for the same with this Council."*
On the 22nd of June, the Provincial Congress Resolved,
" That the following gentlemen be added to the Committee
of Observation for the Parish of St. David, viz., Messrs.
David Williams, Ely Kershaw, William Dewitt, Thomas
Ellerbe, John A Iran, John Kimbrough, William Pegues,
Elias Du Bois, Charles Evans, Junr., Benjamin Rogers,
Arthur Hart, Robert Lide, Aaron Daniel, Francis Gillespie,
Thomas Powe, Thomas Lide, Henry Counsel, Thomas
Edwards, Benjamin Jackson, and Abel Kolb."f
The duties of the committee were most responsible and
arduous, and the number first appointed, doubtless, proved
too small to take due oversight of the extensive territory
embraced within the limits of St. David's. Of those here
added, there was about an equal distribution among the
different sections of the parish.
It was not long before they were called to take decisive
action as to two of their fellow- citizens, who had hitherto
maintained a highly respectable position as neighbors and
friends.
The following record of their proceedings remains.J
" In Committee of Observation.
" St. David's Parish, August 7th, 1775.
" Charles Augustus Steward, Esq., having counteracted the
Resolves of the Provincial Congress in frequently issuing
* " Collections of Historical Society of So. Ca., M vol. ii. p. 27.
f Supplement to Carolina Gazette of September 7th, 1775.
J So. Ca. Gazette, October 3, 1775.
238 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
summons for debt, was this day caused to appear before the
committee for said Parish, and being questioned relative
thereto, acknowledged that he had so done, and, if applied
to, should again.
" Resolved, thereupon, that the said Charles Augustus
Steward, Esq., is an enemy to the liberties of America, and
an object of the resentment of the public. Ordered, that
the same be publicly advertised on the morrow.
" By order of the Committee,
" GEORGE HICKS,
" Chairman."
Colonel Steward appears not to have receded from the
position thus rashly and boldly taken ; and from that
moment, advertised and regarded as an enemy to the
liberties of America, his career was decided, and took a
downward turn, ending a few years after in a decline of
fortune, a broken spirit, the confiscation of his estate,* and
a premature close of his life.
Another case also engaged the attention of the Com-
mittee, and seemed for the time at least to have been
happily disposed of.
" In Committee of Observation.
" St. David's Parish, August 8th, 1775.
"Mr. John Mitchell having signed the under- written
advertisement, it was ordered that the same be immediately
published in the several Gazettes of this Province.
" By order of the Committee,
" HENRY WILLIAM HARRINGTON,
" Chairman."
" St. David's Parish, August 8th, 1775.
" Whereas, I, John Mitchell, of Meldrum, in the said
parish, merchant, having sent three judgment bonds to
Thomas Phepoe, Esq., to be by him entered up, and having
received three executions of the said gentleman in May
last, one of which has been since personally served by the
Sheriff on John and Bartholomew Hodges, and one other
* His estate was relieved from the penalties of confiscation, as will be seen
hereafter.
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 239
on Enoch James, contrary to the Resolves of the first ses-
sion of the Provincial Congress, for which I am truly sorry,
and humbly ask pardon of the said Congress, and of their
constituents, sincerely promising never to act in the least
contrary to the Resolves or orders of the Honorable Conti-
nental Congress, or of our Provincial Congress, being fully
convinced that every friend to America ought religiously to
observe the Resolves and Orders of the said Congress and
Councils.
" Given under my hand, the day and year above written.
" JOHN MITCHELL."*
Notwithstanding this timely warning and seemingly
penitent resolve, Mr. Mitchell, though never in arms, took
sides against his country, in the contest which soon came
on. His estate was afterwards confiscated. It will be
remembered, that the notice of his departure from the Pro-
vince, already given, was in March of this year.
A new general election for members of the Provincial
Congress was appointed to take place in the Country Dis-
tricts and Parishes on the 8th of August, after which the
Congress adjourned.
Much of its authority was delegated to the Council of
Safety and General Committee.
The most effectual methods were adopted to have the
Association generally signed throughout the colony, and to
require from non- subscribers the reasons of their refusal.
Every effort was also made to put the Province, exposed as
it was, in such a state of defence as the exigences of the
times demanded. The more effectively to carry out the
recommendations of the Congress, volunteer companies were
formed, and the whole Province presented one unbroken
scene of military preparation. f
On the 3rd of August, Wm. Henry Harrington received
a commission^ as Captain of a Volunteer Company in St.
David's Parish.
* Gazette, October 3, 1775. f 8. C. Gazette, June 23-30.
J The commission ran as follows, viz :
" South Carolina.
" In the Council of Safety.
" In pursuance of the power in us vested by the Provincial Congress, began
240 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
In the mean time, the several committees in the interior
were actively engaged in the discharge of their responsible
duties. In August, the elections took place for members
of the second Provincial Congress.
In September, matters having become so threatening in
Charles-town as to make it hazardous for the Royal Gover-
nor, Lord William Campbell, any longer to remain, he took
flight, precipitately, on 15th Sept., on board the Tamer sloop
of war, and dissolved, for the last time, the Commons House
of Assembly of South Carolina. George Gabriel Powell was
then the member for St. David's. Col. Powell had taken
an active and prominent part in the proceedings of the
Council of Safety, and as one of the Commissioners ap-
pointed to supervise the military works then in progress
about Charles-town. Attention had also been directed to
other points which were likely to be exposed to the assaults
of the enemy, from whatever quarter. The neighborhood
of the upper Pedee was not overlooked.
The stand early taken by the inhabitants in this region,
seems to have developed a spirit of opposition in places not
very remote, and to have led to the opinion that they would
be much exposed to hostile demonstrations from the Tories
and others on their borders. The feeling already prevailing
in some of the neighboring communities of North Carolina,
along the line of Little Pedee, was well known, and led to
the apprehension of the bloody struggle which actually
ensued during the progress of the Revolution, and deluged the
valley of the Pedee with blood. Hence it was, that some
time about the latter part of October of this year, " at the
request of Col. Powell and others, a detachment of fifty men
was sent to the Cheraws, to garrison a fort that was to be
built there, for the protection of the families of the well-
to be holden on the first day of June last, we do hereby appoint Henry William
Harrington, Esq., to be Captain of a Volunteer Company of Foot, in the
militia of St. David's Parish, Craven County. Dated in the Council of Safety,
the third day of August, 1775.
THOMAS HEYWABD, JTTN., RAWS. LOWNDES,
THOS. FEBGUSON, BEN. ELLIOTT,
THO. BEE, HENBY LATTBENS,
CHABLES C. PINCKNEY, M. BBEWSTEB,
J. A. HUQEB, JAS. PABBONS,
WM. WILLIAMSON, ABTHUB MIDDLETON.
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 241
affected, against the Tories, who were very numerous in that
part of the country ; this was an expensive work and of very
little consequence."*
The history of this matter, to which Moultrie thus refers,
will be fully explained by the following extracts from the
Journal of the Commons House of Assembly. No allusion
is made to it in any other history of the time.
" Stockade Port at Cheraw, 23rd September, 1776.
" Message from the President by the Clerk of the Legis-
lative Council :
" Mr. Speaker and Gentlemen,
" Col. Powell having represented the necessity of
a Stockade Fort at the Cheraw Hill, I gave him directions
some time ago (by advice of the Privy Council) to have one
built there. But, on receiving from him the petitions and
estimates herewith laid before you, some of which petitions
prayed that it might be built at that place, and others at
Long Bluff; and being informed by several inhabitants of
St. David's Parish, that a fort at either of those places was
altogether unnecessary, I thought it proper (the time of
your meeting being then not very distant) to suspend the
matter till I could have your opinion respecting it, and I
now refer this subject to your consideration.
" JOHN RUTLEDGE.
" The petitions &c. being read, it was
" Ordered, that the message, with the papers accom-
panying the same, be referred to a committee. And they
are referred to Mr. Harrington, Major Hicks, Mr. Pegues,
Capt. Withers, Capt. White, Mr. Young, and Capt. Tra-
pier."f
" 25th September, 1776.
" Mr. Speaker and Gentlemen,
"I send you some other petitions which have
* Moultrie's " Memoirs of the Revolution/' vol. i. p. 92.
f " House Journal," No. 40, p. 145.
B
242 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
been lately presented to me relative to a fort at the Cheraw
Hill.
" JOHN RUTLEDGE.
" The petitions were read and referred to the same com-
mittee."
On the following day, Mr. Harrington, from the com-
mittee, reported : " That they, having examined the petitions
for and against building a Stockade Fort at the Cheraws,
are of opinion, that a fort in that secure part of the country
is entirely useless.
' ' And are further of opinion, that the keeping a guard of
300 men in June and July last, and of 50 men in August
and the present month, at the said place, was a measure not
only unnecessary and expensive to the State, but detrimental
and destructive to the crops of many of the poor inhabi-
tants. They therefore recommend, that the said guard of
50 men be immediately discharged.
" And whereas a quantity of gunpowder and lead was, by
order of Congress, lodged in the hands of the Committee
for St. David's Parish, for the use of the militia, part of
which powder and lead has been drawn out of their hands
by order of the Commanding Officer :
" Your Committee therefore recommend, that orders be
given to the said Commanding Officer, to return the said
powder and lead to the aforesaid Committee/'*
The report was ordered to be taken into consideration
on the morrow, but postponed to the following day, Sept.
28th, when it was taken up, and being read, the first clause
was agreed to by the House.
A motion was then made and seconded, " That the
further consideration of the report be postponed, and that
a message be sent to the President, requesting that his
Excellency will be pleased to lay before this House, the
reasons for ordering and keeping a guard of 300 men at the
Cheraws in June and July last, and of 50 men in August
and the present month, at the same place. w f
* House Journal/' No. 40, pp, 164, 165. f Ibid -> PP- l ? 2 >
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 243
The message was accordingly sent to his Excellency, and
the following reply made, October 1st, viz. :
" Mr. Speaker and Gentlemen,
" On the 17th of May, I was informed by a
letter from the Committee of Secrecy, War, and Intelli-
gence in North Carolina, of their having received advices
that the enemy, who then lay on Cape Fear River, had
planned a descent at the mouth of Little River, near the
borders of this colony, in order to attempt a passage into the
back country of that by the Lake of Waccamaw. Having
occasion to confer with the Hon. Col. Powell on this sub-
ject, he urged very strongly the absolute necessity of build-
ing a Stockade Fort and keeping a garrison at the Cheraw
Hill, as a security against incursions of the disaffected about
Cross Creek, and for preventing or suppressing insurrections
which they might occasion amongst our own people, near
the North Carolina line events which might be feared,
especially if the intended junction between the British
forces and the malcontents in that Province, had taken
place.
" I thought so much attention and respect due to the
representation of a gentleman in his station, who was well
acquainted with that part of the country, and had the com-
mand of a large regiment there, as to lay it before the
council for their advice, which I did.
" He attended them, and, on considering what he offered
on this head, they were unanimously of opinion, that it was
necessary to erect such a fort and keep such a garrison, in
consequence of which, I gave orders for that purpose.
" JOHN RUTLEDGE.
Sept. 30th, 1776."
On the next day, it was ordered, " That the Report of the
Committee to whom the President's Message and other
papers, relative to the building of a Fort on Cheraw Hill,
were referred, be recommitted; that the President's Mes-
sage of yesterday, upon the same subject, and Col. Powell's
Letter, be referred to the same Committee ; and that Major
Huger, Major Simmons, Mr. Cantey, and Capt. Roger
Smith, be added to the said Committee."
244 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
On the 4th of October, Mr. Harrington made a report,
which, having been amended and agreed to, was as follows,
viz. : " That they, having examined the petitions for and
against building a Stockade Fort on Cher aw Hill, are of
opinion that a fort in that secure part of the country is
entirely useless. That they have heard Col. Powell on the
subject of keeping a garrison at Cheraw, and on full consi-
deration of the matter, are of opinion, that a garrison in
that part of the country is unnecessary.
" And whereas, a quantity of gunpowder and lead, was,
by order of Congress, lodged in the hands of the Com-
mittee of St. David's, for the use of the militia, part of
which powder and lead has been drawn out of their hands
by order of the Commanding Officer, the Committee do
therefore recommend, that orders be given to the Command-
ing Officer to return such part of the said powder and lead
as remains unused, to the aforesaid Committee."*
"Whereupon, the following message was sent to the Pre-
sident, a few days after, October 18th, viz. :
" May it please your Excellency,
" This House, having resolved that a fort and
guard at the Cheraws are unnecessary, request that your
Excellency will be pleased to give orders to discontinue the
building of the said fort, and for the discharge of the guard
now there ; and that such part of the powder and lead which
the colonel of the regiment of that district had received
for the use of said guard as remains unused, be delivered
to the care and custody of the Committee for St. David's
Parish."f
Of the exact locality of the fort, nothing is known ; even
the knowledge of the fact that such a work was once begun,
appears to have passed away, no tradition of it having been
handed down.
Many volunteer companies of militia were organized about
this time throughout the Province.
In St. David's Parish were the following, in September
and October of this year, as shown by the date of the com-
" House Journal," No. 40, pp. 193, 194. f Ibid., p. 221.
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHEttAWS.
245
Volunteer
Corps.
25th Sept., 1775.
26th Sept., 1775.
missions, though these were subsequently made out. The
number indicates the alacrity with which the inhabitants on
the Pedee responded to the call to arms.
" Council of Safety, Feb. 20th, 1776.
" The following commissions were made out, signed and
dated as here entered, for officers in Col. Powell's Regi-
ment of Militia, St. David's Parish :
Captain Abel Kolb,
Ensign Aaron Daniel,
(Capt. John Dozier,
Jlst Lieut. Henry Britton,
(2nd Joseph Graves,
Capt. Luke Prior,
1st Lient. David Davis,
2nd Samuel Smith,
Capt. James Ford,
1st Lieut. Benjamin Harlow,
2nd Charles Moody,
Capt. Luke Whitfield,
1st Lieut. Isaac Neavill,
Ensign William Johnson,
Capt. William Davis,
1st Lieut. Henry Davis,
2nd Wright Wall,
Capt. George King,
1st Lieut. Amos Windham,
2nd George Spivey,
[Capt. Thomas Hardyman,
-1 2nd Lieut. James Galloway,
(Ensign Joseph Hardyman,
(Lieut. Duncan McRae,
(Ensign John Sutton,
Captain Charles Evans, jun.,
1st Lieut. Matthew Holding,
2nd Elisha Magee,
28th Sept., 1775.
Capt. Thos. Lide's
Company.
2nd Oct., 1775.
Additional companies having soon after been formed in
St. David's Parish, their officers were nominated and ap-
246 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
pointed by the Provincial Congress on 16th of November ;
and on the 30th their commissions were applied for and
granted, as follows, viz. :
" Daniel Britton, 1st Lieut.,
Richard Reynolds, 2nd Lieut.,
John Witherspoon, Ensign,
Of Capt. Thos. Port's
Company of Volunteers
in St. David's Parish.
John Kimbrough, Esq., Capt., } r\t ^ /-.
c i x T Of another Company
bamuel Benton, 1st Lieut., f ~ T , . r . J
T ir n o j T r f volunteers m the
James Knight, 2nd Lieut., ., ,. . .
ixnv 6x j j sai( l Parish.
William Standard, Ensign, )
John Blakeney, Esq., Capt., } r\* ^ n
T i, -D u i ?? f another Company
John Reynolds, 1st Lieut., Tr , . .*
rnu T\T T\ /r o j T r * Volunteers in said
Ihomas McManess, 2nd Lieut., -n i ,,
T , ,, , , ,. . Parish.^
John Ewbank, Ensign, )
On the 23rd of January following, Thomas Williamson
was Commissioned Captain in Colonel Powell's Regiment ;
and on 2nd February, Maurice Murphy was also Commis-
sioned Captain in the same Regiment.*
Thus thoroughly and extensively organized were the in-
habitants of St. David's Parish at this early period for
military service. Along the river, and from the extreme
upper parts of Lynche's Creek to the neighborhood of its
mouth, did the spirit of volunteering extend. The people
were roused to the highest pitch of patriotic ardor.
Some dissatisfaction, however, had existed among the
volunteer companies soon after their organization in Sep-
tember, owing probably to the fact, that their services were
not at once accepted, and their officers commissioned. And
hence, doubtless, the action of the Council of Safety, as it
has been given. About this time, Captain Samuel Wise, of
the Regiment of Rangers, was induced, for some reason, to
resign his commission, as appears from the following
letter :
" To the Honorable, the Council of Safety.
" Honorable Gentlemen, I am extremely sorry any in-
* The lists of Commissions here given, were taken from manuscript papers
of the Council of Safety, known as the " Laurens Papers," now in possession of
the Historical Society of South Carolina, and kindly shown to the author by F.
A. Porcher, Esq., corresponding secretary.
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 247
cident should have arisen that would oblige me to send the
commission you were pleased to honor me with unto Mr.
Drayton ; for, having entered into the service with a heart
full of zeal for the legal freedom of myself and fellow sub-
jects of this Province in particular, and the constitutional
rights of America in general ; so, nothing less than being
dishonored by a suspicion of want of integrity to the great
cause of constitutional liberty, would have induced me to
have taken this step; and I hope your Honors will be
pleased to consider the bitterness of my feelings, when Mr.
Drayton refused to tell me the name of the man who had
thus disgraced me. But, as my friends here seem to think
that I have been rather hasty, if your Honors, too, should
be of that opinion, I shall be exceedingly grieved ; for it
was never my intention to give the least offence, and do
beg leave to submit myself and cause to your Honors' judg-
ment.
" I am, with great respect,
" Your Honors' most obedient,
"humble Servant,
" SAMUEL WISE.*
Charles-town, Sept. 30th, 1775."
Captain Wise was a man of the nicest sense of honor,
and doubtless betrayed a morbid sensibility under the wound
which had been unjustly inflicted on his reputation. He
was induced to withdraw his resignation, probably by the
Council of Safety, as well as his immediate friends, and
continued in the active service of his country, for which he
was eminently fitted. The Provincial Congress was called
together on the 1st of November. The former members for
St. David's were re-elected, and with the exception of
Claudius Pegues, Esq., appeared and took their seats.
Col. Powell was also elected a member for St. Philip's
and St. Michael's, but declined that position in favour of St.
David's Parish. Mr. Harrington was one of a committee
appointed to report upon the state of the colony, and the
proper measures which ought to be pursued for putting the
* Manuscript papers of Council of Safety.
248 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
same into the best posture of defence. On Monday, Nov.
6th, it was ordered, " That Mr. President be requested to
direct Lieut. -Col. Thompson, of the Rangers, to send Isaac
Jordan, a private in his Regiment, charged with horse-
stealing and breaking gaol at Cheraws, and cause him to be
delivered to the Sheriff of Cheraws District, or his deputy,
or to the keeper of the Common Gaol."
A new Council of Safety having been elected on 16th Nov.,
a committee was appointed the following day, of which
Mr. Harrington was one, to " consider of, and bring into
one view, the powers and authorities proper to be vested in
the Council of Safety."* On the 28th of Nov., it was
resolved, " That the Committee of St. David's Parish be
authorized to purchase what lead they can get, on the
public account." On the same day it was also resolved,
" That 600 men from Col. Powell's Regiment should forth-
with be detached, and directed to rendezvous at the Conga-
rees." And the following letter was thereupon written :
" By authority of the Congress.
" Charles-town, Nov. 25th, 1775.
" Sir, You are hereby ordered, with all possible de-
spatch, to detach six hundred men of your Regiment, to
rendezvous at the Congarees, to act under the orders of
Col. Richardson.
" I am, Sir,
" Your most humble servant,
" WM. HENRY DRAYTON,
" To Col. Powell." President.
This action was taken in consequence of difficulties at
Ninety-six. There had been a recent skirmish between
Patrick Cunningham, Jacob Bowman, and others, on the
one side, and a body of militia under the charge of Andrew
Williamson, on the other.
On the 27th of Nov., Col. Richardson was in camp at
the Congarees, and about 1st Dec. crossed Saluda river into
the Dutch Fork. A few days after, he was joined by several
* Dray ton's "Memoirs," vol. ii. pp. 61-77; and "Journal of the Congress."
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 249
detachments. After advancing southward and effecting the
object of the expedition, the troops were disbanded the
latter end of December, and returned to their respective
homes. A detachment had started from Pedee under
Major George Hicks, but was stopped by the following
order from the Council of Safety :
'* Wednesday evening, Dec. 20th, 1775.
" Gent., Intelligence which we have just received from
Col. Richardson, induces us to believe that he will be able
to accomplish the business upon which he was ordered by
the Congress, without further aid; and as Col. Powell has
intimated, that the detachment from his regiment was
either not marched, or if marched, might soon be overtaken
by orders : We desire you will take the proper steps for re-
calling or stopping the detachment, and directing the officer
in command to dismiss the men until further orders after
which, he will transmit a proper account of the time of
actual service performed by that detachment.
" By Order of the Council of Safety,
" HENRY LAUREN s,
" President.*
" On Colony Service. Recommended to the Committee
of George-town to be forwarded if needful by express. The
expense will be paid by the Council of Safety.
" To the Committee of the Parish of St. David/'
On the 29th of Nov. it was ordered by the Congress,
" That three hundred pounds weight of gunpowder be
delivered out of the public stock, reserved for the aid and
defence of this colony, to the order of the Committee of
St. David's Parish, to be distributed among such of the men
in Col. Powell's Regiment as are unprovided, to be by them
reserved for public uses only/'
One of the chief difficulties now was to get ammunition
as it was wanted, such was the limited supply. After a
Session of the most important and decided character, the
Congress adjourned, November 29th. The die was cast.
The struggle had begun. The people were everywhere in
* " Laurens Papers" of Historical Society of So, Ca.
250 HISTORY OP THE OLD CHEBAWS.
arms. The selfish, it is said, among the merchants and
planters, whose gains were lessened by the cessation of
trade, wished for the return of business ; but the main body
of both classes most heartily concurred in the popular
measures. No revolution was ever effected with greater
unanimity, or with more order and regularity.
A great majority of the people determined to sacrifice
ease, pleasure, and fortune, and to risk life itself to obtain
permanent security for American rights.
They believed their liberties to be in danger. Roused by
this apprehension, they were animated to the most self-
denying exertions.* Such was the feeling on the Pedee.
With very few exceptions, the intelligent and influential
inhabitants were the ardent friends of their country. They
had already taken a conspicuous stand, and to every appeal
in behalf of liberty had made a hearty response.
Peculiarly exposed to the worst of enemies, they were
called, from the first, to bear the heat and burden of a
sanguinary conflict with the Tories on Lynche's Creek and
the Little Pedee. But tried to the uttermost, they never de-
spaired. Among the first to make a public declaration of
their rights, they were among the last to lay down their
arms, when further resistance seemed more than futile, and
for a time overpowered, not conquered, they were forced to
take protection, but only to throw off every vestige of sub-
mission, and, with the returning hope of liberty, to submit
to the oppressor no more.
'* Ramsay," vol. i. p. 79.
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHEBAWS. 251
CHAPTER XII.
Opening of the year 1776 Charles-town threatened Council of Safety writes
to Major M'Intosh -Response from Pedee Difficulties in Civil Administra-
tion William Strother writes to Council of Safety The Council provides
ammunition for Sfc. David's The Congress meets Mr. Harrington's return
as to member in place of Claudius Pegues Action of Congress Payments
ordered to certain persons in St. David's Congress takes action as to a
" form of government " Other proceedings Pay to Major Hicks refused
Additional forces raised Major M'Intosh elected Lieutenant-Colonel
" Form of government " adopted Officers elected, and appointments for
St. David's Colonel Powell and Speaker Parsons' address to the President
Colonel Powell elected assistant-judge Declines Address of Baptist
Churches, by Rev. Messrs. Hart and Winchester to Vice- President Laurens
His reply Courts opened Presentments of grand jury of Cheraws-
Whigs and Tories Latter compared with Loyalists Conflict with Tories
on Pedee Committee of St. David's continues to meet Abel Kolb His
character David Williams dies Major Wise on Sullivan's Island Letters
to Henry William Harrington Captain Harrington at Haddrell's Point
Prisoners sent to gaol of Cheraws District Election of two members from
St. David's to Assembly Charges against Colonel Powell His letter on
subject Action of Assembly Affair dropped Salt provided for St. David's
Act passed as to places of election for the parish First courts after Declara-
tion of Independence Chief Justice Drayton's charge in Charles-town
Presentments of grand jury of Cheraws Reflections on same Quiet
restored Commerce revives Death of Arthur Hart Letter of Major
Wise Member elected for St. David's Educational wants sorely felt.
THE year ] 776 was ushered in under the most threatening
aspects for the Province. In the early part of January, the
inhabitants of Charles-town apprehended an attack by sea.
*The Council of Safety acted with the utmost decision.
Having made arrangements with Colonel Moultrie for pro-
tecting the town, attention was turned to the subject of
collecting an adequate militia force from the country.
Though the enemy soon after withdrew, the apprehension
of an attack still continued, and the more solicitude was
felt as the militia came in slowly. The following letter from
the Council of Safety to Major Alexander M'Intosh, at this
alarming juncture, shows the state of feeling in Charles-town.
" In Council of Safety.
"Charles-town, Jan. 13th, 1776.
" Sir, Three ships of war appear at anchor near our
Bar, and will probably come within to-morrow.
252 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
" One, said by a lieutenant who has been in a 10 oar^d
barge as high as Rebellion Road, and spoke from Fort
Johnson, the crew of which passed upon him for simple
fishermen, to be of 50 guns but, we believe only 36 the
other two of 20. They have detached a sloop, probably
for the Tamar and Cherokee. The lieutenant was greatly
mortified at finding they were not here. The alarm will be
fired through the colony to-morrow (Monday). Your pre-
sence, and the presence of every provincial officer, is re-
quired here. You will therefore repair to your regiment
with all possible despatch, after giving pressing orders to
the commanding officer of Col. Powell's Regiment of
militia, to detach to our assistance with all possible expedi-
tion, as many officers and men as will voluntarily come, in
small parties of 20 or 50, as they can be collected.
" This is the time for evincing our professions and de-
clarations of love of liberty and the righteous cause of
America. Words are not necessary to influence those who
are sincere, to fly to the banner of their country. Order all
provincial officers you may meet with, to their duty here
immediately.
"By Order of the Council of Safety,
"HENRY LAURENS, President.*
" Major M'Intosh."
To this spirited appeal, Major M'Intosh, with other
officers, and many of the militia from the Pedee, responded.
Major George Hicks went down in command of a detach-
ment, and Captain Samuel Wise also commanded a com-
pany. On the 6th of February, it was said, three hundred
volunteers of Richardson's and Powell's Regiments, who had
been down on duty, being willing to remain, were kept until
the 1st of March, the rest of the country militia being dis-
charged. This was the first important military service
rendered to the Province by the inhabitants of the Upper
Pedee.
In the present unsettled state of affairs, serious difficulty
was experienced in matters of ordinary civil transaction and
* Manuscript papers of Council of Safety.
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 253
adjudication. The want of some established authority was
sorely felt, as in the management of estates and the case of
orphans.
The following letter was addressed to the Committee in
Charles-town on this subject, from St. David's Parish :
" January llth, 1776.
" Gentlemen,
"On the death of sundry persons in the district
where I live, application has been made to me to know how
to proceed, or how they should obtain Letters of Adminis-
tration; and not knowing what has been resolved by the
Congress on such occasion, I beg to be informed, as some
of the orphans must suffer greatly ,in their estates if not
shortly secured.
" Your answer will much oblige,
" Your humble servt.,
" WM. STROTHER.*
" To the Honorable Council of Safety,
Charles- town/''
The Parish of St. David's was not yet adequately sup-
plied with war stores, and the Council took further action,
as follows :
" Wednesday, January 24th, 1776.
" The Congress at the late session, ordered three hundred
weight of gunpowder to be issued for the use of St. David's.
The order was brought to us yesterday under many indorse-
ments ; as we think it will save trouble, expense, and risk,
we desire you will, upon sight of the order which we have
referred to you for that purpose, direct a compliance with
the contents from the public store of gunpowder under your
care, and transmit the order to us.
" By order of the Council of Safety,
" HENRY LAURENS, President.
" The Committee for George-town."
No time was lost in complying with this direction, as
appears from the following receipt : " Received of the
Committee at George-town three hundred pounds weight of
* Manuscript papers of Council of Safety.
254 HISTOKY OF THE OLD CHEEAWS.
gunpowder, from the public stock, by direction of the Council
of Safety, for St. David's.
"AARON DANIEL.*
" George-town, Jany. 26th, 1776."
On the 1st February, the Congress, which had adjourned
29th of Nov. previous, met again in Charles-town.
On the 3rd, Mr. Harrington made this special return,
addressed to the President :
" Charles-town, Feby. 2, 1776.
"Sir,
" Claudius Pegues, Esq., one of the six deputies
duly elected to represent the Parish of St. David's in Con-
gress, signified by letter, addressed to the Committee of the
said Parish, that he declined serving the said Parish in Con-
gress. He delivered the letter to me to lay before the
Committee, who were not to meet till the 19th of last
month; and as the Congress was to sit on the 1st instant,
I, as church warden, and not recollecting the resolve of
the last Congress relative to elections, advertised the 23rd
of January as a day of election for a deputy to Congress
instead of Mr. Pegues, when it appeared that William Henry
Mills had a majority of votes, of which I acquainted him
by letter.
" I am, Sir, your most obedient, humble servant,
" HENRY WILLIAM HARRINGTON."
"Whereupon, it was resolved, That a Member of Con-
gress cannot resign his seat during the continuance of the
Congress in which he took his seat as a member ; and, there-
fore, as Claudius Pegues, Esq., could not decline his seat in
the present Congress, the election of William Henry Mills,
Esq., as a member of Congress in the room of Claudius
Pegues, Esq., was null and void."f
On Tuesday the 6th of February, the Council issued orders
on the Treasury for the payment of the following sums,
among others, viz. :
* Manuscript Papers of Council of Safety.
t " American Archives," vol. v. p. 566.
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 255
s. d.
" To Major George Hicks, for pay and rations
to the detachment from Col. PowelFs Re-
giment of Militia, ordered to join Col.
Richardson, to be placed to account of
Col. Richardson's expedition .... 8567 12 6
"To H. W. Harrington, Esq., so much ad-
vanced by him for two expresses,* from
Charles-town 4300
" To Calvin Spencer's order for his service as
messenger to the Committee of St. David's 50
" For ferriage of Capt. Wise's Company over
Pedee, to John Eddens rr ,.> . . . 10 0"
On the 8th of February, a Committee was appointed by
the Congress, consisting of the Council of Safety, together
with others, of whom Col. Powell was one, " to take into
consideration the following resolution of the Continental
Congress, passed the 4th of Nov. last, viz. : ' Resolved, that
if the Convention of South Carolina shall find it necessary
to establish a form of government in that colony, it be re-
commended to said Convention to call a full and free repre-
sentation of the people ; and that the said representatives,
if they think it necessary, establish such form of govern-
ment as, in their judgment, will best promote the happiness
of the people, and most effectually secure peace and good
order in the colony during the continuance of the present
dispute between Great Britain and the colonies/ "f
A few days after, a Committee of eleven was appointed
to prepare and report such a plan or form of government as
would best promote the happiness of the people.
On the 12th, a committee, of which Mr. Harrington was
one, "was appointed to consider and report upon the best
method for promoting the manufacture of saltpetre in the
colony/'J
The want of ammunition began to be sorely felt, and the
* This was the item, as a credit, in the account of Mr. Harrington, of receipt
for poor of Boston.
f Drayton's " Memoirs/' vol. ii. p. 171.
J " American Archives," vol. v. pp. 569, 570.
256 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
necessity became more apparent daily for relying upon
themselves for its production.
On the 14th of February, a motion was made, " that the
Congress do order payment of certain expenses, amounting
to 234/., incurred by a detachment of militia under the
command of Major Hicks, lately marched to this town,
for camp utensils and other articles. A debate ensued, and
the question being put, it was carried in the negative/'*
On the 18th, Col. Powell and Cap. Harrington, with
others, were placed on a committee to report upon the
militia, its division, regulations, &c. This important subject
urgently demanded attention. The haste with which it had
been necessary to devise certain measures for defence, had
involved the military affairs of the colony in more or less
confusion.
The situation of Charles-town, as was now most apparent,
demanded immediate aid from the country for its protection.
And notwithstanding the difficulties attending such a step,
the Congress voted on the 19th of February, that 1050 men
of the country militia should be immediately drafted and
marched down. And three days after, the military estab-
lishment was augmented by the resolution to raise two Rifle
Regiments, one of seven, and the other of five hundred men.
The field officers were to be elected by a majority of the
ballots of the whole number of members present in the
Congress. Of the first Regiment, Alexander M'lntosh was
elected Lieut.-Colonel.
From this time Col. M'Intosh was engaged in constant
service.
On the 5th of March the Committee on ( ' a form of
Government" reported. On the 8th the Congress resolved
itself into a committee of the whole, to take the same into
consideration. After several days' deliberation it was turned
over to the Congress for final disposal ; and from the 15th
to the 26th of March, carefully weighed in its details, well
adjusted in every part, and on the latter day, under the
title " of a Constitution or Form of Government," adopted.
A Legislative Council of thirteen, to be elected by ballot
* " American Archives," vol. v. pp. 569, 570.
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHEBAWS. 257
from the members of Assembly, for two years, was substi-
tuted in the place of the " King's Privy Council/' as for-
merly, the Vice- President being esc-officio a member and
President of the same. The legislative authority was vested
in the General Assembly and Legislative Council ; both of
which were to be elected every two years. The General
Assembly was to consist of the like number of members as
the Congress had done, each district and parish having the
same representation as was then present.
This gave to St. David's six members. Justices of the
Peace were to be nominated by the General Assembly, and
commissioned by the President and Commander-in-Chief,
during pleasure. All other judicial officers were to be
elected by joint ballot of the Assembly and Council.
All persons chosen and appointed to any office, or place
of trust, before entering upon the execution of the same, were
to take the following oath, viz. : " I, A.B., do swear that I
will to the utmost of my power, support, maintain, and
defend the Constitution of South Carolina, as established by
Congress on the 26th day of March, One Thousand Seven
Hundred and Seventy-six, until an accommodation of the diffi-
culties between Great Britain and America shall take place,
or I shall be released from this oath by the Legislative
authority of the said colony, so help me God." Such were
some of the features of the " Constitution, or Form of
Government/' thus adopted. An accommodation of the
difficulties with the Mother Country seemed yet to be looked
forward to as an event not impossible; and therefore this
provision made for regulating the affairs and promoting
the welfare of the Province was so far only temporary. On
the day of its adoption, the election of officers took place
under the Constitution. George Gabriel Powell, one of the
members for St. David's, was made Speaker of the Legisla-
tive Council. Henry William Harrington was elected Sheriff
for Cheraws District, and the following gentlemen were
nominated as suitable persons to fill the office of Justices of
the Peace for the same, viz. :
John Alran, Henry Wm. Harrington, George Pawley,
William Dewitt, Arthur Hart, Claudius Pegues, Elias
Du Bose, John Kimbrough, William Pegues, Charles Evans,
s
258 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHEKAWS.
Thomas Lide, Philip Pledger, Robert Gray, Wm. Henry
Mills, and George Hicks.*
In the present critical state of public affairs, this office
was one of much importance, and hence men of intelligence,
influence, and well-known principle were selected for the
post.
On the 3rd of April, Mr. Speaker Powell and James Par-
sons, Esq., Speaker of Assembly, made the following
address to the President, John Rutledge, Esq.
" May it please your Excellency :
"We, the Legislative Council and General
Assembly of South Carolina, convened under the authority
of the equitable Constitution of Government established by
a free people, in Congress, on the 26th ult., beg leave, most
respectfully, to address your Excellency. Nothing is better
known to your Excellency than the unavoidable necessity
which induced us, as members of Congress, on the part of
the people, to resume the powers of Government ; and to
establish some mode for regulating the internal polity of
this colony ; and, as members of the Legislative Council
and General Assembly, to vest you, for a time limited, with
the executive authority. Such constitutional proceedings
on our own part we make no doubt will be misconstrued
into acts of the greatest criminality by that despotism which,
lost to all sense of justice and humanity, has already pre-
tended that we are in actual rebellion. But, Sir, when we
reflect upon the unprovoked, cruel, and accumulated oppres-
sions under which America in general, and this country in
particular, has long continued ; oppressions, which gra-
dually increasing in injustice and violence, are now by an
inexorable tyranny perpetuated against the United Colonies,
under the various forms of robbery, conflagration, massacre,
breach of the public faith, and open war conscious of our
natural and inalienable rights, and determined to make
every effort in our power to retain them ; we see your Ex-
cellency's elevation, from the midst of us, to govern this
country, as the natural consequence of such outrages.
* " American Archives," vol. v. p. 620.
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 259
" By the suffrages of a free people, you, Sir, have been
chosen to hold the reins of Government ; an event, as honor-
able to yourself, as it is beneficial to the public.
" We firmly trust, that you will make the Constitution the
great rule of your conduct, and, in the most solemn manner,
we do assure your Excellency, that, in the discharge of
your duties under that Constitution, which looks forward to
an accommodation with Great Britain (an event which,
though traduced and treated as rebels, we still earnestly
desire), we will support you with our lives and fortunes."*
To this address the President made a brief and happy
reply. After putting the Government in operation and
transacting other important business, the General Assembly
adjourned, to meet the first of October following, leaving
the administration of affairs in the mean time to the Presi-
dent and Council.
On the 27th of March, the day after the adoption of the
Constitution, Col. Powell was elected one of the Assistant
Judges, but requested leave to resign, and giving such
reasons as were satisfactory to the House, his request was
granted. It was the second time this honor had been con-
ferred upon him, the Royal Government having previously
elected him to the same position.
Col. Powell was highly esteemed, and had been for years
prominent in the affairs of the Province.
That he should have persistently retained his connexion
with St. David's Parish, though not a resident, and declined
the representation of such Parishes as St. Philip's and St.
Michael's, is a fact of which we can give no explanation ;
unless it was, that having become interested in the Upper
Pedee by his attendance at the Bar of Cheraw, and the
purchase of lands, and honored with the confidence of the
people from the first, a feeling of gratitude prompted him
to remain in their service to the close of his career.
The rising spirit of liberty and the present alarming
crisis affected all classes.
Religious bodies were roused to take a decided stand, and
Tray ton," vol. ii. p. 264.
S2
260 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
by their encouraging tones of approval, to stimulate the
public men of the day in their efforts for the country.
The following address is expressive of the feeling that
prevailed :
" To the Honorable Henry Laurens, Esquire,
Vice- President of the Province of South
Carolina.
" The address of the Baptist Congregations in said
Province.
" May it please your Honor,
" We can truly say, we rejoice in the
present happy form of government established among us ;
and beg leave to assure you, Sir, that we are filled with the
most sensible pleasure on your Honor being chosen Vice-
President, as it is well known that you are a most hearty
friend to liberty, and have managed the many important
trusts committed to you with fidelity. It gives us joy, that
you, Sir, are still continued in the important service of your
country at this critical juncture ; and we do most heartily
congratulate you on this happy occasion. We hope yet to
see hunted Liberty sit Regent on the Throne, and flourish
more than ever under the administration of such worthy
patriots ; may we not hope that the time is come, in which
our rulers may be men fearing God, and hating covetous-
ness, a terror to evil-doers, and a praise to them who do
well ! We bless God that he hath begun our de-
liverance ; and that he will complete it, shall be our
constant prayer.
" And now, wishing your Honor all peace, happiness,
and prosperity upon earth, and everlasting happiness above,
we subscribe ourselves, your Honor's most obedient and
most humble servants,
OLIVER HART, Pastor of the Baptist
Church^ in Charles-town.
ELHANAN WINCHESTER, Pastor of the
Baptist Church, at the Welch Neck,
on Pedee.
" Signed in behalf of the Baptist Congregations
in general, this 30th day of March, 1776."
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 261
To this Mr. Laurens replied as follows :
" Gentlemen,
" I receive your address on behalf of the
Baptist Congregations with the same cordiality of affection
in which, I am persuaded, it was made, although it becomes
me to acknowledge, that you have done me an honor which
I had no ground to expect.
"The persecution against the liberties of American sub-
jects, which, immediately after the death of his late
Majesty, of glorious memory, was devised at the Court of
St. James, and which, at different periods, has been
revived, rendered it necessary to make occasional and suit-
able opposition.
" Hence the appointment of Committees in every town
and district from New England to Georgia; hence the
assembling of that august body, the Representatives of the
Thirteen United Colonies, in Congress, at Philadelphia, and
of the Congress and Council of Safety in this colony;
hence also those numberless humble Petitions and Ad-
dresses to the Throne, and to both Houses of Parliament,
which have in every instance been most ungraciously
spurned, and treated with disdain by the King and his
Ministers.
" The high hand with which that persecution hath lately
been carried on by imprisonments, bloodshed, confiscations,
plunder, and barbarous devastation of cities and towns by
fire, hath at length impelled the colonists to make a solemn
appeal to the King of kings, and to resist by force and
arms. One obvious measure in the plan of our enemies
and cruel persecutors, was to drive the peaceable and de-
fenceless inhabitants of the Colonies into a state of confu-
sion, by depriving them of the benefit of legislation, and the
ordinary mode of representation by assemblies. This fact
is incontestably proved by those repeated prorogations and
dissolutions which blot the pages of every journal where the
King's ministers could extend and exercise their master's
prerogative.
" South Carolina had in an eminent degree suffered by
this species of revenge, which has been aggravated of late
262 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
by daily menaces of attacks by British soldiers and ships of
war, by instigated insurrections of negroes and inroads.by
savage Indians ; and by what was more to be dreaded, fire
and sword in our very bowels, by the hands of false brethren;
in a word, ' the sword without and terror within, threat-
ened to destroy both the young man and the virgin, the
suckling also, with the man of grey hairs/ But, through
the special protection of Divine Providence, a happy union
of the principal inhabitants was formed, and we have
hitherto miraculously escaped. This metropolis, since the
late Governor's desertion, has been kept in a state of quiet-
ness and good order unknown in almost every- former
period. After long suffering and forbearance, the people of
this country, seeing the noble lord who had been sent to
be their Governor, although he had abandoned his post,
still continuing in this and the next neighboring colony,
exercising and encouraging every hostile and injurious act
against them, judged it indispensably necessary to resolve
upon the present form, as a temporary expedient for govern-
ment, until an accommodation of our disputes with Great
Britain and a redress of grievances can be obtained.
" I had the honor of being one among many who framed
that Constitution. It therefore makes me happy to learn
that those respectable bodies, the Baptist Congregations, are
satisfied and pleased with the important event. I esteem,
as equally friendly and obliging, their particular gratula-
tions upon my being called by my country to act in the
honorable station of Vice-President of the Colony, and I
accept them with thankfulness.
" Let each man among us, whether in the State or in the
Church, whether in public or in private life, by example, by
precept, by every becoming act, persevere, and be ready
with his life and fortune to defend the just cause in which
God has been pleased to engage us.
"We shall, weak as we are, succeed against those who
have assumed to themselves the powers of Omnipotence,
who trust in fleets and armies to determine the fight. We
shall be the happy instruments of establishing liberty, civil
and religious, in a wilderness, where towns and cities shall
grow, whose inhabitants to the latest posterity will look
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHEBAWS. 263
back to this happy epoch, and celebrate and bless the me-
mory of this generation. In order effectually to accom-
plish these great ends, it is incumbent upon us to begin
wisely, and to proceed in the fear of God ; and it is espe-
cially the duty of those who bear rule, to promote and
encourage piety and virtue, and to discountenance every
degree of vice and immorality.
" I have the honor to be, Reverend Sirs,
" Your faithful, affectionate,
" and obliged humble servant,
"March 30th, 1776. " HENRY LAURENS.*
"To the Rev. Oliver Hart, M.A., Pastor of the Baptist
Church in Charles-town, and the Rev. Elhanan Winchester,
Pastor of the Baptist Church at Pedee, on behalf of the
Baptist Church Congregations in South Carolina."
The establishment of the new Government, the first
organized in any of the colonies, inspired fresh confidence
and gave increased strength to the union of the people for
the defence of their liberties.
Order followed confusion, and a uniform conduct in those
who governed took the place of the uncertainty and capri-
ciousness that had prevailed before. The State and District
officers entered upon the discharge of their respective duties,
and the courts of law, which had been suspended for nearly
twelve months, were opened on the 23rd of April (1776),
" with great solemnity ; to the infinite joy of the well-
disposed, and the discomfiture of those whose offences
called for punishmeut/'f
It was on this occasion that Chief Justice Dray ton, in
language similar to that he had held eighteen months
before, delivered his first charge to the Grand Jury of
Charles-town District.
And again did the Grand Jury of Cheraw District, par-
taking in the general feeling of enthusiasm which now
prevailed, give expression to their deep convictions as to
the just and righteous cause of their oppressed and bleeding
country.
* So. Ca. Gazette. f " Drayton," vol. ii. p. 253.
264 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
At a Court for said district, holden at Long Bluff, on
Monday, May 20th, Mr. Justice Matthews presiding, the
following presentments were made :
" I. When a people born and bred in a land of freedom
and virtue, uncorrupted by those refinements which effemi-
nate and debase the mind, manly and generous in their
sentiments, bold and hardy in their nature, and actuated by
every principle of liberality, from too sad experience are
convinced of the wicked schemes of their treacherous rulers
to fetter them with the chains of servitude, and rob them of
every noble and desirable privilege which distinguishes them
as freemen ; justice, humanity, and the immutable laws of
God, justify and support tliem in revoking those sacred
trusts which are so impiously violated, and placing them in
such hands as are most likely to execute them in the
manner and for the important ends for which they were
first given.
" II. The good people of this colony, with the rest of
her sister colonies, confiding in the justice and merited
protection of the King and Parliament of Great Britain,
ever signalized themselves by every mark of duty and affec-
tion towards them j and esteemed such a bond of union
and harmony as the greatest happiness. But, when that
protection was wantonly withdrawn, and every mark of
cruelty and oppression substituted ; when tyranny, violence,
and injustice took the place of equity, mildness, and affec-
tion ; and bloodshed, murder, robbery, and conflagration,
and the most deadly persecution stamped the malignity of
their intentions ; self preservation, and a regard to our own
welfare and security became a consideration both important
and necessary. The Parliament and Ministry of Great
Britain, by their wanton and undeserved persecutions, have
reduced this colony to a state of separation from them, un-
sought for and undesired by her : a separation which now
proves its own utility, as the only lasting means of future
happiness and safety. What every one once dreaded as the
greatest misery, they now unexpectedly find their greatest
advantage. Amidst all her sufferings, and the manifold
injuries which have been done her, this colony was ever
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 265
ready, with her sister colonies, to ask for that reconciliation
which showed every mark of forgiveness and promise of
future harmony. But how were they treated ? Each token
of submission was aggravated into usurpation ; humble
petitions styled insults ; and every dutiful desire of accom-
modation treated with the most implacable contempt. Cast
off, persecuted, defamed, given up as a prey to every
violence and injury, a righteous and much-injured people
have at length appealed to God ; and trusting to His divine
justice, and their own virtuous perseverance, taken the only
and last means of securing their own honor, safety, and
happiness.
" III. We now feel every joyful and comfortable hope that
a people could desire in the present Constitution and form
of Government established in this colony : a Constitution
founded on the strictest principles of justice and humanity ;
where the rights and happiness of the whole, the poor and
the rich, are equally secured ; and to secure and defend
which, it is the particular interest of every individual, who
regards his own safety and advantage.
"IV. When we consider the public officers of our present
form of Government now appointed, as well as the method
and duration of their appointment, we cannot but declare
our entire satisfaction and comfort, as well in the character
of such men, who are justly esteemed for every virtue, as in
their well-known abilities to execute the important trusts
which they now hold.
" V. Under these convictions, and filled with these hopes,
we cannot but most earnestly recommend it to every man,
as essential to his own liberty and happiness, as well as that
of his posterity, to secure and defend with his life and for-
tune, a form of government so just, so equitable, and promis-
ing ; to inculcate its principles upon his children, and hand
it down to them unimpaired, that the latest posterity may
enjoy the virtuous fruits of that work, which the integrity
and fortitude of the present age had, at the expense of their
blood and treasure, at length happily effected.
" VI. We cannot but declare how great is the pleasure,
the harmony and political union which now exist in this
266 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
district affords ; and having no grievances to complain of,
only beg leave to recommend that a new 'jury list' be
made for this district, the present being insufficient.
" And lastly, we beg leave to return our most sincere
thanks to Mr. Justice Matthews for his spirited and patriotic
charge ; at the same time requesting, that these our Present-
ments may be printed in the public papers.
" Philip Pledger, Foreman.
Abel Edwards.
John Hewstis.
Charles M'Call.
John Wilds.
Thomas Lide.
Martin Dewitt.
John Mikell.
Benjamin James.
Magnus Corgill.
Thomas Bingham.
Peter Kolb.
Benjamin Rogers.
Thomas Ellerbe.
Moses Speight."
These spirited Presentments,* not unmeet to be placed
side by side with those which had been made before by the
Grand Juries of Cheraw District, were republished in full
in England the following winter.
The " harmony and political union " referred to as existing
in the district, continued throughout the Revolution to be
strikingly characteristic of its inhabitants, except in the
outskirts, and in the case of a few individuals here and
there on the river.
No other part of the Province was more united in patriotic
feeling.
The distinction, of Whig and Tory took its rise during
* They appeared in the " Remembrancer j or, Impartial Repository of Public
Events. Part iii. for the year 1776. London, 1777." A copy was first placed
in the hands of the author by Mr. Hugh Godbold, of Marion, already referred
to; and the volume containing them, with others of the series, a valuable
collection, was afterwards presented to the author by Mr. Q.
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 267
the previous year. Both parties in the interior country-
were then embodied, and were obliged to impress provisions
for their respective support. The advocates for Congress
prevailing, they paid for articles consumed in their camps ;
but as no funds were provided for discharging the expenses
incurred by the Royalists, all that was consumed by them
was considered as a robbery. This laid the foundation of a
piratical war between Whigs and Tories, which was pro-
ductive of great distress, and deluged the country with
blood. In the interval between the Insurrection of 1775
and the year 1780, the Whigs were occasionally plundered
by parties who had attempted insurrections in favor of
Royal Government.*
This testimony of a contemporary writer was emphatically
true of the struggle on the Pedee, but was far from repre-
senting all that marked the conflict in this region. The
Whigs of Cheraw District were subjected to frequent pre-
datory incursions by the Tories from the neighboring parts
of North Carolina towards Drowning Creek and Little
Pedee. These were Scotch settlements chiefly, and were
capable of sending out large parties to plunder the patriotic
inhabitants along the valley of the Pedee.
There were undoubtedly many worthy persons among the
loyalists men who were actuated by noble feelings and
generous sentiments, and who would have sacrificed them-
selves and all that they had in the cause of the King. With
the mass of the Tories it was very different. They acted a
despicable part, being influenced chiefly by motives of in-
terest or fear. The bloodiest and most relentless characters
of the Revolution were found in their ranks. The best
illustration, indeed, of their character was furnished in the
desperate means used, by way of retaliation, to which the
Whigs were not unfrequently driven.
On the 31st of December, 1775, the Rev. Evan Pugh
made this entry in his private journal : " Called at Mr.
Lide's,f who was just come home from the camp, having
been against the Tories/ 1 '
* " Ramsay's Revolution/' vol. ii. p. 269.
t Robert Lide, afterwards known as Major Lide.
268 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
It was a record of the time which might have been often
made.
The Committee of Observation for St. David's Parish
continued to meet. On the 4th of May, Mr. Pugh says :
" Went to Abel Kolb's* to the committee." Similar entries
are found in his journal in June, August, and October fol-
lowing, and for some time subsequent. Mr. Kolb, a man
of retiring disposition, but of ardent patriotism and fearless
spirit, was now coming rapidly into notice. He appears
not to have had the advantages of education possessed by
some of his contemporaries. This circumstance, together
with his natural modesty, probably kept him at first from
taking a prominent part in the public affairs of the time.
His superior qualities of head and heart, however, could not
remain unknown to or unappreciated by the people. With
the growing exigences of the times, the popular instinct
turned at once to those who were fitted by nature to be
military leaders during so stormy a period. Of these, Abel
Kolb was soon to take a conspicuous place.
On the 1st of January of this year, Cheraw District lost
a worthy and useful citizen in the death of David Williams.
Cut off prematurely in his thirty- sixth year, his country
could illy afford to be deprived of his services. He had
been added, with others, the year previous, to the Committee
of Observation for St. David's. His untimely end was much
lamented.
With the approach of summer the conflict off the Bar of
Charles-town drew near. Many of the Whigs from Pedee
responded to the call from the coast.
Major Samuel Wise was in command of troops on Sul-
livan's Island, and engaged with all his enthusiastic ardor
in the preparations made for the approaching struggle.
On the 7th of June he wrote to his friend, Henry Wil-
liam Harrington, Esq., of Pedee, giving some account of
the state of things up to that date.
te I am now," he said, " at the lower end of the island
with 210 men, while fifty vessels are so nigh that we can
see their men ; and since I began to write, they have got
* Mr. Kolb resided at a point central and important.
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 269
under way, and are apparently intending to come in. It
gives me pleasure to inform you our men are in the highest
spirits. Let the event be what it will, our regiment wishes
to engage. The shipping are within random shot, and
certainly coming in. It positively gives me fresh spirits/''
On the 22nd of June he wrote again :
" I don't know if I am right in my conjecture, but
I do conceive the longer we are kept in the face of
an enemy, the less we dread fighting them; but, as
our situation here is looked on by every officer in our
case as desperate, and that we must certainly fall a sacri-
fice, I expect we shall either fight like a tiger pent up, or
take the marsh for it. However, our officers chiefly
declare the first will be their choice, and that they would
not quit the island were they certain of death. But it is
my hope that our Great Creator, who has appeared so evi-
dently in the behalf of America, will not desert us, though I
assure you, it is clear to me we cannot prevent their landing
without a direct interposition of heaven. My opinion has
been, and still is, that they will land on the lower point of
this island from Long Island.
" They have two pieces of cannon mounted, and are this
day mounting three more, which will cover their landing in
spite of all we can do.
" I did not get over, however, before yesterday morning.
I was appointed officer of our advance-guard, and my lieut.
was kind enough to officiate for me until I landed.
" Between Long Island and Sullivan's there is at low
water a circular sand bar or island about 200 yards across.
On this side the creek is not fordable. On the other side
I am told it is. Here I went with a canoe yesterday, with
Lieut. Smith, and walked to the farther side of the sand-
bar, and was there within shot of the enemy. I took one
Regiment to be Highlanders and the other to be Cornwallis'
(common slaves), with some artillery. After I returned,
Smith, with Wm. Jordan, one of my privates, went over
again, which brought on a small skirmish, seven or eight of
their Highlanders running down as fast as possible towards
them, with a view of getting between them and the canoe.
Smith fired at them without effect. Jordan likewise fired,
and his man fell, but whether to dodge, or because wounded,
270 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
I know not. The enemy fired fourteen guns without
effect, crying to Smith in Scotch, ( Stop, you cowardly ras-
cal / on which he, suiting his actions to his words, said, I
retreat like a Guinea Lion. He deigned not to run, which
made me uneasy for him. He likewise had a private of
the artillery with him, without arms, who fell down at every
shot, and caused much laughter to the enemy, as they
thought they had killed him.
" We fired five shots from our two field-pieces, which were
very well directed, and nearly reached their main body, but
did no damage.
" One of the enemy's bullets came very nigh me. I really
wished to engage them, the more so when I found them to
be a set of people who have ever been friends to tyrants.
" The enemy have just now sent an armed schooner oppo-
site our two field-pieces at the point of the Island (she came
down the creek from Dewees Inlet), and anchored her
within point-blank shot of the same. On which, our two
field-pieces are just ordered to be removed. Their guns
fight under deck, consequently our rifles cannot touch them,
and a number of flat-bottomed boats, it is said, are follow-
ing her, in which we are ordered to the point of the Island.
I expect their next movement, after landing their men, will
be along the creek to the bridge.
" I have sent Bob with this letter and the gun I promised
you. I am rather afraid of losing him. I could wish him
to stay with you a day or two, I value not myself, but
want not to hurt my child; and from the enemy's prepara-
tion I expect our fate on Sullivan's Island will be deter-
mined in two days at most. I surely think Mr. Chesnut
will come down. I have therefore sent on my papers, for
should I be unfortunate, you will want them. If you do
but escape, my dear friend, I shall be well satisfied, for I
am not doubtful of your care of my child.*
" I am most sincerely,
" Your affectionate friend,
" SAML. WISE."
* This was an only child, a daughter, afterwards Mrs. Ball, who was sent to
England to be educated. Upon the death of Major Wise, his executors, General
HISTOftY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 271
Under date again of June 27th, he addressed his friend
as follows :
" Why, my dear Sheriff,* were I to give you an account
of our little skirmishes, I might write daily, for we have
had it these two days ; but do excuse me if my ability is
not equal to my inclination, for I describe it the best I can.
"On Monday morning the enemy brought an armed
schooner within seven or eight hundred yards of the point
of the island. The ensuing night we carried an 18-pounder
and two field-pieces to the point, and attacked her early in
the morning, and out of eleven shots fired at her, I believe
three struck her. Finding we could not destroy her, the
firing was discontinued, and at eleven o^clock, about twenty
of the enemy, seemingly American renegade Tories, came
down to the Oyster Bank with clubbed muskets, and took
shelter behind it, at which time the Indians were on the
return in a string from the point of Sullivan^ and your
humble servant was walking along the open beach to the
point of Sullivan. At this instant the enemy began to fire,
and aimed their shot directly at the Indians, who caused us
to laugh heartily by their running and tumbling, several of
them whooping and firing their muskets over their shoulders
backward. I confess, though the bullets poured round me,
I laughed against my inclination. I walked up to our
slight breast-work, where I sheltered myself and happened
to be the oldest officer. The enemy really aimed well.
Their shots went excessively nigh us, and very often struck
the top of our breast-work, and frequently dropped close
over it within a few yards of us.
" I cannot help doing justice to the superiority of their
musketry, for I could not observe that our shot in the least
affected them ; and I believe they might have been blazing
away at us yet, had it not been for our artillery, which was
loaded by Lieut. Spencer (a brave officer) with grape and
other shot, and dislodged them, it is supposed, with the loss
of two or three men ; but this is only supposition. But
: t ,,jj( 5
Harrington, and Messrs. Boulk and Hayne, found the estate nearly insolvent.
Mr. Ball was not satisfied, and brought suit against them, but recovered
nothing.
* It will be remembered Mr. Harrington was now Sheriff of Cheraw District.
272 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
they by no means behaved like cowards, for they turned and
fired in their retreat, and gained the end, I suppose, they
desired, to haul off the schooner while they amused us.
Last night they threw up two entrenchments behind the
Oyster Bank, and attacked us with howitzers, field-pieces,
and musketry from the same, and one 8-pounder from South
Island. Being ordered on business to the fort, I was ab-
sent at the time of the fray ; but was informed by every
officer the firing was not near so sharp as yesterday. That
of yesterday continued incessantly from musketry from 25
to 30 minutes. This morning it was much longer, but very
few muskets were fired, being at about one hundred yards
greater distance. Indeed, on our side, only two rifles were
fired, and the 1 8-pounder about three or four times ; after
which our artillery was hauled off, and are now placed at
about a quarter of a mile from the point of Sullivan's Island,
where the hills begin. We, fortunately, had nobody killed
or wounded either day ; but had blankets, &c., shot through,
and the stock of a gun broke in a man's hand. We picked
up many of their bullets, for they fell so nigh us we saw
their whiz in the sand.
" I must to you do justice to Capt. F. Boyakin (nay, I
am in conscience bound to do it). He came down to us in
the very hottest of the fire yesterday. I believe there were
about sixteen to twenty guns on our side. The enemy are
now busy improving their entrenchments.
" I suppose we shall have another brush to-night or to-
morrow. Several of our people have, with them, mutually
laid down their arms, and walked to the edge of the creek
and conversed a proceeding highly criminal, and now put
a stop to. The Highlanders in these conversations always
asked after, and sent their compliments to their country-
men. They likewise frequently give us scurrilous language.
Their sentries were so nigh us last night, that we could hear
them hail quite distinctly, and their drums &c. are almost
as familiar to us as our own.
' I am afraid I shall have some uneasiness about Bob.
Our field-officers objected to my having so much pay for
him, and I did not propose taking any more for him as that
was the case, after the last return, which was the 20th
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 273
instant. But he certainly was a slave to the regiment, and
the best drummer in it. He is consequently now missed
and inquired after, and I have told them I never intend to
take any more pay for him, as they grumbled at it. But
they tell me I have no right to withdraw him, and I really
think their reply is reasonable, as I have received pay for
him. You know the number belonging to J . I think
there is really great risk in his being here ; and you, as
his parent by adoption, and guardian by my choice, will
do as justice directs you about him, for he is now in your
hands.
" I am, my dear Captain,
" Your ever sincere and affectionate friend,
" SAML. WISE.
" P.S. Remember me to every inquiring friend, particu-
larly the two Mrs. Pegues.
" N.B. I might have informed you that a report prevails
there is a larger fleet off than that already here, which I
believe not ; that our regiment have never pulled off their
clothes by night since we left HaddrelFs Point ; that we
have been constantly up for several nights past from 12 or
1 o'clock to sunrise, and on guard, fatigue, or alarm all day.
But we are still Rangers, and must do everything, and yet
are not worth our rations, though masons, &c., from town,
&c., say, they are sure we may easily kill five hundred of
the enemy before they reach the fort. Pretty language this,
to troops they despise ! Remember, we are here three
hundred and ten privates, and are to kill five hundred by
task work. Adieu ! My patience bears no more ; but place
me where they will, I'll go. I hate to be tasked. We are
now in the hands of Omnipotence, and to this must we look
for redress through our own endeavours, and not to our
own ability ; and may the Sovereign of the universe pro-
tect and defend you, my dear friend ! I might have told
you our brave Rangers hauled off the three pieces of artil-
lery to-day, in spite of their musketry and bombs; but to-
day they were Highlanders that engaged us. I may like-
wise inform you a large vessel is this instant run aground
in coming over the bar/'
T
274 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
This letter* was addressed to H. W. Harrington, Esq.,
Haddrell's Point, or elsewhere. " Captain H, had come
down since the early part of June, in command of a com-
pany of volunteers from St. David's Parish, and was now
at HaddrelTs Point ; Major Wise, as it appears, not having
been informed of his arrival, or exact locality. He did not
take part, however, in the action of the following day,
Friday, 28th June a day rendered ever memorable for the
signal victory obtained over a proud and powerful foe !
This repulse of the enemy led to a state of comparative
repose for the inhabitants.
There were many suspicious characters, however, to be
looked after, and not a few had to be confined.
The following order was issued soon after, viz. :
" The Sheriff of Cheraw District will receive and detain
in the Gaol of said District, Henry Machie, John Champ-
neys, and James Carson, whose going at large is dangerous
to the liberties of America and the safety of the colony.
"J. RUTLEDGE.
" Charles-town, August 2nd, 1776."
A few days after, another order was also despatched with
reference to the same matter, to this effect :
" The State Prisoners sent to Cheraw Gaol are to be
treated with humanity and kept only under the restraint
necessary to prevent their escape their confinement being
intended only to secure them and prevent their going at
laj>ge * " J. RUTLEDGE.
" August 6th, I776."f
On the 5th of August, President Rutledge issued a Pro-
clamation, requiring the Legislative Council and General
Assembly to meet at Charles-town, on Tuesday, 17th of
September, for the despatch of divers weighty and impor-
tant affairs. An election having been ordered, to fill two
* The letter of Major Wise forms a part of the collection of General Harring-
ton, in possession of his son, Colonel H. W. Harrington, of Richmond County,
No. Ca., who kindly gave the author access to the whole,
f Harrington manuscripts.
HISTOKY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 275
vacancies for the Parish of St. David's, Henry Wm. Har-
rington and George Hicks, Esqrs., were duly returned, and
with Col. Powell took their seats. Mr. Pegues appeared on
the 19th. Col. George Pawley and Col. M'Intosh, the other
members for St. David's, were absent, the latter doubtless
being engaged in military service.
On the 30th of Sept., " the Speaker laid before the
House a letter, which he had received from George
Gabriell Powell, Esq., and the same being read, was as
follows:
" ' Sir, I understand there are charges of an extraordi-
nary nature against me, laid before your honorable House.
I humbly request, therefore, that I may be heard in my
defence by a committee, before any resolution is taken
thereupon, trusting that I shall be able so to acquit myself,
as to stand fair in the opinion of my country, which is
above all things desirable, to
"' Honorable Sir,
" ' Your most obt. humble servant,
"'Charles-town, Sept. 30th, 1776. '"' G. G. POWELL/
" Whereupon, it was ordered, that the consideration of the
said letter be postponed."
Of the character of the charges referred to, nothing is
known. The subsequent records of the House make no
mention of the matter; and the probability is, that having
been found to be a groundless slander or the work of some
malicious enemy, no further notice was taken of the affair.
There is at least no evidence that Col. Powell suffered at all
in the public estimation.
On the 10th of October, it was resolved by the House,
" that the Committee of St. David's Parish do take into
their custody the salt now in Mr. John Mitchell's store, at
Cheraw Hill, paying for the same at the rate of fifty shil-
lings currency per bushel." " And that they sell and dis-
tribute the said salt to and amongst such of the inhabitants
of this State, as have not lately received a dividend of the
salt in Charles-town, or at Winyaw, who shall apply for the
same, in the proportion of one half bushel to six white
T 2
276 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
persons in a family/' This action indicates the extreme
scarcity of this article, and to what shifts the distressed
inhabitants were driven, alike destitute to a great extent of
the means of defence and necessaries of life.
At this Session of Assembly, an Act was passed, making
a change as to the places of election for St. David's. The
preamble was in these words : " Whereas, the great extent
of the Parish of St. David's renders it exceedingly incon-
venient for all the inhabitants thereof to attend the elections
at the parish church, and it would greatly conduce to their
ease if the election was held one day at the court house in
the said parish, and the other day at the parish church
thereof/' &c. : and thus it was arranged.
After the adjournment of the Court for Charles-town
District in October, Chief Justice Drayton presiding, the
Judges commenced their circuits throughout the state.
The charge of the Chief Justice to the Grand Jury of
Charles-town was marked by learning and patriotic ardor,
and published in the Gazettes, producing, as on former
occasions, a decided effect upon the public mind. The
Court for Cheraws District was opened on Tuesday, 15th of
Nov., and the following presentments were made by the
Grand Jury :
" I. When we reflect on the many grievances that the
good people of North America have long labored under
from the numerous oppressive and unconstitutional acts of
the British Parliament, but more particularly some that
have been passed since the conclusion of the late war; and
at the same time consider, that their most humble and
dutiful petitions and remonstrances against these acts have
been always answered by a repetition of similar, nay, some-
times greater injuries and oppressions ; we find them justi-
fied by the laws of God and Nature, and compelled by the
dictates of reason and humanity, to dissolve their union
with that Government, and to renounce all allegiance thereto.
It is, therefore, with the highest pleasure, that the Grand
Jury for the District of Cheraws embraces this first oppor-
tunity of congratulating our fellow-citizens and American
brethren on the late declaration of the Constitutional Con-
gress, constituting the United Colonies of North America
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 277
free and independent States, and the inhabitants thereof
totally absolved from any allegiance to the British Crown,
that being the only means now left of securing to them-
selves and their posterity the inestimable blessings of
liberty and happiness, and which we, as freemen, are re-
solved to support and defend at the hazard of our lives and
fortunes.
" II. We present the want of a new jury list in this
district, and recommend that a law may be passed for that
purpose.
" Lastly. We return our thanks to his Honor, the Judge,
for his most excellent charge delivered the first day of this
sessions,
" Claudius Pegues, Foreman. L.S.
Charles M'Call. L.S.
Thomas Ellerbe. L.S.
John Wilds. L.S,
Zachariah Nettles. L.S.
Thomas Ayer. L.S.
Martin Kolb. L.S.
Abel Edwards. L.S.
Philip Pledger. L.S.
Robert Lide. L.S.
John Kimbrough. L.S.
Thomas Lide. L.S.
William Pouncey. L.S.
Moses Speight. L.S.
John Mikell. L.S.
Martin Dewitt. L.S.
Magnus Corgill. L.S.
Aaron Daniel. L.S.
Richard Curtis. L.S.
Abel Wilds. L.S.
Thomas James. L.S."*
The occasion, memorable as the first presented to the
people of Cheraws, since the 4th of July previous, for the
expression of their sentiments, was hailed with delight, and
rendered worthy, in the improvement made of it, to be
* Gazette.
278 HISTORY OP THE OLD CHERAWS.
placed side by side with others that had gone before. No-
thing could be added to give weight to what the Grand
Jury here declared to the world, but the redeeming the
pledge of " life and fortune/' This had already been done
in part, and was within a few years following to be com-
pleted by the costliest oblations on the altar of freedom.
In consequence of the unsettled state of affairs, the Court
for Cheraws District did not sit again until the fall of 1778,
and after that no more until the war was over.
For more than two years to come, the British confining
their operations chiefly to the northward, South Carolina
enjoyed a state of profound repose.
A lucrative trade was carried on by waggons with the
States south of New Jersey. Commerce flourished and
plenty abounded. With the exception of occasional incur-
sions by the Tories along the border, there was little to
mar the pleasures of the calm which thus succeeded the
opening storm. And even the spirit of the Tories was
crushed by the brilliant victory of Fort Moultrie, and the
departure of the enemy.
Liberty had risen to the ascendant. And until Carolina
became again the scene of hostile operations, no incident of
special interest transpired in connexion with the struggle
on the Pedee. So long as the Whigs could remain at home,
domestic enemies kept at a distance.
On the 18th of Feb., 1777, the parish of St. David lost a
prominent man and useful citizen, Arthur Hart, Esq. He
died at his residence on Pedee, having served his country
faithfully from the commencement of the struggle for inde-
pendence, leaving a son, James Hart, to transmit his name
and spirit to his descendants.
We hear again from Major Wise, now of the Continental
line, in the following letter to Capt. Harrington :
"Nelson's Ferry, 1st March, 1777.
" My dear Friend, We are once more ordered to Georgia,
that State being actually invaded, and a whole company
of our regiment at Fort M'Intosh* taken prisoners. Samuel
* Fort M'Intosh is a stockade on the St. Jues. Winn, our captain, behaved
well.
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 279
Williams was with the party that took our people. To-
morrow we leave, and I shall have the command of the main
detachment on the march. Col. Thompson goes ahead with
a few horse, and Col. Mayson is absent.
" I have no papers to send you. We are out of the lati-
tude of news here.
" Believe me, my dearest Friend,
" Your ever well wisher,
" H. W. Harrington, Esq. " SAM. WISE.
" Pedee."
On the 9th of April, writs of election were issued for fill-
ing up vacancies in the General Assembly.
One member was returned for St. David's, in the room
of the Hon. Alexander M'Intosh, who had been elected a
member of the Legislative Council.
Thus the year 1777 passed on and drew to a close.
Attention began to be turned to other matters, now that
comparative quiet was restored, and the public mind to some
extent relieved from the long- continued agitation to which it
had been subjected.
The education of the young, in consequence of the troubles
of the past, had been sadly neglected. The evil was sorely
felt, and a general determination manifested to provide
against its continuance.
Of the efforts made in this direction, in St. David's, some
account will be given in the next chapter.
280 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
CHAPTER XIII.
St. David's Society Its organization First members Others added Original
subscription paper Incorporation of the society Its subsequent history
Origin of " Society Hill " Character of the community Military organi-
zation on Pedee Military Acts Alexander M'Intosh a brigadier general
Letters of Major Wise Oath of allegiance Account of it Original record
Letter of Major Wise Presentments of grand jury of Cheraws Represen-
tatives elected for S>t. David's Letter of Henry William Harrington Of
Major Wise Death of Colonel Powell Account of him State of public
affairs Colonel M'Intosh in service Correspondence with General Moultrie
Movements of the army M'Intosh's reply to the enemy General alarm
through the State Armies in motion Siege of Charles-town Colonel
M'Intosh a commissioner to treat with the enemy Siege raised Public
rejoicings Extracts from Pugh's journal Attack on Savannah Major
Wise killed His character Loss of others from Pedee Captain Harring-
ton removes to No. Ca. His promotions Judge Pendleton elected repre-
sentative in place of Major Wise Extracts from Journal of Assembly on
subject Tories in gaol Maurice Murphy a colonel Gloomy prospects for
the State.
ABOUT this time appears the first mention of a society
which was destined to exert an important influence on the
welfare of the communities bordering on the Upper Pedee.
But little attention had hitherto been given to the sub-
ject of education. With a country recently settled, and
most of the inhabitants poor, it was to be expected that
matters of material interest would first engage the thoughts
of the people. For some years past, too, the public distur-
bances, so deeply affecting the peace and prosperity of the
infant settlements, had seriously retarded their progress.
Being now, however, in a state of comparative repose, and
with brighter prospects for the future, the welfare of the
rising generation was no longer overlooked.
On the 13th of December, 1777, this entry appears in
the Rev. Mr. Pugh's Journal : " Assembled at the Meeting
House, in Society, to promote learning ;" and on the 20th,
" went to Dr. Mills', about the Society's rules/' On the 31st,
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 281
also, " went to the Neck,* to the Society, signed the rules,
chose officers, &c."
The Hon. Alexander M'Intosh was elected president, and
George Hicks and Abel Kolb, wardens.
The society took the name of " St. David's," and by that
honored appellation continued afterwards to be distinguished.
The names of those who participated in the organization
were as follows, viz. ;
Gen. Alexander M'Intosh Col. George Hicks
Col. Thomas Lide Capt. Thomas Ellerbe
Wm. Henry Mills William Terrel
Abel Wilds Thomas Evans, sen.
Major Robert Lide Joshua Edwards
Capt. Daniel Sparks Col. Abel Kolb
Rev. Elhanan Winchester Nathanael Saunders
Capt. William Dewitt Thomas James
Rev. Evan Pugh William Pegues, Esq.
Benjamin Rogers
On the 31st of January, 1778, were added to the list of
members,
Capt. Philip Pledger Richard Hodge
Abel Edwards Col. George Pawley
Thomas Powe John O'Neall
William Ellerbe William Thomas, Esq.
Charles Mason Edward Irby
Jeremiah Brown Major John Kimbrough
Joshua Terrel Peter Allston, Esq.
Benjamin Williamson Captain Simon Connell
Capt. Edward Jones Cap. George King
John Wilds Philip Singleton
James Hicks Capt. Benjamin Hicks
John Thompson Charles Irby
William Blassingame Capt. Claudius Pegues, Jr.
Capt. Charles Gee Edward Blake.
John Hodge
The organization or the society excited much interest
among the inhabitants of St. David's Parish.
An original subscription paper of the date just mentioned,
* The Welch Neck.
282 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHBRAWS.
with a preamble, has survived the ravages of time, and is
in these words, viz. :
" As the endowing and establishing public schools and
other seminaries of learning has ever been attended with the
most salutary effects, as well by cultivating in youth the
principles of religion and every social virtue, as by enabling
them afterwards to fill with dignity and usefulness the most
important departments of the State ; who that is a lover
of his country, as he looks around him, can fail to deplore
the great want of this necessary qualification in our youth,
especially in the interior parts of it, at this early period of
our flourishing and rising state. In the future, when we
shall be at liberty to make our own laws without the con-
trol of an arbitrary despot, what heart would not glow with
pleasure to see a senate filled with learned, wise, and able
men, for the want of whom the most flourishing republics
have become the tools of arbitrary despots. And whereas,
there is a society established in the Parish of St. David,
by the name of the St. David's Society, purposely for
founding a public school in the said parish for educating
youths in the Latin and Greek languages, mathematics, and
other useful branches of learning, by those who are not of
ability, without assistance, to carry so useful and necessary
an effort into effect :
" Wherefore, in order to contribute to so laudable and
benevolent an undertaking, we, whose names are hereunto
subscribed, do promise to pay, or cause to be paid into
the hands of the Secretary of the said Society, the respec-
tive sums subjoined to each of our names, whenever the
same is called for by the said Secretary or his order.
" Witness our hands, the 31st day of January, 1778.
s.
William Lide . 100
John Wilson . . 50
Philemon Thomas 25
Duke Glen . . 25
John Jenkins . 25
William Jones . 25
John Speed . . 25
Nathan Savage . 100
s.
Charles Irby . . 50
Joseph Johnson . 50
John Manderson 50
John Ogle . . 500
Joseph Pledger . 50
John Pledger . 50
Benjamin James 20
Isaiah Frisbe 50
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 283
S.
Joseph Dabbs . 50
Jethro Moore . 25
Charles Evans . 50
Joseph Gourley . 25
Nathanael Sanders 100
Tristram Thomas 55
Charles Sparks . 100
John Thompson . 50
Edmund Irby . 50
John Lucas . 25
Samuel De Saurency 12 10
Andrew Dick 15
s.
Moses Fort . . 25
John Mikell . . 50
William Forniss . 50
David Roach . 25
William Vann . 5
Enoch Evans, Jun. 20
Etheldred Clary . 25
Aaron Daniel . 50
Samuel Winds . 60
Baily Clark . . 100
Thomas Deane . 50
Thomas Ayer . 10 0"*
In the sentiments expressed, and the laudable interest
taken in so timely and noble an undertaking, this paper
does honor to the early days of the Pedee. The most of
the subscribersf lived in other parts of the parish, at some
distance from Long Bluff.
On the 7th of May, a few names were added to the list
of members, viz., James Blassirigame, Adam Cusack, John
M'Call, Hugh Jones, and Rev. John Cowen.
At a meeting of the society, July 27th, were added the
names of David Roach, Alex. Craig, Jethro Moore, Robert
Gibson, and Henry Clark; and on 14th September, Rev.
John Brown.
In December of this year (1778), St. David's Society was
incorporated. The Preamble to the Act was in these
words : " Whereas, sundry inhabitants of the Cheraw Dis-
trict have formed themselves into a society by the name of
the ' Saint David's Society/ for the express purpose of insti-
tuting and endowing a seminary of learning in the District
of Cheraw, to instruct and educate youth in the necessary
and useful branches of knowledge, and have made humble
application to the General Assembly of this State to be in-
corporated, and invested with such powers and privileges as
may most effectually advance the views of the said Society:
100, depreciated in May, 1778, was equivalent to 30 8*. 9 \d. 100,
old currency in sterling, to 14 5*. S%d.
f Some of the names on the subscription list appear here for the first and
last in the records of the time, as in the case of Dr. John Ogle, the largest
subscriber.
284 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
Therefore, be it enacted, That the Honorable Alexander
M'Intosh, Esq., President of the said Society, and George
Hicks and Abel Kolb, Esqrs., the present Wardens, and the
several persons -who now are, or who shall hereafter be,
members of the said Society, shall be a body incorporate/'
Subsequent to this time, no further progress appears to
have been made, until the troubles of the Revolution were
over, when the society was reorganized, and went into
vigorous operation.
The first school-house was erected a few yards from the
spot where the building known to the present generation
was used as an academy until within a few years since. It
was near the brow of the first commanding eminence above
the river, about three quarters of a mile distant.
Of the first teachers nothing is known. For more than
a half century after, the academy of St. David's was of dis-
tinguished note in the eastern section of the State. Many
were prepared within its walls for a more thorough course
of study abroad ; and others, not less eminent in after years,
looked back to it as their only Alma Mater.
About this time, settlements began to be made still fur-
ther out from the river, along the line of the present vil-
lage, and from the society then established, the infant com-
munity took the name of " Society Hill."
Formed of planters in easy circumstances, though for the
most part yet of small estates, but who continued to grow
in wealth and refinement, this community became noted for
the intelligence and virtue of its members, and in all the
essential elements of character and progress changed less
than almost any other to be found. It presented no attrac-
tions to men of enterprise from abroad, and opened but
little field for the spirit of adventure or speculation to those
in its midst, and continued, as a consequence, to be marked
by those quiet and conservative traits which an agricultural
people, with a sound religious sentiment pervading them,
might be expected to display. Since the early part of
1775, the military organization on the Pedee had undergone
important changes. At that time, as will be remembered,
Col. G. G. Powell was in command of the Cheraw Regi-
ment, one of the thirteen into which the militia of the State
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 285
was then divided, "with Charles Augustus Steward, Lieut.-
Colonel, and Abraham Buckholts, Major. In the latter
part of 1777, Geo. Hicks was Colonel, Abel Kolb, Lieut.-
Col., and Lemuel Benton, Major. Col. Hicks probably
succeeded Col. Powell.
The Militia Act of March, 1778, which repealed all
former Acts, as well as the '' Resolves of the late Provincial
Congress," provided for a division of the militia into three
brigades, for each of which a brigadier- general and major of
brigade were to be appointed. Prior to that time, as already
mentioned, the only organization was that of companies,
battalions or troops, and regiments.
Under the Act of 1778, no volunteer company was to be
formed, and those previously existing were to be disbanded
whenever there should cease to be fifty effective men on
their muster rolls. No regiment was to be divided unless
containing more than twelve hundred men. Lieut.-Colonel
Alexander Mlntosh was appointed to the command of the
brigade, embracing the eastern portion of the State.
This position he maintained till his death, as appears
from the private records and public journals of the day.
Major Wise continued to write to his friend, Capt. Har-
rington, giving some account of matters as they transpired
in other parts of the State, and in Georgia ;
" My dear Friend, " Charles-town, January 22, 1778.
ff You herewith receive the last paper printed,
or likely to be for some time, on account of the fire which
happened here on the morning of the ]5th inst., which
burned down all along the Bay, from Queen's Street to
Stol's Alley and back in a parallel line to Church Street,
except a few scattering houses. The Tories have been by
some few accused of it, but the real cause was, I believe,
accidental in Union Street, and an excessively high wind.
Indigo is very dull sale, at 60s., and rice at 70*. the
embargo still continuing. We have a report of a French
war, but nothing certain.
" The Assembly have granted a million to purchase pro-
duce to ship for dry goods, to be sold to the public at 25
per cent, profit ; and chose the following delegates, viz.,
286 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
Christopher Gadsden, A. Middleton, Wm. H. Drayton, H.
Laurens, and J. Matthews. The last wanted a few votes,
but I am sure will be chosen to-morrow.
" Three companies of our regiment and myself are ordered
to town to do duty, with Col. Pinckney. Therefore I shall
be stationed here, probably for some time. I have sent for
the Georgia Constitution for you, and hope to get it.
" 24th. Since writing the above, a report prevails that an
engagement happened on Christmas-day between Generals
Washington and Howe the particulars unknown. Some
say Washington was defeated.
" I am, dear Sir,
" Your ever afft. friend,
" S. WISE.
" Henry Wm. Harrington, Esq., Pedee."
" My dear Sir, " Charles-town, 12 April, 1778.
" The General having ordered me with 200 men
to Georgia (notwithstanding he had given me leave to come
up), prevents my attending Court, and I fear will be of bad
consequence to you in your trial with James. I will be
greatly obliged to you if you will deliver the enclosed to
Col. Hicks. The Tories here are of opinion they will
govern before the summer is over.
" Indeed, Col. Powell told me yesterday he would not go
off, for we should have enough on our hands without
troubling them.
" Gen. Howe writes from Georgia, that the enemy are
collecting at St. Augustine from West Florida and every
other quarter, to attack Georgia ; and that this affair of the
Tories from the back country marching, is a plan settled
some time ago. I know it will by the ignorant be attri-
buted to the oath. I don't expect to see you before July,
even should we not be attacked.
" I promised myself much satisfaction from this intended
jaunt to Pedee, for my wife and son-in-law were coming
with me.
" However, you know a soldier ought to be patient under
disappointments.
" I understand Hodge brought in several letters and gave
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 287
them to Wiley, but none of them have reached me. Were
it not that I knew of this circumstance, I might suspect my
friends on Pedee had forgotten the man who is resolved
never to forget them, or the place where the partner of his
heart is deposited.
" We have great hopes of peace from the accounts re-
ceived from the Southward. God speed it, I say.
" I am, with the most sincere regard,
" Dear Sir, ever your affect, friend,
" S. WISE.
" Henry Wm. Harrington, Esq., Pedee."
The oath referred to in this letter in connexion with the
Tories, was that enacted by the Assembly in March of this
year, as an oath or affirmation of allegiance, to be taken by
every adult male, in the following words, viz. : " I, A. B.,
do swear or affirm that I will bear true faith or allegiance
to the State of South Carolina, and will faithfully support,
maintain, and defend the same, against George the Third,
King of Great Britain, his successors, abettors, and all
other enemies and opposers whatsoever; and will, without
delay, discover to the Executive Authority, or some one
Justice of the Peace in this State, all plots and conspiracies
that shall come to my knowledge, against the said State, or
any other of the United States of America. So help me
God."
Those who refused this oath were obliged to depart the
country, being permitted to leave their families if they
desired it, and also to sell or carry off their estates.
It is not surprising that the disaffected were excited by
it to the bitterest resolves.
An original certificate* in the printed form, which appears
to have been distributed throughout the State, is in these
words, viz. : " I do hereby certify, that Thomas Quick hath
taken and subscribed the Oath of Allegiance and Fidelity,
as directed by an Act of the General Assembly of the
State of South Carolina, entitled, " An Act to oblige every
free male inhabitant of this State, above a certain age, to
* In the author's possession. It was found among the papers of Thomas
Quick.
288 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
give assurance of Fidelity and Allegiance to the same, and
for other purposes therein mentioned.
" JAMES HICKS, Capt.
" May, the 29th day, 1778."
Again Major Wise writes :
"Charles-town, 18th April, 1778.
" My dear Friend,
" I wrote you by Mr. Strother of my
being ordered to Georgia, for which place I set off to-
morrow, with 150 rank and file of ours 58 of the 1st and
50 of the 6th, under command of Col. C. C. Pinckney a
circumstance I like much. The Tories are said to be
assembled there to the nunlber of 500 nay, some accounts
say, 1700.
" Remember me to all your family, and believe me,
" Your ever sincere Friend,
" S. WISE.
" Henry Wm. Harrington, Esq., Pedee."
The Court for Cheraw District opened on the 16th of
November. The Grand Jury made the following present-
ments :
" I. We present, as a great grievance, the number of
Representatives in the General Assembly, humbly appre-
hending that thereby the State is put to an unnecessary
expense, and that if the representation was smaller it would
be thereby more respectable, and the public business be
done with facility.
" II. We present, as a grievance, the want of a public
post throughout this State.
" III. We present, as a grievance, the want of a bridge
over Black Creek, and over Thompson's Creek, near Roger's
Ferry, and over Crooked Creek.
" Lastly. We recommend that these presentments may
be published in the Gazettes.
" William Henry Mills, Foreman. L.S.
George Hicks. L.S.
John Hodge. L.S.
Peter Roach. L.S.
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHEEAWS. 289
Thomas Ellerbe. L.S.
William Dewitt. L.S.
Claudius Pegues, sen. L.S.
Benjamin Hicks. L.S.
Thomas Hicks. L.S.
Thomas Ayer. L.S.
John Pigot. L.S.
Joseph Pledger. L.S.
William Blassingame. L.S.
Claudius Pegues, jun. L.S.
Henry Council. L.S.
Joshua Edwards. L.S.
" Ordered that the said presentments be printed and pub-
lished.
" By the Court,
" THOMAS POWE, C.C.T."
By the Constitution, adopted in March previous, the
representation had been reapportioned, and provision made
for the election of senators. The parishes retained, in most
instances, the number of representatives they had before.
No change was made in the case of St. David's, which was
now entitled to one senator and six representatives. The
grand jury called in question the wisdom or expediency of
this feature of the new Constitution, and were bold enough
to recommend a change. Elections were ordered for the
last Monday in November; and for St. David's, Hon.
Alexander M'Intosh was returned as senator ; for repre-
sentatives, William Standard, Charles Evans, Win. Henry
Mills, William Pegues, and Abel Kolb, Esquires ; leaving a
vacancy, which was subsequently filled by the election of
Major Wise.
The Legislature was to meet on the first Monday in
January ensuing, in Charles-town.
The following letter will convey some idea of the trying
wants of this period, as experienced by the people of the in-
terior :
" Colonel Joseph Kershaw.
Dear Sir, Our friend, Claudius Pegues, Esq., is so greatly
distressed by an unfortunate accident that happened to his
290 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
eldest son last Tuesday, that he cannot write on the subject ;
but well knowing your friendship for him, has desired me to
beg the favor of you, Sir, to give Mr. John Wright, the
bearer of this, all possible assistance in obtaining amputating
instruments at or near Camden. The young man received
a load of Bristol shot, from his own gun, in his right arm,
just above the wrist, by which both bones are much shat-
tered ; and notwithstanding the immediate assistance of two
doctors, we, from certain appearances, are apprehensive of
mortification; and our doctors having no instruments, in
order to be prepared for the worst, we now make this appli-
cation to our friend to assist us in obtaining an amputating
saw for the arm, and a needle. Your brother, Sir, has been
so good as to write on our behalf in a pressing manner to Mr.
Duncan McRae ; but our fears suggest to us, as there is a
possibility of that gentleman's being from home, that that
may now be the case ; and as a disappointment of this nature
may greatly endanger the life of my young friend, permit
me, Sir, to entreat you to interest yourself in this matter;
and then, if instruments are to be had, I doubt not but we
shall be so far happy as to obtain them.
" I am, with high regard,
" Your most humble and
" Most obedient Servant,
" HENRY WM. HARRINGTON.
" Deer. 13, 1778."
Soon after this, Major Wise writes from Purysburg. The
conflict was waxing warm in that quarter.
"Head- quarters, Purysburg, 18th January, 1779.
" Dear Harrington, I write you merely because, when an
opportunity offers, I wish it not to escape me. We gather
here pretty fast ; but you know what militia are, no sooner
come, than for going again. We may have here now nearly
or quite 3000, and expect 1500 more in two or three days
from your State.* Our back country militia has not yet
joined us. Howe is gone, regretted by none. Our present
* Captain Harrington had removed to North Carolina.
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 291
general (Lincoln) seems to command for himself, and I hope
will do better.
" The living was never so well found. He lets us want
for nothing that is necessary to be had. Nor are we turned
out and harassed for every trifle. The army is as little
fatigued as possible. The enemy have their full swing in
Georgia, and are in possession of all the ferries, which, I
apprehend, will make it very difficult re-entering Georgia.
The Georgians have joined them in shoals, and have taken
arms against us. Yet I am satisfied it is more through ne-
cessity than choice, for we really abandoned them and their
property to the enemy. And should we now leave this
place (such is our present situation), and march up the
country to cross the river high up, the enemy might, in the
interim, enter Carolina here, and take the two remaining
galleys, which have been warped up here just above the tide-
way. We lost in Sunbury Fort, which is taken, upwards of 100
more prisoners, with the cannon and everything there. I
never before could imagine it possible that such showers of
bullets could have been fired without doing more execution.
The enemy fired on us thirty-eight minutes in flank, front,
and rear ; and so nigh as to abuse us with their tongues ;
and we scarcely ever returned the fire, and had to retreat
over a causeway across an impassable swamp a full quarter.
Of our regiment, we had but one sergeant killed, and
four privates wounded, and sixty -four made prisoners.
" I am, my dear friend,
" Yours most sincerely,
" SAMUEL WISE.
" Remember me to your family.
" The enemy and we are frequently corresponding by way
of flags, and they seem in this respect more ready than is
judged expedient. It is suspected they send, through this
means, to gain intelligence.
However, they are polite, and it is said, use our prisoners
well."
The parish of St. David was now to mourn the loss of
one who had been long and prominently connected with its
history.
u 2
292 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
No man of the time had occupied a more conspicuous
or honorable place in all connected with the public interests
of the Pedee than George Gabriel Powell. On the 21st of
January his useful life was brought to a close in Christ
Church Parish. Having early won the confidence and affec-
tion of the people on the Pedee, he retained his place in
their esteem with singular uniformity through years of
eventful changes, relinquishing at times, in their behalf,
positions of more commanding influence, returning to their
service as his first love, and devoting to it his maturest
labours to the end of his career.
His memory should never cease to be cherished with
admiring gratitude by the descendants of those whom he so
faithfully served.
The Legislature was now in session in Charles-town, and
in February elected William Strother Sheriff of Cheraws
district.
Attention, however, was now to be turned from civil
affairs to the reapproaching struggle for liberty and life,
and the comparative calm which had been enjoyed for two
years past was to be no more known until the close of the
war.
After the failure of the British Commissioners to effect
a reunion of the Colonies with the Mother Country, the
struggle was recommenced on a new system. The order of
procedure was changed, and the South became henceforth
the principal theatre of offensive operations.
The close of 1778 saw more active and vigorous prepara-
tions than before for a decisive blow upon the South. In
December of that year Savannah was taken, and South
Carolina became a frontier state, calling for redoubled efforts
on the part of her people. The public spirit was roused to
the highest pitch, and everywhere military movements were
being made. The churches were deserted, and the inhabi-
tants generally in a state of commotion and alarm. Lieut. -
Col. M'Intosh was now actively engaged in the service of
the State. After the evacuation of Augusta by the enemy,
he was detached, in command of a company of regulars,
with a party of militia under Col. Howard, in all about 200,
to follow the enemy and harass them in the rear.
HISTORY OF THE OLD 'CHERAWS. 293
Col. M'Intosh appears to have possessed, in an eminent
degree, the confidence and affection of Genl. Moultrie.
About this time the following correspondence took place
between them.
" (Sent by express).
" Black Swamp, Apl. 29, 1779.
" Dear Sir,
" You must endeavor to join us, if you can
without any great risk. I wish you could have given me
an account of the enemy's number. I could better judge
how to act ; the light horseman informs me you imagine
them upwards of three hundred men. I think you were
right to retreat in time, as your force would not be equal
to theirs by any means. I expect soon to have accounts
from you and more particulars ; as you have no baggage,
you may cross the country to this.
" I am, &c.,
" WILLIAM MOULTRIE. "*
To this letter, Col. Mlntosh replied as follows :
" Coosahatchie, Apl. 30th, 1779.
"Dear General:
" Last night two deserters from the
enemy came to Bee's Creek ; they were of the light infantry.
They say Col. Maitland commanded yesterday, that he had
the light infantry, and the 2nd battalion of the 71st regi-
ment, amounting to eight or nine hundred men ; that they
were to send for three field-pieces and three six-pounders,
with a reinforcement to make them up 1500 men; that
they did not know the ColoneFs plan, but that they heard
it said that he intended to proceed to Charles-town, and
that he had thirty or forty Indians with him. I have given
Genl. Bull and Col. Skirving information of these particulars ;
the men are so lame that I cannot be up before to-morrow
night. We are all safe.
" I am, &c.,
" ALEXANDER M'lNxosH.f
" Brig.-Genl. Moultrie."
* Moultrie's " Memoirs/* p. 389. f Ibid., p. 401.
294 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
On his retreat from Black Swamp immediately after,
having learned that the enemy had crossed the river at the
Two Sisters in great force, General Moultrie marched with
all possible expedition to Coosahatchie, giving notice to
Colonel M'Intosh, who was posted at Purysburg, to march
immediately, so as to join him, which he did that night.
Colonel M'Intosh gained no little note upon the open-
ing of the campaign in Georgia, by a reply to the enemy,
which became a well-known saying in the army. It
was in February, 1777, when a body of British troops, arriv-
ing at Sunbury, a party of them were detached to demand
the surrender of the fort, of which M'Intosh was in com-
mand. His answer was, " Come and take it /' which they
deemed it expedient not to attempt to do.
The militia were now marching to Charles-town from dif-
ferent parts of the back country.
Captain James Gregg, among others, went down on this
occasion, in command of a company from " Old Liberty "
just below the line of St. David's, on the west side of the
river.
General Prevost was now in pursuit of General Moultrie
with an army of 4000 men, General Lincoln marching
with hasty strides to come up with the British, Governor
Kutledge hurrying down from Orangeburg with about 600
militia, hastening to get to town, lest he should be shut
off.
Never was there such consternation and confusion, five
armies moving through the lower parts of the State at the
same time, and all for different purposes.
A large proportion of the militia of the State had. been
drafted, put under the command of Colonel Richardson,
and marched for the American head- quarters.* A portion
of this draft doubtless formed the expedition from Pedee,
long after spoken of as the "Black Swamp Voyage/'f
Its destination was Black Swamp, Beaufort District, or the
neighborhood, toward which a general movement had been
made. The term " Voyage " was used by writers of a pre-
vious age for expeditions either by land or sea, and being
* Ramsay's " Revolution," vol. ii. p. 12. f Ayer*s "Narrative.'
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 295
gradually adopted into the spoken language of the day, was
retained for a long period after, as in this instance, though
it had become obsolete with contemporary writers.
The retreating and invading forces concentrated towards
Charles-town, and but for a remarkable delay on the part of
General Prevost, when not far from the city, it would, as
all accounts agree, undoubtedly have been taken. In the
disposition of the troops for the defence of the town,
Colonel M'Intosh, with the 5th Regiment, was commanded
to take post in the redoubt, on the right side of the line.*
On the 12th of May, when the question was carried for
giving up the town on a neutrality, a respectable merchant
and citizen of Charles-town was affected to tears at the
humiliating spectacle.
Colonel John Laurens was requested to carry a message
from the Governor and Council to General Prevost, but
begged to be excused, saying, that though he would do any-
thing in his power to serve his country., he could not think
of carrying such a message as that. General Moultrie then
sent for Colonel M'Intosh, and requested he would go with
Colonel Roger Smith, who had been called on by the
Governor with the message. They both begged to be ex-
cused, but were at length pressed into compliance. Colonel
Prevost acted on the part of the British.
The message was to this effect : to propose a neutrality
during the war between Great Britain and America; and
the question, whether the State should belong to Great
Britain or remain one of the United States, was to be de-
termined by the treaty of peace between the two powers.
The commissioners held their conference a quarter of a mile
from the American gate. The enemy would accede to no
other terms but the surrender of the Americans as prisoners of
war. The result was speedily known, and at daylight the
next morning, the joyful report was spread along the lines
that the enemy had gone.f
The news of the siege was carried rapidly through the
State, and many were filled with alarm and gloomy fore-
bodings.
* Moultrie^s " Memoirs," p. 412. f Ibid., p. 431.
296 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHBRAWS.
This entry occurs in the journal of the Rev. Evan Pugh,
under date of May llth: "Have news of Charles- town
being besieged by the enemy. I feel melancholy about the
fate of Charles-town and my friends/'
Sounds of rejoicing, however, were soon to follow. On
the 14th of July, Mr. Pugh preached a thanksgiving sermon
for the signal deliverance from the foe. But the joyous
respite was of short duration.
With the approach of October, preparations were made
for an attack on Savannah by the combined forces of the
French and Americans. On the 9th of that month the
assault was made, and many sealed their devotion to liberty
with their blood. Among the number of these was Major
Samuel Wise, a gallant soldier of freedom and a cherished
son of Pedee. He served the country of his adoption with
enthusiastic ardor, and was ever true to those instincts
which he brought with him from the land of his birth.
Major Wise was possessed of a generous disposition and
high sense of honor. Scrupulous himself in his dealings
with others, he exacted a like course of conduct in return,
which involved him at times in serious difficulties. His
last years were saddened by reverse and bereavement. His
end was such as he desired it to be, at the post of duty and
in the thickest of the strife.
Leaving no son, his name disappeared, except in its re-
cords, from the history of Carolina, but will ever be cherished
as one on that extended roll of patriot worthies which these
stirring times produced. The death of this good soldier
was not the only one for which the inhabitants of the Pedee
were called to mourn on this occasion.
In his journal, November 9th, with reference to the siege
of Savannah, Mr. Pugh wrote: " We lost many youth ;" and
on the 21st, preached (Job. xiv. 1, 2) "A funeral for those
youths lost at Savannah, 9th October past, from these
parts."
Captain Harrington, having removed some time previous
to this from the Welch Neck on Pedee, to Richmond
County, North Carolina, was, on the 25th of November,
commissioned colonel of the militia of that county ; and, in
June of the following year, promoted to the brigadier-
HISTOEY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 297
generalship of the Salisbury District, which embraced an
extensive territory. His head-quarters afterward were
chiefly at Cross Creek ; a part of the time also at Haley's
ferry, and for a short period near Cheraw Hill.
The Legislature was now in session in Charles-town,
giving all the aid in its power to the defence of the State.
The death of Major Wise created a vacancy in the represen-
tation from St. David's, which was filled by the election of
the Hon. Henry Pendleton. Judge Pendleton had been on
the Law Bench since April, 1776; but at this time, and
until the adoption of the Constitution of 1790, a judge was
eligible to a seat in the Legislature. He was, however, not
a resident of St. David's Parish, and the Constitution of 1788
made the ownership of a settled estate and freehold in his
own right, of the value of three thousand four hundred
pounds currency, clear of debt, in the parish or district for
which a non-resident should be elected, necessary to his
eligibility. Whether he actually owned such an estate, or
was made for the time a nominal possessor, is not known.
There was a difficulty, however, connected with the election,
as appears from the following proceedings in the House of
Representatives, Jan. 24th, 1780, viz. : " Mr. Justice Burke
presented to this House a Petition of the Hon. Henry Pen-
dleton, Esq., and the same was received and read, setting
forth, that the Petitioner is informed by several inhabitants
and freeholders of the Parish of St. David's, that he was
unanimously elected by a majority of the electors of the
said parish, to be their representative in the General
Assembly, and that, by some accident or neglect, the writ
of election has never been returned. The Petitioner there-
fore prays that he may be admitted to his seat, and that the
right of representation may be reserved to the said parish,
notwithstanding any accident that may have befallen the said
writ, &c.
" Read also the following affidavit, which was presented
with the said Petition, viz. :
" South Carolina.
" George Cogdell maketh oath, that he was at the
election in St. David's Parish for a member to serve in the
298 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
General Assembly in the room of Major Wise, deceased,
about the latter end of November, held in consequence of a
writ issued for that purpose, when the Hon. H. Pendleton,
Esq., was, as he understands, unanimously elected, and sup-
poses the said writ, if not returned, must have been lost or
neglected/'
The campaign of 1779 ended without any decisive result
on either side. The Tories, as usual, had been actively at
work, the Whigs having been called away from their homes,
and some of the former were now paying the penalty, as
the following record shows :
" Received of Thomas Powe, Commissary of my Regi-
ment, 10 Ibs. corn flour, 750 Ibs. beef, and 450 Ibs. corn flour,
for use of my Regiment, guarding the Tories in jail. Oct.
30th, 1779. GEO. HICKS, Colonel/'*
This was the jail at Long Bluff, and these Tories had
doubtless been engaged in some attack or plundering expe-
dition, and captured.
Maurice Murphy was now in command as acting Colonel
in the lower part of St. David's Parish, on the east side of
the river, embracing probably a portion of Liberty Precinct.
He was a man of reckless daring and ardent patriotism, and
performed a most influential part throughout the war. Every
available resource of men and means was now called into
requisition.
The prospect was most inviting for the enemy.
The French had taken their departure; and no sooner
was this known, than a grand expedition was set on foot
from New York, under Sir Henry Clinton, for the reduction
of Charles-town, and the subjection of the State. The Con-
tinental Regiments in South Carolina had been greatly re-
.duced by the casualties of war and the expiration of their
terms of service. From twenty-four hundred in 1777, the
number was diminished to eight hundred in 1780. The
future was full of gloom for the Whigs. Nevertheless, the
resolution was adopted, ia full House of Assembly, to de-
fend Charles-town to the last extremity.
Comptroller's office, Columbia, S. C.
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 299
The militia were ordered to rendezvous, and every man
who could to take up arms. There was an ominous calm,
now that the conflict of 1779 had passed away ; and every
one felt that the last and decisive struggle was soon to begin.
The Whigs of Pedee were prepared for the strife, and an-
other chapter will show how nobly they responded to the
call of their country.
300 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
CHAPTER XIV.
Opening of year 1780 Response from Pedee for defence of Charles-town
Movement of forces No. Ca. militia under Colonel Harrington The colonel
leaves for Newbern His letter Effects of fall of Charles- town on the
people Incidents connected with it Extracts from Pugh's Journal
Feeling of the British Wemys's Expedition up Pedee Houses burned
Adam Cusack hung Reaches Cheraw Extracts from Pugh's Journal
Oath of allegiance Incidents connected with it Wemys returns Indul-
gence shown him afterwards by General Sumpter Extract of letter of Sir
H. Clinton Cornwallis takes command Disposition of British troops
M'Arthur sent to Cheraw Cornwall's despatches Account of Harrison,
a Tory colonel M'Arthur at Cheraw Letter of General Caswell
M'Arthur at Long Bluff Attempt to capture Thomas Ayer The result
Stirring scene Capture of Nathan Sweat His escape M. 'Arthur returns
to Cheraw Plundering parties at General Harrington's and Thomas
Ellerbe's Colonel Bryan, a Loyalist, marches to Cheraw Enemy alarmed
M'Arthur to fall back Cornwallis and Tarleton on subject General
Gates arrives at Pedee Proclamation M'Arthur leaves Expedition down
the river Its failure Whig exploit Major Thomas distinguishes himself
Colonel Mills escapes Cornwallis's and Tarleton's accounts of it Sick-
ness of British at Cheraw Account of 7 1st Regiment Safe conduct for
Mrs. Harrington Skirmish in Anson County Remarkable negro
Letter of J. L. Gervais Letter of Spruce M'Macay Accounts preceding
battle of Camden Effects of Gates's defeat Extracts from Pugh's Journal
George M'Call Movements about Long Bluff Colonel Kolb Samuel
Bacot's adventure with Tories Elias Du Bose's capture Tories plunder
Mrs. Harrington Subsequent flight General Harrington marches to Pedee
Letter of Colonel Nicholas Of General Gates Notice of Wemys Letter
of J. Penn ^Of Colonel Brown from Beauty Spot Of General Gates Of
Colonel Martin General Harrington reaches Haley's Ferry Marches to
Cheraw General Smallwood's letter Letter of Colonel Brown Account of
MajorBarfield Colonel Davidson's letter to General Harrington Colonel
Brown's letter to same Extract from Gazette General Smallwood to
General Harrington Colonel Marion's letter Colonel Kolb's Return of his
regiment Cornwallis's letter to Sir H. Clinton List of negroes in British
service General M'lutosh's death Account of him Colonel Donaldson to
General Harrington Arrival of General Green at Charlotte Divides his
forces Marches to Pedee Position there Cornwallis to Tarleton
Tarleton's view of American movements Close of 1780.
THE year 1780 opened upon Carolina under the most threat-
ening aspects. The approach of a greatly increased force of
the enemy filled the inhabitants with dire apprehensions,
which, notwithstanding the most heroic efforts for their
defence, were soon to be realized. Promptly responding to
the call from Charles-town, all the available troops from
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 301
Pedee were soon in motion, as from other parts of the
State. The first division of Col. Hick's regiment, under
the command of Lieut. -Col. Kolb, was on the march.* The
second division, under Col. Hicks, moved in February.
Tristram Thomas was major in this command, and John
Andrews, adjutant. Edmund Irby, Thomas Ellerbe, Stephen
Jackson, and Maurice Murphy commanded companies.
Capt. James Gregg's company formed part of a detach-
ment under Major Thornby. They remained at the Ten
mile House (near Charles- town), two months, when their
term of service expired. Just then Sir H. Clinton
approached the city, when Major Thornby and other officers
proposed to their men to volunteer for its defence. They
did so unanimously, and marched in and remained in the
city until the capitulation. The late George M f Call,f of
Darlington District, then quite a young man and active
in every patriot service, was a member of Capt. Gregg's
company. He was also under his command in Charles-
town during the previous year.
On the 6th of April, a body of North Carolina
Militia under Col. Henry Wm. Harrington, reached the
city, having entered by way of Addison's Ferry. Major
Lemuel BentonJ appears to have remained on the Pedee, with
a sufficient force for the protection of the inhabitants against
the Tories. Col. Harrington left Charles-town before the
fall of the city for urgent public reasons, as appears from
the following letter to Mrs. Harrington.
"George-town, 30 April, 1780.
" I am now in George-town, sixty miles nearer
than I was last Friday morning, at which time I left Charles-
* The following record remains : " Reed, of Thomas Powe, Commissary of
Colonel Hick's Regiment, 1600 pounds of corn flour, three large steers, 200 Ibs.
of pork, 20 busls. of corn, for the use of 1st division of said Regt., on march to
Charles4own - .**.-
f George M'Call was born on Lynche's Creek, in 1760. Immediately after
the Revolution, he removed to Georgia, and remained until 1789, when he re-
turned to South Carolina, and settled in Darlington District, where he resided
until his death.
J Tn Rev. Mr. Pugh's journal, April 10th, 1780, appears this entry, viz. :
" Preached at the Lake, Zach. ix. 12, to array under Major Benton." This was
doubtless Lowder's Lake, in Darlington District.
302 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
town, with the advice and unanimous consent of the
Lieut.-Governor and Council, and by Genl. Lincoln's order,
and am now on my route for Newbern, there to take my
seat in Assembly ; and to request, in behalf of South Caro-
lina, a large and immediate aid of North Carolina Militia.
" H. W. HARRINGTON."
The news of the fall of Charles-town spread rapidly
through the State, causing the wildest alarm among the
desponding, and for a time almost despairing inhabitants.
Families were thrown into a state of the deepest anxiety for
their absent members, not knowing what had befallen them,
or how, though their lives had been spared, they would be
treated by the foe. The most exaggerated reports were put
in circulation, growing as they went, which added much for
a short time to the general distress. As an example of this,
the case of Major Robert Lide may be mentioned. He had
been hurried with a detachment from Pedee at the last
moment, for the relief of the beleaguered city ; but, before
reaching it, the capitulation took place.
His anxious wife was walking out when the news reached
her of the sad reverse; and with a feeble constitution
already giving way under the burden of previous suspense,
she passed into a swoon, was borne insensible to the house,
and never recovered from the shock.
In the journal of Mr.Pugh, the following entries appear:
" May 17. Had the news of Charles-town taken.
" May 18. Preached at Cashway a fast day.
" May 22. At home much terrified about the English
Light Horse coming.
" May 23. Had certain news of Charles- town being in the
hands of the British army. Our men came up. Mr. Hart up."
The report of the Light Horse coming was but too well
founded. It proved to be the rapid and devastating march
of Major Wemys, to reap the first fruits on the Pedee of
the recent success, and to fasten upon the popular mind the
idea that the State was lost beyond recovery. The British
conceived themselves in possession of the rights of sove-
reignty over a conquered country, and that therefore the
efforts of the citizens to assert their independence any fur-
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHEBAWS. 303
ther, was chargeable with the complicated guilt of ingrati-
tude/ treason, and rebellion.
Influenced by these opinions, and transported with indig-
nation against the inhabitants, they violated rights which are
held sacred between independent hostile nations. In almost
every district their progress was marked with blood, and
with deeds so atrocious that they reflected disgrace on their
arms. This was emphatically true of Major Wemys, of the
63rd regiment. He marched, soon after the fall of Charles-
town, from George-town to Cheraw, on the west side of the
river, destroying property of every description, and treating
the inhabitants with relentless cruelty.
The dwellings of Nathan Savage at the mouth of Lynche's
Creek, of Jordan Gibson at Little Bluff, or Wiggin's Land-
ing, and of Moses Murphy in the same neighbourhood, with
many others, were burned. Among the first to feel the
effects of the fury of this merciless officer, was Adam Cusack,
a noted Whig, who had rendered himself particularly ob-
noxious to the enemies of his country. He had neither
taken parole as a prisoner nor protection as a British sub-
ject ; and was charged with no other crime than refusing to
transport some British officers over a ferry, and shooting at
them across a river.* Another account states that he had
shot at the black servant of a Tory officer, John Brockington,
whom he knew, across Black Creek. He was taken prisoner
soon after, and for this offence tried by a court martial, and,
on the evidence of the negro, condemned.f His wife and
children prostrated themselves before Wemys as he was on
horseback, for a pardon, who would have ridden over them,
had not one of his own officers prevented the foul deed.
From this scene he proceeded on to superintend the execu-
tion. Cusack was carried to Long Bluff and hung.t
Dr. James P. Wilson made an earnest effort to save his life,
and came very near involving himself in a serious difficulty
with the British officer. Wemys lost no time in pursuing
* Ramsay's " Revolution," vol. ii. p. 156.
f James'p " Life of Marion," p. 58.
J He was hung about the spot first occupied by the depot of the Cheraw and
Darlington Railroad, at the foot of the hill, below the village of Society Hill,
then on the public road leading from Cheraw to George-town.
304 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
his way, and calling the people to submission. He reached
Cher aw early in June.
The following extracts from Mr. Pugh's journal will give,
in few words, the sad picture of the conqueror's progress.
" June 1 1 . Went up to the Cheraws to surrender myself
to the British ; lodged at Col. Lide's.
" Monday, 12th. Signed parole, as a Prisoner of War/'
Agitated and distressed, and scarcely knowing what to do,
he appears to have repented of his course, as a subsequent
entry indicates.
" Thursday, 22. Went to the Court House in order to
give up my parole, but could not do it.
" Thursday, 29th. Went to Dr. Mills's, took the Oath of
Allegiance to the King ; and home.
" Saturday, July 2. Went to preach at Cashway, began
my sermon, but the congregation broke up by the re (bels !)
taking the horses/'
Dr. Mills had either not sympathized heartily with his
country at the first, or was possessed of one of those easy
consciences which adapts itself with facility to a change of
circumstances. He gave in his adhesion at once to the
enemy; and from that time became a determined foe to
the American cause. He was an evil counsellor for every
desponding patriot within his reach, but, in due season,
paid the penalty of his guilt. The declaration of allegiance
imposed upon many of the people, was in these words :
" I, A. B., do hereby acknowledge and declare myself to be
a true and faithful subject to his Majesty, the King of
Great Britain, and that I will at all times hereafter be obe-
dient to his government ; and that whenever I shall be
thereunto required, I will be ready to maintain and defend
the same against all persons whatsoever."
While Wemys was in the neighbourhood of Long Bluff,
Dr. Wilson's house was burned, and such of his property as
came within reach of the enemy, was destroyed. His wife
was forced to seek shelter at Charlotte, North Carolina.
The dwelling of Capt. Wm. Dewitt,* on Cedar Creek, on
* About the spot where the late Judge Evans resided. The late Major
John Dewitt, of Society Hill, was a lad of fourteen or fifteen, and went with
his father's family to Guilford.
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 305
this, or a subsequent occasion, was also destroyed. On the
approach of the British, Capt. Dewitt took his family to
Guilford, N. C., but immediately returned himself, and took
an active part to the close of the war.
When called upon to take the Oath of Allegiance to the
King, he is said to have drawn with his sword a circle on
the ground, indicating that spot to be his country, and
standing thereon, to have uttered words of proud defiance
to those who would thus have prohibited him from his sacred
fealty as an inhabitant of Carolina and an American citizen.
Similar to this in tone, was the spirited reply of Thomas
Ayer, who, when urged by Magnus Corgill and other neigh-
bours to take protection, and told, that if he refused, his
property would be confiscated, warmly replied, " the ques-
tion was not one of property, but liberty !"
Many of the inhabitants submitted, others yielded nomi-
nally, intending to resist upon the first opportunity, while
not a few hurriedly removed with their families, servants,
and other personal effects, to places of safety, leaving their
dwellings to the mercy of the enemy, but returning them-
selves to repel the foe.
Those of the Whigs who so far submitted as to take the
oath, intending not to keep it, felt, that being forced upon
them, it was not binding. John Wilson and James Gilles-
pie, then young men, with a neighbour, had been to
Cheraw to swear allegiance. After crossing the river on
their return, they rode for some time in silence, as if
absorbed in thought, and afraid to utter their sentiments ;
at length one of them said, " Well, I don't think that
amounted to much" and thereupon, all joined in a hearty
laugh, finding a perfect agreement of opinion on the
subject.
The atrocities perpetrated by the British and Tories, for
the latter gladly followed in the train of the conqueror, only
served to drive the Whigs to desperation, and led to a
terrible revenge when the time arrived for throwing off the
yoke. And that time was not long in coming; for no
sooner had the British withdrawn, than the spirit of
liberty, crushed, but not subdued, began to rise to the
ascendant.
306 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
On the 25th of July, Mr. Pugh wrote these few but
pregnant words : " The people in arms against the English/'
Major Wemys, after accomplishing the objects of his
bloody visit, returned to George- town, to pollute no more
the upper parts of the Pedee with his presence. And yet,
this man, who had been guilty of so many atrocities, was
made the recipient of that generous return which the in-
jured people of Carolina so often extended to their heartless
oppressors.* On the 12th of the following November, in
attempting to surprise General Sumpter, near Fish Dam Ford,
on Broad River, he was taken prisoner, having been severely
wounded in tbe engagement. He had in his pocket a list
of the houses he had burned at Williamsburgh and Pedee :
with great trepidation he showed it to Sumpter, and begged
he would protect him from the militia. Notwithstanding
his atrocities, he was treated with indulgence, but became a
cripple for life.f
Up to this time, the nearest posts to the Cheraw District
held by the British, were George-town and Camden. A
position was now to be taken on the Upper Pedee, to add
to the lengthening and tightening chain, and to the alarm
and suffering of the inhabitants.
The following extract from a letter of Sir Henry Clinton,
of June 4th, 1780, to the Hon. George Gervain, one of his
Majesty's principal Secretaries of State, will convey some
idea of the condition of things in Carolina, as viewed at
least by the British Commander, and the feeling of the
enemy :
" With the greatest pleasure/' he said, " I farther report
to your lordship, that the inhabitants from every quarter
repair to the detachments of the army, and to this garrison
(Charles- town), to declare their allegiance to the King, and
to offer their services in arms for the support of the Go-
vernment. In many instances they have brought in as
prisoners their former oppressors or leaders ; and I may
venture to assert, that there are few men in South Carolina
who are not either our prisoners or in arms with us."J
* Ramsay's " Revolution," vol. ii. pp. 188, 89.
f James's " Life of Marion," p. 73.
J Tarletou's "Memoirs," p. 80. This interesting work, and one india-
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHEHAWS. 307
Sir Henry Clinton now left for the North, and his com-
mand devolved on Lord Cornwallis. A temporary period
seems to have been put to any organized resistance in Caro-
lina. A partisan warfare, however, was here and there kept
up, especially with the Tories, who were now bold and con-
stantly marauding, wreaking their vengeance with bitter
malignity on the Whigs of Pedee.
Emissaries were despatched by Lord Cornwallis to North
Carolina, with instructions to some of the leading Royalists
of that State, to " attend to the harvest, to prepare provi-
sions, and to remain quiet till the King's troops were ready
to advance, about the latter part of August or early in Sep-
tember; that interval of time being deemed indispensably
requisite for the construction of magazines, with properly
secured communications, for a clear establishment of the
militia, and for a final adjustment of their civil and military
regulations which in future were to govern Georgia and
South Carolina."*
Early in June, Lord Cornwallis made such a disposition
of the British troops as to establish a thoroughly organized
line of posts upon the frontiers of the State.
" Major M' Arthur, with the 71st Regiment (Highlanders),
was stationed at the Cheraws, in the vicinity of the Pedee
River, to cover the country between Camden and George-
town, and to hold correspondence with a friendly settlement
at Cross Creek,t in North Carolina." It was also said,
" Besides the defence of the frontiers, another material ad-
vantage resulted from this disposition of the king's troops.
The officers and men of the different regiments and corps
were supplied by the flour and cattle, whilst the horses were
foraged by the produce of the country ; any expenditure of
the provisions brought across the Atlantic was unknown,
except in Charles-town and Savannah."^
In a letter of the 30th of June, to Sir H. Clinton, Lord
pensable to a thorough understanding of the Revolution in Carolina, is written
in the best style of military histpry, and throws much light, not otherwise to
be had, on all connected with the movements of the British forces, and the
general plan of their campaigns.
* Tarleton's " Memoirs," p. 85. f Now Fayetteville.
J " Tarleton," pp. 87, 88.
308 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
Cornwallis said : " I have agreed to a proposal made by Mr.
Harrison, to raise a provincial corps of five hundred men,
with the rank of Major, to be composed of the natives of
the country between the Pedee and Wateree, and in which
it is extremely probable that he will succeed."*
The Tories on Lynche's Creek, in the neighbourhood of
M'Callum's Ferry, committed many murders and depreda-
tions. They were headed by the two Harrisons, to one of
whom Cornwallis refers. It was he, doubtless, who was
afterwards a colonel, the other becoming a major, in the
British service, and both called by Tarleton, men of fortune.
They were, in fact, two of the greatest banditti that ever
infested the country. The proposed plan of a provincial
corps was never carried out. Before the fall of Charles-
town these brothers lived in a wretched log hut, by the road
near M'Callum's, in which there was no bed covering but
the skins of wild beasts. During the contest the major
was killed ; after it was over, the colonel retired to Jamaica,
with much wealth, acquired by depredation. f
M' Arthur reached Cheraw some time during the month
of June. The parish church was called into requisition for
a portion of his force, and traces are yet to be seen some
distance out on the southern line of the town of the tempo-
rary barracks erected. According to tradition, M r Arthur
and other officers were not wanting in courtesy to the ladies
of the vicinity, and as a consequence were treated with such
a degree of civility as the necessities of the case made im-
perative. The soldiers, however, were not restrained; and
many persons in the neighbourhood were plundered and
treated with indignity.
Numerous incidents are related of the sufferings and
losses of the inhabitants during the brief sojourn of the
enemy.
The report reached Western South Carolina, at Camp Ca-
tawba,J Old Nation, about the 4th of July, that Gen. Caswell,
* Tarleton p. 117. f James's " Marion,'* p. 45.
J Letter from a Mr. Williams to his wife, of 4th July, from Camp Catawba.
Gibbe's Documentary History," 1776-82, p. 135.
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 309
of the North Carolina line, had defeated the British at the
Cheraws, and cut off the 71st Regiment entirely. But this
was a mistake. The enemy was yet to remain there for a
brief season triumphant.
On the 5th of July, General Caswell wrote to General
Harrington from " Camp ten miles south of Ramsay/' as
follows :
" Dear Sir,
" I had your favor from Chatham Court House,
and also one from Col. Collier, and am much obliged by
your information.
" Nothing new has happened in this part of the country
since your departure. Donaldson's party left him at Cole's
Bridge last Friday night, on the approach of 400 horse, they
say from the Cheraws, 200 of which were British; since
which I have heard nothing from that quarter. I shall
wait on the Baron de Kalb to-day, and will fix the time and
place of our joining. He is to be this day at Wilcox's Iron
Works. If it will not be attended with danger to the troops
to move from Salisbury, I presume Gen. Rutherford will
join me, in consequence of my letter by your favor, on the
upper part of Deep River. Pray present my compliments
to the General, and let him know I expect to hear from him
on that subject daily.
" From you, I flatter myself I shall frequently hear.
" I am, with great esteem, dear Sir,
" Your most obedient servant,
" R. CASWELL.
" Brigadier- General Harrington."
Soon after M f Arthur's arrival at Cheraw, he went down
the river with a detachment, and made his head-quarters for
a short time at Long Bluff. His force was large enough
to admit of division, and to keep the country in awe.
While at Long Bluff, he offered a handsome reward for
the capture of Thomas Ayer. Ayer had made himself con-
spicuous a short time before, as the leader of a company
which had been sent out to take some bold and mischievous
310 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
persons, who had rendered themselves obnoxious to the
inhabitants by their lawless depredations.
Having succeeded in capturing a portion of the band, he
secured the country against any more of their ravages by
hanging them all.
The effect of the reward offered for Ayer, was his cap-
ture by a party of Tory neighbours. They kept vigilant
watch for him, and caught him while on a brief and
cautious visit to his family. He came up at night, and
keeping close during the day, intended to leave for camp the
following night ; but, late in the afternoon, sixteen Tories
galloped up to the house and secured him. They fied him
with buck-skin strings, furnished by old Magnus Corgill for
the purpose, and hurried him off toward the river, intending
to take him immediately to M f Arthur. But, by the time
they reached Hunt's Bluff, a terrific thunderstorm had blown
up, and fearing to cross the river and prosecute their jour-
ney through the swamp in the darkness of such a night,
they concluded to keep their prisoner in an old unoccupied
house on the bank until morning. George Manderson, the
leader of the party, apprehending no danger from any
quarter, left Ayer in charge of the others, and went down
with one of his companions, Tom John, to get supper and
sleep at old Jonathan John's. Relief was soon to overtake
the now despairing Ayer. A few hours after the Tories left
his residence, his elder brother, Hart well, with five Geor-
gians, rode up very unexpectedly to the family. The names
of these timely visitors were William Cooper, James
Nephew, Charles Tharp, John Tharp, and Joseph Plummer.
Upon being informed of what had occurred, Hartwell Ayer
and his companions set out in immediate pursuit, and took
the Tory party completely by surprise. They approached
under cover of the darkness and tempest, and were at the
door before being discovered. Most of the party within
were asleep. Shooting first those who were up, they con-
tinued to fire and despatch with the sabre and bayonet until
all were killed, except A sal John. Being a son of his old
neighbour, who was a peaceable man, Thomas Ayer pro-
tected him with his own body, and induced the captors to
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 311
spare his life. Then mounting the horse of Dick Owen,
one of the Tories just killed, he returned with all possible
speed to his family, not knowing what might have befallen
them. Upon learning the whereabouts of George Man-
derson and Tom John, Hart well Ayer and his companions
went off in pursuit. Riding up cautiously to old John's
residence, they civilly inquired for Captain Manderson,*
who, as he appeared at the door, was saluted with a shower
of bullets. Though struck by several balls, the wounds
inflicted were slight ; and springing through the back door
of the house, he made his escape to the swamp, which was
near at hand. Tom John was not so fortunate. He was
knocked down with the butt of an old musket, and then
pinned to the floor with the bayonet, remaining in that
condition as the gun was jerked off, and supposed to be dead.
But, on the bayonet being removed, he arose, and proved to
be not seriously injured. He lived several years afterwards.
When informed of the rescue of Ayer, and the slaughter of
the Tories, M'Arthur was more enraged than ever. He
determined to go in person and take vengeance. Cross-
ing the river with a strong party, he came very near
surprising the family, then at home, consisting of Mrs.
Ayer and her sons, Lewis Malone and Zaccheus, both
of whom were lads. They made a timely escape, how-
ever, to the swamp, which was near by, and there remained
in concealment several weeks, being supplied with food by
their good neighbour, James Sweat. f M f Arthur took pos-
session of the deserted premises, killed the stock, destroyed
most of the fencing, and burned all the buildings except a
large crib, which he spared on account of the corn it con-
tained, meaning to appropriate it to the use of his troops.
* Captain Manderson removed after the Revolution to Georgia, and settled
on the Savannah River. He died about the year 1794. William Cooper and
James Nephew, of the band of Georgians, were half brothers. They lived at
Sapello, Georgia, long after the war was over.
f Mr. Sweat was then quite a young man. He afterwards became a Bap-
tist preacher, and removed to the south-western part of the State, where some
of his descendants are still living.
Nathan, an elder brother of William Sweat, was a brave and active Whig.
Their father, who was then an old man and infirm, lived quietly, and was un-
disturbed by any one.
312 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAW8.
It was, however, subsequently taken off and secured by the
friends of the family. Every valuable negro was carried
away, with others belonging to different persons in the
neighbourhood. The now empty crib became the dwelling of
the family to the close of the war.
Nathan Sweat was captured by M f Arthur's party, and
carried to their quarters on the west side of the river above.
He remained long enough with them to discover their
fleetest horse; and, watching a favorable opportunity,
mounted the animal and bade his captors adieu. He was
pursued, but succeeded in reaching the swamp below, and
made his escape. On the following morning, while sitting
on his horse at his mother's door, and in the act of receiving
food from her hands, the old lady discovered the approach
of a hostile party, and cried out, " Nathan, the enemy are
upon you.-" Again putting spurs to the noble steed, which
had outstripped his pursuers the day before, he made good
his escape, congratulating himself, doubtless, as the distance
widened between them, on his correct judgment of a horse,
to which he owed his life.
After his return to Cheraw, M'Arthur sent a detachment
up the river on a plundering expedition. On their approach-
ing the residence of General Harrington, in Richmond
county, Mrs. H., who was at home, discovered them in time
to have a horse secreted in an out-building, which, for-
tunately, was not disturbed. Such of the negroes as did
not escape were taken, and carried, with the live-stock, to
Cheraw. The overseer was tied, and made to accompany
them. Mrs. Harrington, who was most distressed at the
capture of the servants, fearing they would be carried en-
tirely away, followed on, to recover them, if possible.
M f Arthur told her she could have them if they would go
with her. But, being probably captivated with the idea of
freedom, they preferred remaining where they were, with
the exception of a woman and her family, who went back
with their mistress.
The most of these and other negroes taken by the enemy
were recaptured upon the breaking up of the British post
at Cheraw. The difficulty in the way of the enemy was to
get any considerable body of slaves to the coast. The only
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 313
apparently feasible means was by the river in boats, and the
attempt thus to transport them proved to be ineffectual. A
few negro men were carried off with the troops, and never
recovered.* Captain Thomas Ellerbe, who lived a few miles
below Cheraw, suffered severely in the loss of property.
Many horses were taken from him, of which he had a large
number. Having become obnoxious as an active Whig, he
was obliged to secrete himself from the enemy. As ma-
rauding parties would go to the house to demand a fresh
supply of horses, Mrs. Ellerbe, who would not have dared
flatly to refuse, was sometimes relieved by the faithfulness
and sagacity of one or two servants, who kept the horses in
the recesses of the swamp, driving them from place to
place, their mistress not being informed of their movements ;
she could only plead ignorance, and thus her husband's
property was saved. Captain Ellerbe lost not a few negroes.
Claudius Pegues had also a number taken by the enemy
while at Cheraw, the most of whom escaped, and subse-
quently returned to their master. One of these was treated
with great cruelty by the British. His account was, that
they ordered him to ride, and because he fell off several
times, they hacked him with their swords, leaving him, as
they supposed, dead by the road-side. He managed to
crawl home, and eventually recovered, though shockingly
mangled.
The form of legality was sometimes given to acts of
plundering. An originalf receipt or certificate is in these
words :
" Got at Philip Pledger's house, eight horses for his
Majesty's service.
" By THOMAS HAMILTON,
"July 23, 1780. " Lieut. 71st Regt."
* Of those taken off on this occasion, was a servant of General Harrington,
named Cuffee. He was noted for his remarkably valuable traits of character.
He was supposed to have been carried with the British on their return to Cam-
den. He subsequently passed into the hands of Captain Campbell, a British
officer, who settled after the Revolution on Pedee.
General Harrington brought a suit in Cheraws District for his recovery.
The damages found were large, and only to be discharged by the delivery of the
negro. Rather than pay the amount, Captain Campbell sent to Jamaica for
Cuffee, where he had been transported, and delivered him to his master,
f The original is in the Author's possession.
314 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
But the Whigs in this section were not to contribute
much longer to an imperious and unsparing foe. A change
was rapidly approaching.
In a letter to Sir Henry Clinton, dated Charles-town,
July 14th, 1780, Lord Cornwallis said : " The Government
of North Carolina is likewise making great exertions [he
had referred to Virginia] to raise troops, and persecuting
our friends in the most cruel manner; in consequence of
which, Colonel Bryan, although he had promised to wait
for my orders, lost all patience, and rose with about 800
men, on the Yadkin ; and by a difficult and dangerous march,
joined M f Arthur on the borders of Anson County. About
two- thirds only of his people were armed, and these, I be-
lieve, but indifferently."*
Colonel Bryan was a noted loyalist, and great things were
expected of him ; but, being of a timorous and undecided
spirit, he accomplished little. On the march to Cheraws,
he was actively pursued by General Rutherford, but had
the address to elude him.f
" The news brought by these loyalists created some
astonishment in the military, and diffused universal con-
sternation among the inhabitants of South Carolina. They
reported that Major- General De Kalb, a French officer in
the American service, was advancing from Salisbury with a
large body of Continentals ; that Colonel Porterfield was
bringing State troops from Virginia ; that General Caswell
had raised a powerful force in North Carolina ; and that
Colonel Sumpter had already entered the Catawba, a settle-
ment contiguous to the Wacsaws. These accounts being
propagated and artfully exaggerated by the enemies within
the Province, caused a wonderful fermentation in the minds
of the Americans, which neither the lenity of the British
Government, the solemnity of their paroles, by which their
persons and property enjoyed protection, nor the memory
of the undeserved pardon so lately extended to many of
them, had sufficient strength to retain in a state of submis-
sion or neutrality. Whilst the Americans were collecting
* " Tarleton's " Memoirs," p. 119.
t Lee's "Memoirs of Southern Campaign," vol. i. pp. 158, 159.
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 315
their forces, Lord Rawdon made occasional alterations upon
the frontier, in order to confirm the adherence of the loyal
inhabitants, and to obviate the designs of the enemy. . . .
Some detachments were sent out ; others drawn in. ...
Major M f Arthur's position in the Cheraws was deemed
too forward, and he was desired to retire some miles into the
Province/'*
So Tarleton afterwards wrote. The subject of M f Arthur's
position and movements was now exciting no little anxiety
at he ad- quarters. On 15th July, Lord Cornwallis wrote to
Sir H. Clinton : " I have just received intelligence from
Lord Rawdon that De Kalb has certainly joined Caswell at
Coxe's plantation on Deep River; his lordship in conse-
quence has withdrawn Major M f Arthur's detachment over
the Black Creek, where he means to join him with two
battalions, and post Lieut. -Col. Webster on Hanging Rock
Creek. This will make his situation pretty compact, but I
fear the enemy will make incursions into the country."f
Appearances were daily becoming more threatening for the
enemy. A considerable number of the militia of North
Carolina had taken the field, and agreed to rendezvous at
Anson Court House on the 20th of July, that they might
be in readiness to co-operate with the Continental army.J
Anson Court House was about thirty miles above Cheraw
on the river.
" On the 24th of July General Gates arrived in the
American camp. His name and former good fortunes re-
animated the exertions of the country ; provisions were
more amply supplied by the inhabitants; and the Con-
tinental troops now reached the frontiers of South Caro-
lina^
It was now manifest that M f Arthur would be forced to
make a precipitate retreat from Pedee. The inhabitants
were greatly encouraged, and ripe for revolt. The advance
of Gates was rousing into activity all the latent energies of
the State. The most resolute of the militia, indignant at
the treatment they had received, and convinced by Sir
* " Tarleton," pp. 91, 92. -f Ibid., p. 120.
Ramsay's " Revolution in S. C.," vol. ii. p. 139. "Tarleton," p. 97.
316 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
Henry Clinton's proclamation, which had been faithfully
acted on by Lord Cornwallis, that repose during the war
was a chimerical expectation, determined from concealed
enemies to become open foes. On the day that the British
relinquished their post at Cheraw, the inhabitants, distressed
by their previous depredations and disgusted with their con-
duct, took up arms. Preparatory to his departure, M f Arthur
had made an arrangement for transporting a number of his
sick, with the captured negroes, by boats to George -town.
They were to be under the care of Lord Nairne, and the
whole under the new-made British colonel, William Henry
Mills,* with a military escort, composed of a portion of the
militia of the country who had taken the oath of allegiance.
Hearing of the projected expedition down the river, a
party of neighbouring Whigs, under the lead of James
Gillespie, collected at BedingfielrFs,t a short distance from
Cheraw, and determined to gather a larger force and sur-
prise the enemy. As they went on their numbers increased,
and the command was assigned to Major Tristram Thomas.
In the meantime, with the departure of the boats, M< Arthur
commenced his retreat towards Black Creek.
The Whigs fixed upon Hunt's Bluff as the most favor-
able point for intercepting the expedition. A battery of
wooden guns was hastily constructed, and placed imme-
diately on the bank, in a sudden bend of the river. In due
season, as the slowly-moving flotilla appeared, the most im-
posing demonstration that they could present was made by
the command of the gallant Thomas, and an unconditional
surrender demanded. It is not improbable that there was
a secret understanding with some of the leading men of the
militia under Colonel Mills. However this may have been,
no resistance was attempted, and the surprise was complete.
At the same time, a large boat coming up from George-town,
well stored with necessaries for Major M'Arthur's force,
was seized for the use of the American army. Colonel Mills
succeeded in getting away, and made his escape to George-
town.;]: The other new-made British officers of the militia
* Lee's " Memoirs of the Southern Campaign," vol i. p. 162.
f Now Irby's Mills, three miles from Cheraw.
J Ramsay's " Revolution in S. C./' vol. ii. p. 140.
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 317
were taken prisoners by the party under Major Thomas,
and with some of their men and the sick, more than a
hundred in number, carried prisoners into North Carolina.
The British Commander, and Tarleton also, as will be seen,
spoke of it afterwards as a mutiny, making no allusion to
the well- planned surprise by the Whigs, but for which the
expedition might have reached George-town in safety. The
negroes, of course, were recaptured and returned to
their owners. This effective blow struck increased terror
into the enemy, already alarmed, and encouraged the in-
habitants to more determined and unyielding resistance. It
was the first brilliant exploit yet achieved upon the Pedee,
and occurred just at a time when the most important moral
effects were likely to follow in its train.
Lord Cornwallis, deeply chagrined, very naturally at-
tempted to give the most favorable version of the affair.
In a letter to Sir H. Clinton, from Charles-town, August
6th, he thus wrote : " The general state of things in the
two Provinces of North and South Carolina, is not very
materially altered since my letters of the 14th and 15th of
last month were written."" Alluding to matters in other
parts of the State, he proceeds : " In the eastern parts of
the Province, Major M f Arthur, seeing the great importance
of the post at Cheraw Hill, and finding himself perfectly
secure from any attack of the enemy, desired to continue
there longer than it was intended he should, when I had
the honor of writing to you on the 15th. At last, however,
the 71st Regt. grew so exceedingly sickly, that he found it
absolutely necessary to move, and marched on the 24th to
the east branch of Lincoln's (Lynched) Creek. Gates, who
had taken the command of De KalVs Corps, was still on Deep
River ; and Rutherford no farther advanced than Rocky
River, Pedee. Knowing of no enemy within many miles, he
ventured to send about 100 sick in boats down the Pedee
to George-town. Col. Mills, who commanded the Militia
of the Cheraw District, though a very good man, had not
complied with my instructions in forming his corps ; but
had placed more faith in oaths and professions, and attached
less to the former conduct of those he admitted. The in-
stant the militia found that M f Arthur had left his post, and
318 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
were assured that Gates would come the next day, they
seized their own officers and the hundred sick, and carried
them all prisoners into North Carolina. Col. Mills with
difficulty made his escape to George-town."* In his
memoirs of the time, Tarleton says : " The approach of
Gen. Gates with an army of six thousand men, induced
Lord Rawdon gradually to contract the posts upon the
frontier, in order to assemble his forces. Major M ( Arthur
was directed to draw nearer to Camden ; the two battalions
of the 71st Regiment, under his orders, were at this period
considerable sufferers by the unhealthy climate of Carolina.
To disencumber himself for movement, he collected some
boats on the river Pedee, and committed upwards of one
hundred sick men to the care of Col. Mills, to be escorted
to George-town by the militia under his command. After
the sick were embarked, Major M f Arthur commenced his
march. In less than ten days the militia mutinied, and
securing their own officers and the sick, conducted them
prisoners to Gen. Gates, in North Carolina. This instance
of treachery in the east of the Province followed the per-
fidious conduct of Lieut.-Col. Lisle, on the western border,
and strongly proved the mistake committed by the British,
in placing confidence in the inhabitants of the country where
acting apart from the army. The only probable way to
reap advantage from the levies made in Carolina, would
have been to incorporate the young men, as they were raised,
in the established provincial corps, where they could be
properly trained, and formed under officers of experience.
By such a line of conduct, all the British regulars would
have been saved, the king's troops in general would have
been augmented, and considerable service might have been
derived from their additional numbers/'f It is not sur-
prising that such free comments on the British movements
in Carolina, which Tarleton could very well make by the
light of experience after the war was over, drew down the
severest strictures upon his work. Such was the result of
the freedom, altogether proper on the part of a historian,
in which he indulged. It was manifestly a most hazardous
"Tarleton/' pp. 137, 138. f Ibid -> PP- 97, 98.
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 319
step to have entrusted the fate of such an expedition to the
militia of the country, most of whom were burning with
long-smothered feelings of revenge. It taught the enemy
a lesson, however, which was not afterwards forgotten. In
his letter of August 6th, already quoted, Lord Cornwallis
went on further to say : " The wheat harvest in North
Carolina is now over, but the weather still is excessively
hot ; and, notwithstanding our utmost exertions, a great part
of the rum, salt, clothing, and necessaries for the soldiers,
and ammunition for the troops, are not very far advanced
on their way to Camden. However, if no material inter-
ruption happens, this business will be nearly accomplished
in a fortnight or three weeks.
" Our assurances of attachment from our distressed friends
in North Carolina, are as strong as ever. And the patience
and fortitude with which these unhappy people bear the
most oppressive and cruel tyranny that ever was exercised
over any country, deserve our greatest admiration.' 3 *'
The reader of these latter days, will form his own opinion
upon the remarks of his lordship in the closing paragraph
above. That the Loyalists and Tories of North Carolina at
this time suffered much, there can be no doubt, and that
they deserved to suffer, is quite as certain. But, that they
groaned under the most oppressive and cruel tyranny ever
exercised over any country, few now will be prepared to
admit. But, thus the mortified Commander wrote.
The allusion made both by Cornwallis and Tarleton to
the sickness from which the British suffered while at Cheraw
was sadly true. Tradition tells how the soldiers, unaccus-
tomed -to a southern climate, sickened and died. And the
spot is now pointed out, quite a perceptible sink in the
earth, in front of the parish church of St. David, where many,
placed, it is said, in one common grave, lie buried.
The number of sick sent off on the breaking up of the
post indicates a season of unusual fatality. The return of
the 71st regiment also on the 15th of August, the eve of
the battle of Camden, about three weeks after it left Cheraw,
told how their ranks had been thinned by death. Of the
Tarleton," p. 128.
320 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
1st battalion, the return was, 2 captains, 4 lieutenants, 1
ensign, 1 adjutant, 1 quarter-master, 1 mate, 14 sergeants,
6 drummers, 114 rank and file. Of the 2nd battalion,
1 captain, 3 lieutenants, 3 ensigns, 9 sergeants, 94 rank and
file.*
Leaving Cheraw, the tide of war turned rapidly towards
Camden. The accounts given by the British commander at the
time, and subsequently by Tarleton, of that conflict, of such
tragic consequence for a season to the American cause, are
of exceeding interest, and form a thrilling chapter in the
history of the war in Carolina.
After the loss sustained by the ravages of M f Arthur's
plundering party in the neighbourhood of her husband's
residence, Mrs. Harrington took refuge with her friends in
South Carolina. General Harrington was then in camp at
Cross Creek, and wishing to have her there, an escort was
sent to conduct her thither, as the following record shows :
" State of North Carolina,
" The Honorable Richard Caswell, Esquire, Major-
General and Commander-in-Chief of the militia of the said
State, in service,
" To the Commanding Officers of his Britannic Majesty's
Forces, in South Carolina, and all others whom it may
concern.
" These are to certify, that Col. John Donaldson and
Lieut. Reuben Wilkinson are permitted to proceed with a
flag of truce to South Carolina, in order to conduct the lady
of Henry Wm. Harrington, Esquire, and her family to the
interior parts of this State. All officers, civil and military,
in this State, ar.d others concerned, are requested to take
notice thereof, and govern themselves accordingly.
" Given under my hand and seal, in the camp at the Cross
Roads, near Deep River, the 21st day of July, 1780.
"R. CASWELL.
" By his Honor's command,
" John Sitgreaves, A.D. Camp/'
* " Tarleton," pp. 137, 138.
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 321
Upon his arrival Col. Donaldson probably found the
enemy breaking up, or already gone. His mission was suc-
cessfully accomplished.*
During the struggle on the Pedee Gen. Harrington sent
a detachment of Whigs to Anson County in charge of a negro.
He was the property of Michael Crawford, of Anson, had
been in the service of Col. Donaldson, and was exchanged
for one of the general's servants. Shortly before they
reached the river the Whigs were surprised by a party of
Tories, who lay in ambush ; and upon the first fire were
dispersed. The negro was taken off by the Tories and lost.
The Whigs soon rallied, and returned boldly to the conflict.
The Tories, satisfied with their booty, retreated after a
brief skirmish. They were pursued, and a riderless horse,
with a bloody saddle, was captured. Of the Whigs, one
named Curtis was killed, and Daniel Hicks wounded in the
thigh, from which, however, he afterwards recovered. After
the war Crawford brought a suit against Gen. Harrington
for the negro, but recovered nothing.
The scattered W r higs kept up an occasional correspondence.
On the 26th of July, John Lewis Gervais, then at Williams-
burg, Virginia, wrote to his friend, Gen. Harrington, as
follows :
"Dear Sir, After a fatiguing journey I have at last
joined my family here, who have undergone great hardships
and difficulties. John and Sinclair have both been sick,
but are better. I have not heard from your quarter since
I left it, and am anxious to know the fate of our friends
at Pedee. Mrs. Gervais wishes to hear if the articles she
sent up in the boat are safe, and begs you to have them
secured in some safe place till we return. Gov. Rutledge
I found gone to Philadelphia, and I have not heard from
* Colonel Donaldson was accompanied on this occasion by Toney, the body
servant of General Harrington throughout the war, a negro of remarkable
character, honest and faithful in the highest degree. He was the father of
Cuffee, of whom mention has been made. General Harrington purchased him
from John Mitchell, about 1776. After the Revolution, he was sent by his
master on horseback from Pedee to Newbern, N. C., with 1500 Spanish silver
dollars, to pay for a tract of land which General H. had bought. The money
was delivered in safety. The British had no conception of such devotion in a
slave.
322 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
him since. I should be glad to hear from you, and the
situation of our affairs to the southward, if we have any
prospect to return soon to Carolina, &c. Mrs. Gervais joins
me in best regards to you and Mrs. Harrington ; and we
most sincerely wish to assure you by word of mouth of the
perfect esteem with which we are
Your most obliged and most obedient Servants,
" JOHN LEWIS GERVAIS.
" Please to direct any letters to the care of Col. Griffin, at
Williamsburg."
On the 27th of July Gen. Gates arrived at the Pedee
from the northward, and on the 4th of August issued a pro-
clamation, inviting the patriotic citizens of Carolina to
assemble under his auspices and vindicate the rights of
America ; holding out an amnesty to all who had subscribed
paroles imposed upon them by the ruffian hand of conquest ;
and excepting only those who, in the hour of trial, had
exercised acts of barbarity and devastation upon the persons
and property of their fellow-citizens. To this appeal there
was a general and hearty response. New life was infused
into the lately desponding patriots, and many came forward
without delay to join the advancing army. On the 28th of
July, Major Spence Macay, aide-de-camp of Gen. Rutherford,
addressed Gen. Harrington as follows :
" Camp at Clarke's, July 28, 1780.
" Dear General, Last night Gen. Rutherford received
a letter from Gen. Caswell, informing him that Gen. Gates
desired Gen. Caswell, Gen. Rutherford and yourself to meet
27th instant, at Cox's Mills, in order to settle a plan of
future operations to the southward. The general says ' that
he is happy to acquaint Gen. Caswell that the Virginia
Militia, with such continental corps of cavalry and infantry
as Congress have allotted to serve with the Southern Army,
are in full march, and will speedily join it ; and has also
the satisfaction to think that the measures taken by the
Executive Council of Virginia in conjunction with that of
this State, will shortly relieve our distresses, and put it
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 323
amply in our power to push the enemy from their advanced
posts even to Charles-town.
" Governor Nash has written to Gen. Rutherford, re-
quiring the attendance of all the members of General
Assembly at Hillsbrough, on the 20th of August next, and
especially those who are in the army. The Governor's letter
is big with caution, the enemy numerous, and much danger
is to be apprehended from them.
" I am, dear General,
" Your most obedient and humble Servant,
" SPENCE MACAY.
" To Brig.-Gen. Harrington,
" Richmond County/'
Gen. Gates, confident of victory, lost no time in advan-
cing toward the enemy near Camden. Lord Cornwallis's
account of preliminary movements and the fortunes of that
ill-fated day for the American cause, forms an interesting
link in the chain of events at this period. On the 21st of
August he wrote from Camden to Lord George Germain :
" It is with great pleasure that I communicate to your
Lordship an account of a complete victory, obtained on the
16th instant, by his Majesty's troops under my command,
over the rebel Southern Army, commanded by Gen. Gates. .
. . On the 9th instant, two expresses arrived with an account
that Gen. Gates was advancing towards Lynche's Creek,
with his whole army, supposed to amount to six thousand
men, exclusive of a detachment of one thousand men under
Gen. Sumpter ; who, after having in vain attempted to force
the posts at Rocky Mount and Hanging Rock, was believed
to be at that time trying to get round the left of our posi-
tion, to cut off our communication with the Congarees and
Charles-town ; that the disaffected country between the Pedee
and Black Rivers had actually revolted ; and that Lord Raw-
don was contracting his posts, and preparing to assemble
his forces at Camden. In consequence of this information,
after finishing some important points of business at Charles-
town, I set out on the evening of the 10th, and arrived at
Camden on the night between the 13th and 14th, and there
Y2
324 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
found Lord Rawdon with all our force, except Lieut.-Col.
TurnbulFs small detachment, which fell back from Rocky
Mount to Major Ferguson's posts of the militia of Ninety-
six, on Little River. . . . After consulting with some in-
telligent people, well acquainted with the ground, I deter-
mined to march at 10 o'clock on the night of the 15th, and
to attack at daybreak, pointing my principal force against
their Continentals, who, from good intelligence, I knew to
be badly posted close to Col. Rugeley's house. Late in the
evening, I received information that the Virginians had
joined that day ; however, that having been expected, I did
not alter my plan, but marched at the hour appointed,
leaving the defence of Camden to some provincials, militia
and convalescents, and a detachment of the 63rd regiment,
which, by being mounted on horses they had pressed on the
road, it was hoped would arrive in the course of the night.
I had proceeded nine miles, when, about half an hour past
two in the morning, my advanced guard fell in with the
enemy. By the weight of the fire, I was convinced they
were in considerable force, and was soon assured by some
deserters and prisoners that it was the whole rebel army on
its march to attack us at Camden. I immediately halted
and formed, and the enemy doing the same, the firing soon
ceased."*
Tarleton says, " On the 15th, the principal part of the
King's troops had orders to be in readiness to march ; in
the afternoon Earl Cornwallis desired Lieut.-Col. Tarleton
to gain circumstantial intelligence by intercepting a patrol,
or carrying off some prisoners from an American picket.
About ten miles from Camden, on the road to Rugeley's
Mills, the advanced guard of the Legion in the evening
secured three American soldiers. The prisoners reported
that they came from Lynche's Creek, where they had been
left in a convalescent state, and that they were directed to
join the American army, on the high road, that night, as
Gen. Gates had given orders for his troops to move from
Rugeley's Mills to attack the British camp next morning
near Camden. The information received from these men
* "Tarleton." pp. 128-131.
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 325
induced Tarleton to countermarch before he was discovered
by any patrol from the enemy 's outpost.
" The three prisoners were mounted behind dragoons,
and conveyed with speed to the British army. When ex-
amined by Earl Cornwallis, their story appeared credible,
and confirmed all the other intelligence of the day. Orders
were immediately circulated for the regiments and corps
designed for a forward move, to stand to their arms.
" The town, the magazine, the hospital, and the prisoners
were committed to the care of Major M f Arthur, with a small
body of provincials and militia, and the weakest convales-
cents of the army. . . At 10 o'clock the King's troops moved
from their ground, and formed their order of march on the
main road to Rugeley's Mills. Lieut.-Col. Webster com-
manded the first division of the army. . . At 12 o'clock, the
line of march was somewhat broken in passing Saunders's
Creek, five miles from Camden. A short halt remedied this
inconvenience, and the royal army proceeded in a compact
state with most profound silence. A little after two, the
advanced guard of the British charged the head of the Ame-
rican column; skirmishing followed; but, except a few
occasional shots from the sentries of each army, a silent
expectation ushered in the morning. At dawn, the two
commanders proceeded to make their respective arrange-
ments for action."*
Before the close of that eventful day, the American army
was routed, the unhappy Gates escaped by a hasty flight
into North Carolina, and general consternation again seized
the minds of the inhabitants.
Many of the most devoted Whigs removed their families
with haste to North Carolina and Virginia, returning them-
selves to the conflict. The Tories were more emboldened
than ever, and from this time on was waged a sanguinary
and desperate warfare on the Pedee. From Drowning
Creek and the Little Pedee, from certain neighbourhoods
on Lynche's Creek and the parts lower down, marauding
bands were ever and anon pouring in on the river settle-
ments, which were true almost to a man. A spirit of
'' Tarleton," pp. 103-105.
826 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
unsparing revenge took possession of the Whigs, and many
a plain from the line of North Carolina above to the upper
limits of Marion's field of action below, were to be watered
with blood.
In the brief entries made in his Journal, the Rev. Mr.
Pugh doubtless gave expression to feelings which very gene-
rally prevailed :
" Friday, 18th August. Got the news of Gates's defeat ;
moved to Lide's quarter.
" Saturday, 19th. About in great trouble.
" Sunday, 20th. Over the river, moved home my goods.
Tuesday, 22nd. Bad news.
" Sunday, Sept. 3rd. Went to Kolb's ; meu met there
upon a scout after Tories.
" Saturday, 16th. Had news of the British at Black
Creek.
"Sunday, 17th. At home; melancholy day. Am plun-
dered severely ; but, blessed be God, am spared yet.
"Tuesday, 19th. At home; all day full of trouble.
" Thursday, 21st. At home ; went to Lide's in great
trouble.
" Monday, 25th. Went to Mr. Kimbrough's ; sorrowful.
"Wednesday, 27th. At home; British left the Long
Bluff.
" Thursday, 28th. At home, after my cattle.
"Tuesday, 10th Oct. Whigs flying, or retreating from
here."
The approach of Gates to Pedee, as already remarked,
was hailed with delight by every ardent patriot. George
M'Call and four youthful companions, upon hearing that
Gates had crossed the Yadkin, started up the river to join
the army and take part in the expected conflict at Camden.
They had proceeded but a short distance, when intelli-
gence reached them that Col. Giles was raising a volunteer
force below to swell the columns of the American com-
mander. Hastening back, they found the colonel with his
party at Giles's Bluff, some distance below on the Pedee.
They remained in that locality two weeks or more, and were
joined during the time by Colonel Marion with an addi-
tional force. Having collected a few old field-pieces, Marion
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHEBAWS. 327
crossed the river and commenced a redoubt. While en-
gaged upon this work, where a temporary stand was in-
tended to be made, the news reached them of Gates's defeat.
As a consequence, the plan of operations previously agreed
upon was broken up ; and the brilliant career in which he
was to become so distinguished as a partisan leader, already
successfully commenced; now opened in larger outline and
bloodier prospect upon Marion. With the force hastily col-
lected and now under his command, a few sallies were made
against the Tories in Williamsburg and the region east of
the Pedee. Col. Giles received orders to march with such
a volunteer force as would accompany him, to Long Bluff,
there to join Col. Kolb, for a retreat into North Carolina,
or any other movement which the course of events might
determine. The result was, that Col. Kolb remained in the
neighbourhood of Long Bluff, for the protection of the lives
and property of the inhabitants there against the Tories.
Young M'Call, who met Col. Marion for the first time on
the occasion alluded to, was so deeply impressed with his
superior military sagacity, that he determined to join his
command, and share the fortunes of the future with him to
the close of the war. Col. Hicks had gone with his family
to Virginia, leaving the active command of the forces on the
Pedee to Lieut.-Col. Kolb, a position which the latter ap-
pears to have retained until his death, in the early part of
the following spring.
The depredations by the Tories were secretly committed,
except in those cases where they had the advantage of over-
powering numbers, or the Whigs were absent from their
homes.
Samuel Bacot was one of many sufferers, though some-
times eluding the enemy, or sharing with others the benefit
of their cowardly fears. On one occasion, a party of Tories
were seen approaching his house. He seized a well-charged
musket, and, giving a few hasty directions, was in the act of
escaping, when the distress of a favorite child detained
him for a moment, and until the enemy were dismounting ;
a little more, and it would have been too late, Jle-succeeded
however, in reaching a thick covert in the rear of the dwel-
ling in safety. His directions were observed by the family,
328 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
and as the Tories entered and were about to make search,
the loud report of a musket was heard, and the clatter of
shot against the walls and door facings as they came through
the open passage from the rear, confirmed the impression of
a murderous surprise. A panic followed, and the cowardly
wretches ran for their lives, leaving even their horses
behind them, to the amusement and relief of the family.
On another occasion, Mr. Bacot was taken prisoner and
carried to Caraden, where he suffered much from a cruel
confinement. About thirty others were at the same time
imprisoned, and it was determined to send them all to
Charles-town, for safe keeping, in charge of a detachment
double their own number. His companions were known to
Mr. Bacot, and a few of them as determined spirits on
whom he could rely in effecting an escape by the way.
To these his plans were communicated soon after the
march commenced. They were to take advantage of any
favorable circumstance which might occur, for effecting
their liberation. A long and wearisome day passed away,
the party halting in the evening near a deserted log house
by the road side, which was to be occupied during the night.
The arms were stacked in front, near the steps. There were
two apartments, separated by a thin partition. In the one
which opened on the piazza, the guard took lodging, placing
the prisoners in the other, with which they communicated
by a door. From the latter room, a window opened upon
the road.
The weary captives had now a better opportunity for
consulting together, and it was soon determined to carry
their plans into execution. " Saturday night " was agreed
upon as the watchword and signal for action. To take pos-
session of the guns, when the main body were asleep, was a
matter of the first importance. About midnight, Mr. Bacot
tapped at the door, and upon its being opened, begged the
captain for a drink of brandy, a ready excuse being given
for the request at so unseasonable an hour. He perceived
at a glance that the moment for action had come ; and
taking the glass which was handed him, said, as he raised it,
with emphasis on the last words, " Here is success to
Saturday night' 9 and dashed the liquor in the officer's face.
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 329
As the words were uttered, his eager and impatient com-
rades rushed out, and seizing the arms, were opposed by the
nearest sentinel, who was speedily overpowered. The rest
of the prisoners, not understanding the cause of the confu-
sion, and thinking it a suitable time for escape, began to leap
out of the window. The whole guard being roused, their
surrender was peremptorily demanded, and so sudden and
complete was the surprise, that they yielded at once. They
were then paroled and dismissed ; and the captives, once
more at liberty, lost no time in finding their way home-
ward.*
Elias DuBose, on Lynched Creek, had many adventures
with the Tories. On one occasion, before the removal of
his family to Virginia, he had returned from the camp on
furlough. The Tories, being apprised of his movements,
approached his house in the dead of night, and demanded
admittance. Well knowing their designs, Mr. DuBose pre-
sented himself, gun in hand, with a heroic wife by his side,
also armed, and refused them admittance, threatening to
shoot the first man who made the attempt to enter, and
adding that he would sell his life as dearly as possible. They
then threatened to burn them, and made preparation to
carry the threat into execution. In this desperate emer-
gency, no alternative was left but a compromise ; the
dauntless Whig proposing to surrender, on condition that
they would not tie or confine him, but that he should be
carried to old Mr. Wilson, a neighbouring magistrate and
friend of the King, who resided on the opposite side of the
creek, and by whose sentence he consented to abide.
Supper was then provided for them. Upon arriving at
Mr. Wilson's, and submitting the case to him, he said such
a neighbour should not be injured, and told his friend Du
Bose to go at large ; upon which he returned to his family
the same night.
The warfare with the Tories extended up into the neigh-
bouring counties of North Carolina.
Sor^e time after Gates's defeat, Mrs. Harrington had an
adven ure with a band of marauders, some of the conse-
* In an account of this incident given in Johnson's " Traditions of the Re-
volution," the name of Peter incorrectly appears, instead of Samuel Bacot.
330 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
quences of which she had reason to deplore to the end of
her life. The general, then absent on duty, had seat an
urgent message to her to take the negroes and such other
moveable property as could be transported, and start imme-
diately for Maryland. She did so with all possible expedi-
tion ; and bidding adieu to home, had proceeded as far as
Mountain Creek, in Richmond County, when she was met
by Captain John Leggett, a noted Tory, of Bladen County,
near the line of Robeson, with his party. They at once
began their work of plunder, destroying such of the pro-
perty as they could not take with them. Some of the negroes
made their escape, and remained under cover until all
danger was past.
The books, and a valuable library which General Harring-
ton was particularly anxious to preserve, were scattered
along the road, and not a few, with many valuable papers,
were lost or destroyed. The horses were all taken. Fearing a
pursuit, the Tories soon took to flight. One of them, named
M'Koy, received a young negro man as his share of the
spoils, and fled by way of the Grassy Islands. In crossing
the river at that point, the horse stumbled, throwing the
negro off, who was drowned. After the war, judgment was
obtained against this man, but nothing recovered. Mrs.
Harrington made her way back as well as she could to her
father, Major James Auld, in Anson County. Her brothers,
John and Michael Auld, started with a company in pursuit
of the Tories, but did not overtake them or succeed in
getting any of the property back.* Some time before the
march of General Gates to the South, General Harrington
had his iead-quarters at Cross Creek. The object of his
position there was to keep the Tories in awe, and protect
the public stores, collected and sent forward from time to
time. On the advance of Gates to Camden, he summoned
* After the war, General Harrington brought suit against Leggett, and
obtained judgment. Leggett, in the meantime, had transferred his lands to
another to prevent their being taken. Upon its becoming known, they es-
cheated to the State. An Act was afterwards passed by the Legislature of X.
C. giving General H. title to these lands. Upon going to Bladen, he found two
daughters of Leggett, and gave them deeds for their homestead. Leggett,
with others, had escaped to Nova Scotia, but had now returned. General H.
received very little in the end but a few hundred dollars for one or two tracts
of land.
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 331
General Harrington from Cross Creek with all despatch to
his assistance. The latter immediately took up the line of
march ; but, upon arriving at Haley's Ferry, on the Pedee,
received intelligence of the disastrous defeat and general
dispersion of the American forces. His head-quarters for a
time were in this neighbourhood.
On the 18th of August, Colonel Nicholas, of the Virginia
Militia, wrote to General Harrington as follows :
Mark's Ferry,* Aug. 18th, 1780.
" Sir, As I command at this point, I took the liberty
of opening your letter to General Stevens. My orders from
Colonel Harrison were to stay and command this pass, in
order to enable the stragglers of our army to cross the river ;
and I doubt not, on your considering the necessity of rally-
ing our men, who generally seem to pass this way, and
which would be rendered entirely ineffectual by giving up
the ferry to the command of the disaffected people, you will
render me all the assistance you can, both by giving me
advice and falling on some plan for the safety of the troops
here and at Cole's Bridge, the former consisting of about
300 men badly armed. Colonel Harrison directed me to
march on for Hillsborough as soon as I supposed the men
had all passed that were likely to come this way.
" P.S. I just saw a letter from General Caswell to Colonel
Seawell, which I have forwarded to him, and which will put
it out of his power to act with me, I expect.
" Sir, I am, with respect,
" Your most obedient servant,
" J. NICHOLAS,
" Lieut.-Col. V. Militia.
" Brig.-General Harrington, on Pedee."
On the 10th of September Gen. Gates, now on his re-
treat through North Carolina, wrote to Gen. Harrington.
" Hillsborough, 11 in the forenoon, 10th Septr., 1780.
" Dear Sir, This moment I received your letter, dated
the 6th inst., 8 P.M., from Cross Creek. I am much pleased
* Mark's Ferry was fifty miles above Cheraw.
332 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
with the good news it contains, and hope it will prove true ;
in the mean time it is our duty, by every means, to know
with certainty if the fleet of our allies is, or is not, upon
this coast. I desire you will immediately do every thing in
your power to satisfy me in that particular. Such necessary
and unavoidable expense as is incurred in procuring this
intelligence, I will cheerfully pay.
" I am, dear sir,
" Your affectionate, humble Servant,
" HORATIO GATES.
" Brigadier- General Harrington.
" P.S. Continue your spies toward Camden and down
Pedee."
The enemy were now much emboldened, and renewed
their plundering expeditions, as they had done after the fall
of Charles-town, in the spring and early part of the summer.
Again Major Wemys made his presence felt in the country
above George-town. The South Carolina and American
General Gazette of September 20th, contained an extract of
a letter from that place of the 16th, saying : " Major Wemys
has been scouring the country to the northward of this.
Several of the inhabitants who, after giving their paroles,
joined Marion and Horry in their late incursion, have gone
off with them. Some of their houses, &c., have been des-
troyed in terrorem. The persons of others, equally culpable,
are secured, as they have, by their recent base conduct,
shown themselves unworthy of being allowed to go at large/'
Soon after this, the Board of War of North Carolina ad-
dressed to Gen. Harrington the following communication:
"Hillsborough, Octr. 1st, 1780.
" Sir, Gen. Gates will give you directions how you are
to conduct yourself in your military operations. As he
understands that business much better than I do, you will
obey his orders. There are a number of militia at Col.
Scamlock's, in Chatham, left by Gen. Sumner, many of
them unable to do duty. I have written to the colonel to
send all that appear able to go to you, to Cross Creek, as
they may act as a guard those that are unwell, to be dis-
charged, as they are only an incumbrance.
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 333
" You will give such orders relative to any that join you
as you think proper.
" I am, your obedient servant,
" J. PENN."
Gen. Gates also wrote on the same day : " As the enemy
are advancing by the route of Salisbury, I recommend it to
you, to collect your force immediately at Cross Creek, and be
prepared to march by Chatham Court House the moment
you receive orders."
By order of the Governor of North Carolina, Col. Thomas
Brown, of that State, had marched to Pedee, and soon after
his arrival wrote to General Harrington, informing him of
his movements.
" Camp at the Beauty Spot, 10th Octr., 1780.
" Dear Sir, I have, agreeably to your order, marched as
far as this place, eight miles below Hick's Mills ; but meet-
ing with a letter here, informing me of your retreat back
to Cross Creek, I conclude to proceed no farther ; but shall,
as directed by his Excellency, Gov. Nash, drive off all the
beef cattle that I nan possibly collect. I have received no
orders from you since the 3rd inst., which, together with
your unexpected retreat,"* has left me so much in the dark
how to act, as to determine me as above. The inhabitants
about this place seem perfectly still, except about ninety,
who are said to be collected at Spike's Mill, on Jeffrey's
Creek ; but we learn there is a party gone out this day in
order to dislodge them, under the command of Capt. Delany.
Captains Murphy and Council, with their companies, are
ranging up and down this river in order to keep the Tories
in awe. I hope shortly to hear from you ; and am,
" Dear sir, with much respect,
" Your most obedient, humble Servant,
"Tnos. BROWN.
" P.S. Since I concluded I have been lucky enough to
meet with the person who furnishes the following deposition.
He is a son-in-law to Capt. Henry Council, and is said to
have been compelled ijito the British service, and has re-
turned home in consequence of Ford's orders. 'Tis confi-
* The unexpected retreat here referred to, was from Haley's Ferry, on Pedee,
to Cross Creek.
334 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
dently asserted by a person lately from Georgia, that six
thousand French are landed there, and have taken Suns-
bury. We further learn that the Tories about Little Pedee
are summoned to meet on Thursday next, by one Jesse
Barfield. I shall endeavor to watch their motions, and if
possible, disperse them.
" I am, as before, yours, &c.,
" T. B.
"To Brig.-Gen. Harrington,
" at or near Cross Creek/'
It appears from this letter, that the Whigs on Pedee" were
now rendering effective service against the Tories. This
conflict was fiercely waged, and only to close with the ter-
mination of the war.
On the llth of October, General Gates wrote to General
Harrington as to a change of position.
" Hillsborough, Octr. 11, 1780.
" Dear Sir, Last night I received your letter from
Cross Creek, dated the 6th instant. Colonel Kolb was
then here. He is of opinion that you might securely take
post with your brigade upon the Pedee, opposite the Cheraws;
to this, if it meets with your approbation, I have not the
smallest objection. On the contrary, I recommend to you
to do it immediately. I desire you will acquaint Colonels
Marion and Giles with your intentions, and recommend it
to them to make diversions against the enemy's posts below.
It is not improbable but you may, soon after your arrival
upon Pedee, hear something from General Sumpter. You
may, thereupon, with proper caution being taken, corre-
spond and co-operate with him. But this information must
be kept a profound secret to every one but yourself.
" I am, Sir,
" Your affectionate, humble Servant,
" HORATIO GATES.
" Brigadier-General Harrington,
" near Cross Creek."
On the day this letter was written, Colonel Martin, in
behalf of the Board of War of N.C., addressed General
Harrington on the same subject.
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 335
It was a matter of great importance to the inhabitants
on the Pedee.
" War Office, Hillsborough, Octr. llth, 1780.
" Sir, General Gates's orders for your retreat from the
Pedee were unknown to the Board of War until your arrival
at Cross Creek ; a post so essential to be kept up for the
support of this State, and protection of our neighbouring
friends in South Carolina, that the Legislature had this ob-
ject particularly in view.
" On the remonstrance of the Board, General Gates has
countermanded your orders, which you will receive with
this. As Mark's Ferry seems rather too high up the river
for the purposes intended, you will therefore please to exer-
cise your own discretion as to your main post on the Pedee,
so that it be not far above or below the boundary, and your
particular detachments. The army stand in great need of
provisions, particularly cattle.
" Colonel Brown hath a particular command from the
Governor, by direction of the Assembly, to collect all the
cattle on or near Pedee, so as not to distress private families
or individuals, and have them driven into the interior parts
of this State. You, Sir, will have the superintendence of
Colonel Brown and all other officers serving in your quar-
ter, to direct their particular movements, and detachments
to join you or otherwise.
" Other officers and men from you may be employed in
the like service, which is so importunate and pressing at
this juncture.
" Mr. Amis is directed to attend and receive the cattle,
and have them driven to this post. You have a hint dropped
you from General Gates, which perhaps may shortly be car-
ried into- execution.
" General Small wood has accepted the command of our
militia, with whom you will please to correspond. He, with
Colonel Morgan, has marched for Salisbury.
" I am, with respect,
" Your most obedient, humble Servant,
" ALEXANDER MARTIN.
" Brigadier-General Harrington,
" Cross Creek."
336 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHE RAWS.
The movements of the British were at this juncture a
subject of much uncertainty with the American commanders.
As a consequence, counter-orders were constantly being
given. Soon, however, this state of things was to pass
away, and the plans of the enemy to be more clearly de-
veloped. About the latter part of October, General Har-
rington reached the Pedee with his command, and took
post at Haley's Ferry, but soon removed to a point on the
river, immediately opposite Cheraw. He was kept in con-
stant communication with the Board of War of North
Carolina, as well as with the commanders of the South
Carolina forces lower down the Pedee. General Small-
wood addressed him soon after.
"Camp New Providence, 31st Octr., 1780.
" Sir, Since my acceptance of the command of the
militia, I have not had an opportunity of writing you, and
am still at a loss to know your position, or where to direct
for you. I am apprehensive the particular quarters to
which our military operations have been confined, have
jointly obstructed this, as the intermediate country has been
in possession of the enemy.
" It is necessary I should know your strength, resources,
and views, before I could with propriety point out any par-
ticular mode to govern your conduct, or regulate it under
the general scale or system to be adopted in our future
operations. I have taken this opportunity, therefore, by
Colonel Davie (who is ordered for particular purposes to
that part of the Tory country lying between us), to write
you, to be transmitted, if necessary, by a few horsemen,
upon whose return you will be so obliging as to favor me
with the necessary information above required.
" The British, two days ago, were encamped at or near
Lee's Mill, said to be fifteen or twenty miles below the
cross roads from that place. Roads lead to the westward
Congaree, Charles-town, and Cainden so that no just
conclusion can be drawn of their next movement or
views.
" Our strength is so small here, and without artillery,
that nothing can be attempted against them, especially as
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 337
we should have a river in our rear, and our supplies princi-
pally to be drawn from this side; but I shortly expect
General Gates on with the concentrated troops, when per-
haps something may be effected. We have just received
advices from Governor Jefferson, of the arrival of a large
fleet of the enemy within the Capes of Virginia, that they
were debarking on the 22nd instant ; but he does not men-
tion their number, or where they were landing, though, I
imagine, at Portsmouth, and the number to be the same
lately embarked at New York, and recently destined against
West Point; but the capture of Andre, the British Adju-
tant-General, who acted as a spy, and the discovery of
Arnold's treachery, changes their course for Virginia.
" You have no doubt heard of Arnold' s perfidy, and the
deep plot laid by him and Andre of trepanning our excellent
Commander-in-Chief, and betraying the forts at West
Point, with 4000 men.
" The conquerors of Ferguson and his party I expected
to join me here, but they have generally dispersed.
" I am, very respectfully,
" Sir, your obt. humble Servant,
" W. SMALLWOOD, Secretary.
" Gen. Harrington."
Colonel Brown was still on the Pedee, rendering effective
service against the Tories. He wrote again to the general,
from
" Camp, Bear Swamp, Novr. 4th, 1780.
" Dear Sir,
" I received your favor of the 26th
of October, dated near Haley's Ferry. It gives me plea-
sure to hear you have marched to a part of the country that
so much wanted your assistance ; and I can assure you, I
have been ever since I received your first orders, upon the
march after those scoundrels, and can inform you the report
concerning Capt. Moore is partly false, as he did not lose
one man, and but one slightly wounded. But Barfield did
surprise him and took several of his horses ; but I have paid
them tolerably well for it. I have killed Miles Barfield,
wounded two others of the Barfields ; and, it is said, Jesse
338 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHEKAWS.
Barfield is shot through the hand, but the certainty I cannot
tell. I have got four more of the Barfields well ironed
and under guard, whom I am very choice of. You men-
tioned you would be glad to know how I came on in collect-
ing cattle. I have got 259 head and sent them to Head-
quarters, and have just got to collecting again, as Barfield
hath prevented me for a fortnight past. I hope you will
write to me by every opportunity, and I will not fail.
" And am, Sir, with respect,
" Your humble Servant,
"THos BROWN.
" General Harrington, near Haley's Ferry ."
The family of Barfield, to several of whom Col. Brown's
letter refers, lived on Little Pedee, and had now become
notorious.
The history of their leader, Major Barfield, the most
prominent among them, was one, unhappily for them-
selves and the country, not unfrequent in the days that
tried men's souls ; furnishing a sad illustration of the fact,
how trivial causes are permitted to lead to a decisive and
fatal change in the conduct of life. Major Barfield is said
to have been a captain in the American service at the first
siege of Charles-town. Some indignity was offered him by
a superior officer, and he appealed for redress to the general
in command.
It was not granted; and becoming morbidly affected, he
took revenge by deserting the cause of his country, carry-
ing a number with him, and proving himself ever after, a
bitter and relentless foe. He was possessed of superior
abilities, with a commanding person and respectable fortune,
and became the acknowledged leader of the disaffected in-
habitants between Great and Little Pedee.
During the course of the war, he took refuge on some
occasion in the British camp, was seized with the small-
pox and died. The predatory warfare between the Whigs
and Tories was actively carried on in the adjoining parts of
North Carolina.
The following letter of Colonel Davison to General
Harrington refers to the subject.
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHEBAWS. 339
" On Brown Creek, near Lanier, 6th Novr., 1780.
"Dear General,
' ' I proceeded according to your
orders, and on Brown Creek we took a grand Tory by the
name of Thomas Blake. I put him under a guard and
sent him off to James Boggin's ; but before they got there,
the prisoner endeavoured to make his escape. The guard
fired at him and killed him.
" Horses are very scarce in this quarter. I have collected
a few very good beef cattle, and put them in my own field
about three miles from where the river road crosses Brown
Creek. I think I can gather a good many beef cattle in
this country, by the information I have. John May came
in to me, and promised to be of all the service he can to
his country; and, indeed, he has been very useful to me
since I have been in these parts ; but, as I heard you men-
tion something about him in your camp, I have ordered
him down to you.
" Dennis M'Clendon was taken yesterday morning and
brought to me by Major Miller, &c. By the best authority,
the old man intended to come in as soon as he could find
some of his own county officers. We have several Tories
laying out yet, though I think all will come in except those
who have gone to the British.
" Our general muster is on Thursday next, at May's
Mill. And then the militia of this county is to be stationed
at Lanier's plantation on Brown Creek ; and then we will
proceed immediately to gather all the beef cattle in these
parts, except you order otherwise.
" The bearer hereof waits on you for your orders. Please
to send me some salt if possible. I have sent Dennis
M'Lendon and Stephen Murphy under a guard, in the
care of Lieut. Colter. I have no news worth writing to
you. I am just setting off to the head of Brown Creek
and Lane Creek, and shall not be back until the muster.
" I am, dear General,
st Your most obt. Servant,
" GEO. DAVISON.
" N.B. I beg to be excused for not writing to you
z2
340 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
On the Pedee occasional reverses were experienced, but
not of very serious consequence. Barfield was roaming
through the country, plundering and killing as opportunity
offered, though forced to be cautious in his movements.
Col. Brown continues the narrative :
Camp near Caird's Mill, the 9th of Novr., 1780.
' ' Dear Sir,
" I this evening received yours, dated
this day, near Charraw Ferry, with the disagreeable news of
Capt. Murphy's defeat, and highly approve of your plan,
and will do everything in my power to put it in execution,
as it is a most dreadful affair that such a set of scoundrels
should be allowed to exist upon earth. I have 162 men, of
whom 1 have about 45 horse, fit for duty. I expect to be
to-morrow at Caird's Mill ; and would recommend it to the
officers commanding your posts, to meet me on Sunday at
Jonathan Miller's, as Barfield resorts near that place.
Your troops can cross Little Pedee at Gibson's, and then
there is a direct road to Miller's. Yesterday, Barfield fell
in with 5 of your men that left your camp on Monday, by
the names of Robert Vernon, Matthew White, Theophiliis
Eavens, Hadley (the other name I cannot tell), and kept
them till about midnight, and then took all their horses and
arms, paroled them and let them go.
" I would recommend it to you to send a formidable
troop of horse, as Barfield can raise 70 or 80 horse himself,
and is determined to prevent any cattle being collected
amongst them ; and, I imagine, there might be two or three
hundred head of good cattle got, if they could be once
broken up.
" Barfield attacked my regiment last Monday week, at
night ; but they did us no damage, only slightly wounded
two men. I wrote to you a few days ago by Cross Creek,
and hope to hear from you by every opportunity. And am,
Sir, with respect,
" Your humble Servant,
" THOS. BROWN, C.T.T."
Cautious and rapid in their movements, approaching by
stealth and generally under cover of darkness, it was diffi-
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHEKAWS. 341
cult for the Whigs to capture the marauding parties of
Tories. Under Bar field, the organization was effective and
formidable.
The South Carolina Gazette and American Journal,
Charles-town, of Nov. 15th, contained the following intelli-
gence : " We are authorized to inform the public that
about 200 of the inhabitants near Pedee River, over whom
Mr. Marion and his associates for some time past have ex-
ercised the most despotic and cruel tyranny, lately collected
together in arms, and fell in with a gang of banditti, whom
they routed and entirely dispersed. The leader of the rebels,
a Col. Murphy, was amongst the killed.
" A few days since, the victorious Loyalists joined the
King's forces posted at George-town. The accounts from
that part of the country represent the people eagerly dis-
posed to contribute their assistance towards preventing any
future inroads of the rebels."
Fortunately for his country, the report of Col. Murphy's
death was false. He survived this and many other bloody
conflicts, to see both foreign and domestic foes subdued.
" Mr. Marion/' so contemptuously alluded to, had already
become a terror to the enemy, and was yet to see many a
proud officer, with once victorious soldiers, suppliants before
him.
Gen. Small wood continued to write, giving an interesting
account of the general progress of events.
"Camp, November 15th, 1780.
" Sir, I received your two favors of the 28th October
and 5th inst., some time after I wrote you on the 31st
ultimo. They were delivered by some militia from Gen.
Butler's camp, and had been delayed on the road. The
expresses you sent never came further than Salisbury, which
prevented my writing as I could have wished.
" I must request you in future to direct the expresses to
deliver their despatches in person, that they may be im-
mediately answered on their return ; but I hope our com-
munication shortly may be opened upon a more direct route
through Lynche's Creek.
" I daily expect the arrival of General Gates with the
342 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
Continental troops, when our strength will enable us to ad-
vance lower down, and it then may be necessary for you to
advance across the country, to co-operate with us ; and, in
the interim, as I am unacquainted with the country, I could
wish you would point out, or give your opinion upon the
propriety of taking a position somewhere upon Black River,
or Lynched Creek. If such a position could be taken with
security, it would have a happy tendency in several respects,
particularly in facilitating some plans in view the suppres-
sion of the Tories, and securing supplies, which are much
exhausted in this quarter. You will also be so obliging as
to favor me with returns of your strength, resources, and
views, as I requested in my last. We now draw supplies
of forage and provision from the upper part of Lynche's
Creek, and the Tory part of the Waxsaw settlement ; and I
am now extending my views lower down in these quarters
and across the Catawbas.
"LordCornwallis remains at Wynsborough inactive, Tarle-
ton below on the Santee, wasting and destroying all before
him, which indicates an evacuation of Camden. This place,
I think, might have been reduced ere this, and Tarleton
circumscribed in his depredations, had the Continental troops
been forwarded ; but in our present weak state, Lord Corn-
wallis has taken so judicious a position, either to cut off our
retreat or aid his parties, that these enterprises could not
be risked.
" I think something may shortly be effected, unless the
enemy should be reinforced, which I really am apprehensive
of, and that the arrival of the French fleet you mention in
yours of the 5th inst. is premature. I wish they may not
prove to be British, with a reinforcement, and the firing,
salutes or signal guns, as we have no intelligence of a
Erench fleet from the latest accounts from the northward ;
but I am informed of a late embarkation from New York,
conjectured to be destined to Charles-town ; and also that
some part of the fleet and forces from Portsmouth had sailed
for that place.
" Sumpter has lately defeated a party of two hundred Bri-
tish cavalry and infantry mounted, and a small number of
Tories, who attacked him at Fish Dam Ford, at 3 o'clock on
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 343
the morning of the 9th instant. The commanding officer,
Major Wemys, a surgeon, and sergeant-major, were taken
wounded, with upwards of twenty more prisoners, some valu-
able horses and arms. Seven were killed and more wounded,
who were carried off. Sumpter's loss was only four killed
and two wounded.
" I am, with very great regard and esteem,
" Sir, your obedient, humble Servant,
W. SMALLWOOD.
" Brigadier- General Harrington,
Kershaw Ferry ."*
For several months past, Marionf had been actively en-
gaged with the enemy in the parts below, and shortly before
this, made an unsuccessful attempt upon George-town. He
gave the following account of it to Gen. Harrington.
Blackmingo, 17th Novr., 1780.
" Sir,
" Since my last to you, Colonel Tarleton retreated
to Camden, after destroying all the houses and provisions in
his way. By information, I was made to believe there was
but fifty British in George-town, and no militia, which in-
duced me to attempt taking that place, But, unluckily,
the day before I got there they received a reinforcement of
two hundred Tories under Captains Barfield and Lewis from
Pedee. The next day the Tories came out and we scummaged
with them.
" Part I cut off from the town, and drove the rest in,
except the. two men killed, and twelve taken prisoners. Our
loss was Lieutenant Gabriel Marion, and one private killed.
These two men were killed after they surrendered. We had
three or four wounded, one since dead of his wound.
" Captain Barfield was wounded in his head and body, but
got off. Captain James Lewis, commonly called ' Otter Skin
Lewis/ was one killed. I stayed two days within three
* Kershaw Ferry was that at Cheraw, so called then.
f Marion is supposed to have been at this time a colonel, though previously
called general. In August, he was commissioned by Governor Rutledge to
take command of the post at Lynche's Creek, but not appointed general until
some time after that, as James says in his " Sketch," p. 46 (note).
344 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHBRAWS.
miles of the town, in which time most of the Tories left
their friends and went home.
" Finding the regulars in the town to be eighty men,
besides militia, strongly entrenched in a redoubt, with
swivels and cohorns on their parapet, I withdrew my men,
as I had not six rounds per man, and shall not be able to
proceed on any operations without a supply of ammunition,
which I will be obliged to you to furnish me with by Captain
Potts, who commands a detachment to guard the prisoners
taken. I have not heard anything from General Gates
since the letter you sent me.
" A man from the high hills of Santee, within eight miles
of Camden, says that Washington's Horse is at Rugely's
Mill, one mile from there. I beg to know where our army
is, and what news from them.
" I am, with esteem, your most obedient Servant,
" FRANCIS MARION.
" Hon. Brig.-General Harrington, Pedee."
Colonel Kolb was now in command in the neighbourhood
of Long Bluff, and the acknowledged leader on the Upper
Pedee.
In reply to a call from General Harrington, he made the
following return of his force :
" To Brig.-Gen. Harrington.
" Dear Sir,
" You last wrote that you wanted
to see me, with a return of my regiment this day in camp.
I should be happy in waiting on you at any time after to-
day. I think to ride up to-morrow, if I should not be sick.
" Sir, you wanted to ascertain the number of men I had
in the regiment.
" Agreeably to my returns, I have but 233 men, besides
officers. I shall send you the part of my regiment you
require to-morrow, or next day. I shall have them marched
up under command of some one captain.
" I am, Sir, your most humble Servant,
" ABEL KOLB.
"27thofNovr., 1780."
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 345
The number here returned was small indeed, having
doubtless been much reduced by disease and the sword. The
exposure and privation endured in the kind of warfare now
carried on must have been very great, wasting away im-
perceptibly what was not at once destroyed.
The spirit of revolt on the Pedee gave much concern to
the enemy, particularly in connexion with the holding their
post at Camden. On the 3rd of December, Lord Cornwallis,
from his camp at Wynsborough, wrote to Sir H. Clinton on
the subject. He said : " Colonel Marion had so wrought
on the minds of the people, partly by the terror of his
threats and cruelty of his punishments, and partly by the
promise of plunder, that there was scarcely an inhabitant
between the Santee and Pedee that was not in arms against
us. Some parties had even crossed the Santee, and carried
terror to the gates of Charles-town. My first object was to
reinstate matters in that quarter, without which Camden
could receive no supplies.
" I therefore sent Tarleton, who pursued Marion for
several days, obliged his corps to take to the swamps, and
by convincing the inhabitants that there was a power superior
to Marion, who could likewise reward and punish, so far
checked the insurrection that the greatest part of them have
not dared to appear in arms against us since his expe-
dition/'*
Notwithstanding the tone of this communication, Corn-
wallis had sad forebodings of the future that awaited him, as
his correspondence shows. He was much deceived in the
opinion, if in reality it was entertained, that the patriots
were convinced of a power superior to Marion. The British
had exercised so much oppression and rapacity over all those
who would not join them, and so much insolence over those
who did, that the people of Carolina found there was no
alternative between a state of downright vassalage on the
one hand, and of unyielding warfare on the other. The
men of principle already had done so, or were prepared to
take up arms ; and in general, only the unprincipled remained
with the enemy in expectation of plunder, or from motives
* " Tarleton," p. 200.
346 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
of fear. They had now learned, besides, that the country
might be overrun with more facility than kept in subjection
by the necessarily divided forces of the enemy, and that a
partisan warfare, such as Marion had now begun, was the
best that could be carried on against a foe superior in force
and discipline to themselves.*
In common with the inhabitants of other parts of the
State, the Whigs of Pedee had been made to contribute
their faithful slaves to the working force of the enemy.
Among the returns of negroes in the different departments,
were the following in the published records of the day :
" Novr. 1780. f Negroes in the engineer department, that
joined the army since the landing under Sir H. Clinton, in
1780.
" Sam, taken from Colonel Hart
Dick, Kolb
James,
Simon,
Pompey,
" In Barrack Master's department :
" Abraham, taken from Colonel Kolb,
Jupiter, General Harrington."
On the 18th of November, the Pedee country and the
State at large sustained a heavy loss in the death of Gen.
Alexander M'lntosh.J
In every relation of life, this patriotic and honored
citizen had ever maintained the most exemplary character.
A member of the Provincial Congress and one of the Com-
mittee of Observation for St. David's Parish ; a representa-
tive successively, and the first senator elected, for St. David's ;
the President of St. David's Society from its organization ;
appointed first Major, then Lieut. -Colonel in the Provincial
service, afterwards Brigadier- General of Militia, and member
of the Legislative Council, as first established it was his
* James's " Sketch of Marion," p. 84. f Gazette of November, 1780.
J This entry appears in the journal of Mr. Pugh :
" Sunday, 19th Novr. preached Gen. M'Intosh's funeral, at the Welch Neck,
on 2 Timothy, iv. 7, 8."
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 347
happiness to fill every position to which he was called with
fidelity and honor. Of superior mental endowments, and
well-balanced character, commanding in person, and pos-
sessed of an ample fortune, he was enabled to exert a degree
of influence beyond most of his contemporaries in the ser-
vice of his country, in which he was active and prominent
from the commencement of the struggle for liberty. Nor,
in the midst of so troublous a period did he forget the chief
duty of man. In war, he meekly served the Prince of
Peace, and died the death of the righteous.
General Harrington was still on the Pedee,* and continued
to hold that position until some time in December. He
then moved up the river, and was shortly after at Grassey
Creek, Roanoke, where he received the following letter from
Col. John Donaldson :
" Richmond County, Pedee, 30th Deer., 1780.
".Dear General,
" This will serve to acknowledge the receipt of
your favors, dated the llth and 19th inst., for which I am
much obliged to you. Your order on me by W. Hardick
shall be answered the first opportunity. As to news, I am
at a loss to inform you of any. As to the enemy's move-
ments, was last night informed that Lord Cornwallis had
retreated to Camden, but am not certain as to the truth.
Before this reaches you, I imagine you will liear of the Hon.
Major-General Green's marching here with a number of
Continentals, Virginia Militia, and some cavalry; but as to
real number, am not acquainted, for I have never been in
camp yet, which is on Hicks's Creek.
* The following is one of many accounts of articles furnished General
Harrington's forces on Pedee :
" State of South Carolina.
"To George Hicks.
Novr*. 6, 1780, 1921 Ibs. of pork @ 32*. Sd . per 100, 81 7 6
,,15, 100 bundles corn blades, @70d. per 100, 15 6
29, 180 busls. corn, @ 3*. Gd. 81 10 8
63 13 8
" The above mentioned pork, corn blades, and corn were impressed for use of
N. C. militia, in this State, under command of Brig.-Gen. Harrington, who at
that time had the command of the S. C. militia on both sides of the Pedee."
348 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
" Brigadier-General Morgan is left with some chosen
troops on the Catawba River. Where General Sumpter is,
I cannot say. General Marion has had two small skir-
mishes with the Tories and British, at or near Nelson's
Ferry. The enemy retreated towards Camden. He took
some prisoners and killed some, the number not known.
His Excellency, John Rutledge, Esq., of South Carolina,
General Huger, and some other officers belonging to that
State, are in camp.
" I am told his Excellency is going to camp at the Che-
raws. I hope he will transmogriphy the Northern Tories,
and make them know that liberty has not declined altogether
her friendship for that State. Col. Thomas Wade has got
an appointment to act as Commissary for the South State.
He speaks of building 300 flat-bottomed boats, as to the
use of which many are the conjectures. I hope for the
best.
" If our allies are but near Bermuda, I should think
Lord Cornwallis will draw near to Charles-town for support
of that place. It was almost without necessary guards a few
days ago, as report goes.
" I have spoken to Col. Medlock as to your request, but
he says he has not received any satisfactory answer from the
Board of War ; but as he is coming to the Assembly in the
course of the week, he may settle that matter.
"He was appointed, at our Court, Commissioner, and
gave security for the same. How far we are justifiable in
holding Court, I cannot say. Some necessary things were
done for particulars, shall refer you to Col. Medlock.
" Col. Wade was at my house a few days ago, and hinted
he would be willing to be done with the Light Horse Regi-
ment for the three counties. He told me he would write to
you on the subject. If so, and any party of horse or foot
should be thought proper to be raised, and that for a cer-
tain time, not less than six or twelve months, if thought
best, and that proper arms might be had for them ; then,
if you should think that my weak abilities could be of any
service to my country, I shall be willing to serve, so that
strict discipline may be allowed, when on duty. But shall
refer the whole to your good judgment. I rest fully assured
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 349
of your doing everything in your power for your much-
injured country, and remain, dear General,
" Your most obedient, and
" Very humble Servant,
" JOHN DONALDSON.
" To Hon. Brigadier- General Harrington,
" Grassey Creek, Roanoke.
.-<
" P.S. Sir, please to present my compliments to Mrs.
Harrington, and all inquiring friends. I am yours, &c.
" J. D.
"N.B. I am in great want of a good sword. In case
of employment, will pay any expenses. I am yours,
" J. D."
General Green, who had been sent to take charge of the
Southern Department, arrived at Charlotte, North Caro-
lina, December 2. But, in consequence of the scarcity of
food, that region having been greatly plundered, he divided
his forces. Gen. Morgan was sent with a strong body to
the western parts of South Carolina, while General Green,
with the main column, marched on 20th December for Pedee.
His force now consisted of not more than one thousand Conti-
nentals, and about as many militia. He was bare of
ammunition and clothing, and had no money to pay for
them.*
He pitched his camp on the southern bank of Husband's
Creek, t three miles from Cheraw, on the east side of the
river, but moved almost immediately after to a position on
Hicks's Creek, a mile higher up.
Lord Cornwallis, in a letter to Col. Tarleton, dated Wyns-
borough, Dec. 26th, 1780, thus wrote : " A man came this
morning from Charlotte-town ; his fidelity is, however, very
doubtful. He says, that Green marched on Wednesday last
towards the Cheraws, to join Gen. Caswell ; and that
Morgan, with his infantry, and one hundred and twenty-
four of Washington's Light Horse, crossed Biggin's Ferry
* James's " Sketch of Marion/' p. 85.
f Some remains of his first encampment were to be seen a few years since.
350 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
on Thursday and Friday last, to join Lacy.* I expect more
certain information/'
Of the movements made about this time, Tarleton wrote
afterwards : " During the preparation for the second inva-
sion of North Carolina, emissaries had been despatched into
that Province to obtain intelligence of the force and designs
of the enemy.
" Near the end of December information was received that
Gen. Green had made a division of his troops, which did
not exceed one thousand four hundred men, exclusive of
the militia ; and that he had committed the light infantry
and Col. Washington's cavalry to Gen. Morgan, with direc-
tions to pass the Catawba and Broad Rivers, in order to
collect the militia in the districts through which he
marched, and afterwards threaten Ninety-six ; whilst he con-
ducted the other division of the Continentals to Haley's
Ferry, on the River Pedee, to form a junction with Gen.
Caswell, and give jealousy to Camden. This appeared to be
the outline of the American design previous to the arrival
of Gen. Leslie's reinforcements. The intelligence Gen.
Green had procured since his appointment to the southward,
and the calculations of his own and the British force, might
suggest the propriety of attempting to distress the frontier
of South Carolina by a desultory war, till he could acquire
a command sufficiently numerous and well disciplined to
conduct more decisive operations.
" There could not be an arrangement better chosen, pro-
vided the Royalists were not joined by any additional regi-
ments ; but the increase of the English army would certainly
frustrate such a disposition.
" It is not to be supposed that Gen. Green would have
adopted the hazardous plan of dividing and advancing his
troops, if he had received authentic information of Gen.
Leslie's command being withdrawn from Virginia and
united to the force in South Carolina; because such an
accession of strength would naturally produce a movement
from "Wynsborough, which, if executed with tolerable
rapidity, might separate the two divisions of the American
"Tarleton," p. 207.
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 351
army, and endanger their being totally dispersed or de-
stroyed."*
The disposition of his forces made by Gen. Green may
have been hazardous, and was doubtless done in ignorance
of the transfer of Leslie; yet the enemy failed to take
advantage of it, so as to accomplish the results most confi-
dently anticipated.
The advance of Green to Pedee inspired general confidence
in that part of the State, and gave a new impetus to the
partisan warfare already successfully waged. Thus the year
1780 drew to a close, victory, in the main, having followed
the invader's steps. And yet the spirit of liberty had
revived ; the division of the British forces to keep the State
in subjection, only developed the weakness of the enemy,
and pointed out the way, by such a conflict as Marion,
Kolb, and others were now carrying on, of ensuring a cer-
tain and not very remote victory in the end.
* " Tarleton," pp. 207, 208. It would seem, from what Tarleton here says,
that General Green's first design might have been to go to Haley's Ferry, or
possibly that report was circulated to mislead the enemy. His movement was
directly to Cheraw.
352 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
CHAPTER XV.
General Green on Pedee Hig retreat into North Carolina Progress of British
arms Extracts from Pugh's journal Colonel Mnrphy and the Tories
Gideon Gibson's death Difficulty and correspondence between Captain
Snipes and Colonel Kolb The latter writes to General Marion Whigs
surprise the Tories on the Three Creeks Harry Sparks killed Tories
routed Whig expeditions against them to Drowning Creek and Cat Pish
Tories retaliate OH Colonel Kolb His death Adventures of Lewis Malone
Ayer Other scenes of that day Outrages by the Tory party Kolb's
character Account of Captain Jones, the Tory leader, and others Cartel
for exchange of prisoners between General Green and Cornwallis Corn-
wallis's movements His declining fortunes and his correspondence Colonels
Benton and Murphy, and other leaders on Pedee Extracts from Pugh's
journal Murphy's fight with Tories at Bass's Mill Derangement of civil
affairs Ordinary appointed for Cheraws Gainey's difficulty with Murphy
Treaty between Gainey and General Marion Gainey's character Inci-
dent connected with battle of Eutaw Legislative elections for Cheraws
Colonel Steward's case Mrs. Steward's petition Steward's character and
death Confiscation Bill Extract from Royal Gazette Citizens of Cheraws
included in the Bill Extracts satirical from Royal Gazette General Pinck-
ney's letter to General Matthews.
THE year 1781 opened upon strangely varied scenes through-
out the State. The enemy was confident, though suffering
from reverses, and preparing for decisive movements. The
presence of Gen. Green on the Pedee kept the disaffected
in awe during his brief stay, and brought with it a state of
comparative repose to the inhabitants in the adjacent region.
Col. Kolb was now in the full tide of his successful career
as the honored champion of the cause of America in the
Cheraw District. Col. Murphy was doing valiant service in
the parts lower down on the east, Major Benton had his
post on the west of the river, while Marion was actively
engaged from Lynche's Creek to George- town.
The wearied army was recruiting in camp on Hicks's
Creek. John Wilson, then a young and active Whig, was
appointed captain of a small company of trusty men, called
the " Munchausen Corps/' as a light troop, to scour the
country around during Green's sojourn on the Pedee.
This, however, was to be of short continuance. The pur-
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 353
suit of Morgan by Cornwallis, after the battle of Cow-pens,
of which Gen. Green received early intelligence, induced
him to break up his encampment on the Pedee and move
with all possible despatch in order to join Morgan.* He
went in advance, with a small party, leaving the main body
to follow on. The march commenced on the 28th of
January, 1781. Of the almost incredible hardships endured
during the rigors of this memorable winter, and particularly
on the retreat from Guilford Court House, the historians
of the time have written. Nothing of special interest
occurred during the month's stay of Green on the Pedee.
The only remains of his correspondence while here which
have appeared, are a few brief letters to Marion, Sumpter and
others.
His departure threw the Whigs of Cheraw District once
more upon their own strong arms for protection, and the
warfare with the Tories was renewed with unsparing fero-
city.
Called off, as many of them were to the assistance of
Marion, advantage was taken of their absence by marauding
parties to ravage the country, and plunder their defenceless
homes. Alarming accounts were also spread abroad of the
progress of the British arms, keeping the public mind in a
state of constant agitation. Mr. Pugh's journal furnishes
some extracts descriptive of the time.
" Thursday, 25th January. At home all day. Had certain
news of Tarleton's defeat at Broad River. Many people
here all day.
" Saturday, 3rd February. Went to the Mill,f and Lide's.
Met Lee's horsemen at the Mill.
" Thursday, 22nd. Murphy's company ran from the
Tories.
" Wednesday, 28th March. Had the news that Marion's
camp was taken.
"Thursday, 29th. Camp not taken. The British at
Burch's."
* James Gillespie, a staunch and active young Whig, who resided new
Green's Camp, acted as guide to the general on his march from Pedee.
j* Long after known as Gibson's Mill, on the road from Long Bluff to
George-town.
A A
354 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
Lower down, on the east side of the river, the Tories
made frequent incursions from Little Pedee, finding ready
co-operation on the part of some in that immediate region.
The Whigs were driven in some cases to acts of cruel
retaliation. One instance of this kind is related of Col.
Maurice Murphy. He was a man of ungovernable passion,
which was often inflamed by strong drink. On the occa-
sion alluded to he went to the house of a noted Tory, named
Blackman, then somewhat advanced in years, and inoffen-
sive. He had several sons, however, who were active against
the Whigs. Murphy 's real object, doubtless, was to disco-
ver where these and others of their companions were.
Having tied Blackman, he asked him who he was for ; and
upon his replying, " for King George/' gave him fifty lashes.
The question was repeated with the same reply, and the
like punishment inflicted, until the fourth time, when, upon
finding the old man unyielding, Murphy was compelled to
desist. Blackman lived on Cat Fish, and the place is yet
called " Tory's Camp."
Gideon Gibson, the uncle of Murphy, blamed him for
his conduct on this occasion.
Subsequently Murphy stopped with his company at Gib-
son's for breakfast, and while there the subject was resumed.
A quarrel ensued, and as Murphy mounted his horse to start
off, Gibson followed him to the door and said something
offensive, whereupon Murphy shot him dead. Three of
Gibson's sons were present in Murphy's company, and were
men of undoubted courage ; but knowing his violent temper
and desperate resolution, did not interfere. Nothing was
done to Murphy afterwards.
In the early part of the year Capt. William Clay Snipes,
from the Lower Pedee, applied toGov. Rutledge for permission
to raise an independent company to operate westward of the
Santee. The Governor wrote to Gen. Marion, 28th January,
from Cheraw, on the subject, giving his sanction to the
undertaking, and Gen. Sumpter subsequently issued instruc-
tions to the same effect.
In raising his company, Captain Snipes induced some of
the men under Col. Kolb's command to join him. This led
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHEBAWS. 355
to a correspondence and protest on the part of the colonel
against such a proceeding.
" Sir, I am informed you are taking all the young men
that I have ordered to join Gen. Marion with you to the
southward. I must now beg leave to inform you of Gen.
Marion's orders against such proceedings, which I have just
received, forbidding any person leaving his brigade without
his leave. " I am, sir,
" Your most obedient, humble Servant,
" A. KOLB.
" To Capt. Snipes/'
To this the following tart reply was made :
"April 16th, 1781.
" Sir, I received yours, and this will inform you that I
have instructions from Gen. Sumpter, who commands Gen.
Marion, to raise men where I can ; and as to Gen. Marion's
orders, in this case it avails nothing.
" I am, sir,
" Your most humble Servant,
" WILLIAM CLAY SNIPES."*
Two days after this Col. Kolb wrote to Gen. Marion on
ine subject, complaining of Captain Snipes' course.
"April 18th, 1781.
" Dear Sir, Through much difficulty I have sent you
Captain John Wilds with a few men, though not the num-
ber you expect.
" I expressed a few days ago the opinion that I should
not be able to send you a single man, for as soon as the
men were ordered to join you, Snipes and some officers
whom he had appointed out of this regiment, endeavored
to prevent their joining you, by telling them some fine
stories, and speaking rather disrespectfully of you, as I have
been informed, to prevent their joining you.
" As soon as I received your last orders I immediately
Gibbes's " Documentary History," 1781-82, pp. 52, 53.
A A2
356 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
informed Lieut. Lyons, whom I had ordered to join you
with the young men that were to have been continued with
you, of your orders, informing him that I thought the
young men that were ready in turning out with him to joiu
Gen. Sumpter would receive the same advantage by joining
you, but this did not avail anything.
" When I found this to be the case, I wrote him again,
also wrote Captain Snipes, a copy of which I have enclosed
you ; also Snipes' answer. I saw Lyons yesterday myself.
I asked him about the men that he had raised ; he said he
had sent them to General Sumpter, and that he would send
every other man of the regiment that he could recruit, to
him, notwithstanding they were ordered other ways. He
damned himself if he would serve under any officer but
rhom he pleased; that he disregarded any orders that
might be issued to the contrary. As soon as I received
your orders, I ordered my men to have half of their men
in readiness to join you, by a certain time. Just as they
were ready to march, the said Lyons immediately impressed
several of their horses, and sent them off, which prevents
many of them coming to you, and the scarcity of horses at
this time and place, prevents their being replaced.
" I should be glad to know what method you would have
me to take with such persons. I shall endeavor to send
some few men on to you as soon as horses can be had, as
we are obliged to stop ploughs to get horses at this time to
do patrol duty. We have no news, only of a party of
Tories, who have been in Captain Murphy's company, com-
manded by a Captain John Brockington.
" I am, dear Sir,
<f Your most humble Servant,
"ABEL KOLB."*
General Marion wrote to General Sumpter immediately ,
and in reply, General Sumpter said : " You gave your
opinion in that [a previous letter] , it is true, with respect to
raising troops upon the State establishment, which opinion
it appears you have resumed, not from the ill policy of the
* Gibbes's " Documentary History," 1781-72, pp. 54, 55.
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHEKAWS. 357
measure, but because Major Snipes might have disobliged
you. Whether he gave a cause of umbrage I know not ;
he was acting by no particular direction of me. If he has
transgressed, he is amenable, and may, as an officer, be
punished with great propriety, notwithstanding there is
neither executive nor legislative body in the State; yet I
think their powers exist, and whoever denies it is dilating
the almost mortal wound our laws have received, and
directly admits what Major Snipes may have done to be
just, or that what he prevented another from doing, was
unjust. I revere the citizen who is tenacious of the laws
of his country. I lament their being so much abused. If
I have done it, I think myself accountable, and shall no
doubt be called upon by the gentleman to whom you say
you shall represent the matter ; and if he is unacquainted
with my motives and the step I have taken, should be happy
to have his opinion upon that head. To his judgment and
authority, I pay the greatest respect; but I have not a
doubt but that he and all impartial men, will applaud an
undertaking which promised so much good to the United
States, and this in particular ; especially as it was the last
and only measure that could be adopted for its security, or
possession of even the least part of it. As to the powers
by which I act, they ought not to be called in question by
any man, until gentlemen whom it might concern had used
proper means to obtain information/'* Here the discus-
sion of the matter appears to have dropped. Even before
these lines of General Sumpter were penned, Col. Kolb was
no longer among the living. One of those bloody acts of
the Tories, so characteristic of this period, led to a series of
retaliations on the part of the Whigs, which ended in a
mournful catastrophe for the inhabitants of the Pedee.
A party of Whigs, shortly before this, went out in search
of a noted band of Tories who were known to occupy a
stronghold in the swamp of the Three Creeks, from which
frequent incursions had been made into the river settlements.
At that time, the swamp was an almost impenetrable
morass, rendering it a secure retreat for such outlaws.
* Gibbes's " Documentary History," 1781-82, pp. 64, 65.
358 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
Upon approaching its border, the Whigs remained quiet for
some time, hoping to discover some sign of the enemy ; but
in vain. To penetrate it in a body, not knowing the exact
location of the Tory camp, would have been a most hazard-
ous undertaking. They were at a loss what to do, and as
painfully impressed with the necessity of striking an effec-
tive blow. At length, after a tedious delay, one of their
number, Harry Sparks, noted for his activity and courage,
volunteered to go in alone and bring back a speedy report
to his companions. He succeeded in reaching the camp;*
and after a careful inspection, was in the act of retreating,
when he was discovered and captured. His protracted ab-
sence excited alarm, and at length, becoming desperate at
the thought of Sparks' fate, the whole party dashed into
the swamp together, determined to rescue him, if alive, or
perish m the attempt.
Following his trail, they succeeded without difficulty in
reaching the spot, and there found the camp deserted, and,
to their horror, the lifeless body of their comrade hanging
from a tree. A cry went up for vengeance, and not long
after retribution came. Captain Daniel Sparks, a brother
of Harry, succeeded in capturing subsequently one of the
ringleaders of the Tory gang. Upon being charged with
the act, which he promptly acknowledged, Captain Sparks
told him he should be hung. " Very well/' said the un-
daunted fellow, " as soon as you please."
Sparks ordered Ms men to proceed with the execution
of the prisoner, who assisted with apparent cheerfulness in
adjusting the rope about his neck, sprang on the back of
the horse brought to elevate him from the ground, asked if
the rope was well secured to the limb, and upon being told
it was, kicked the horse, making him move suddenly from
under him, and swung off into eternity with an oath upon
his lips. After hanging Sparks, the Tories fled, fearing the
proximity of a large and hostile party, well knowing that
instant pursuit would be made. They were followed with-
out delay by Col. Kolb, in command of a chosen band,
* The locality of this once celebrated hiding place is now pointed out near
the "Mineral Spring" in Marlborough District, seven miles below Bennetts-
ville, a favourite resort of some of the planters of the neighbourhood.
HISTORY OF THE OLD CDERAWS* 359
among whom were James Gillespie and Josiah Cantey, and
were overtaken on Drowning Creek, in the neighbourhood
of a famous Tory rendezvous. On their way, while passing
a house a short distance from the road, Cantey rode up to
inspect the premises. As he approached, a large mulatto,
a noted outlaw, left the house, and mounting his pony,
started off at full speed. Soon overtaking him, Cantey
rather jokingly said he would shoot him if he did not stop.
Without slackening his pace, the fellow discharged his gun
at Cantey, who was partially in the rear, striking him in
the breast. Cantey fell from his horse, and as others of
the party came up, exclaimed, " I am mortally wounded."
It proved, however, to be nothing serious. The mulatto
was at once overtaken and shot. Another like him was
soon after despatched. The expedition ended in a general
rout of the Tories, but nothing more.
Soon after his return from Drowning Creek, Colonel
Kolb went down the river on the east side, to the neigh-
bourhood of Cat Fish, with a more formidable party. Major
Lemuel Benton, Capt. Joseph Dabbs, and John Coxe were
among the number who accompanied him. Some daring
outrages had been committed in this quarter, and it was
necessary to proceed with a strong and well-organized
body.
Nothing of importance occurred until they reached Hu-
lin's Mill.* Here they surprised two notorious Tories, John
Deer and Osburn Lean. The latter was shot in attempting
to make his escape into Cat Fish Swamp, and got off with a
broken arm. Deer was overtaken as he reached the swamp,
and killed. It was on this occasion, or shortly before, that
Caleb Williams, a desperate marauder, noted especially for
house burning, was taken by Kolb's party and hung. After
proceeding further, capturing other guilty parties, and
punishing or discharging them on promise of good behaviour,
Colonel Kolb returned home, and dismissed his party, feel-
ing secure for a time at least in the thought that the Tories
* This was the site of the mill owned by the late Joseph Bass, ten or twelve
miles above Marion, C. H. Hulin was a neutral character. Many persons,
actuated by politic motives, found it to their interest to take such a position.
They were generally Loyalists at heart.
360 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
had been overawed, and would not soon renew their depre-
dations. In this, however, he was most sadly deceived. It
was natural that such acts of retaliation on the part of the
Whigs should excite a desperate spirit of revenge in the
Tories. In this instance their fury was directed chiefly
against Colonel Kolb, who had rendered himself most ob-
noxious by his repeated successes in capturing and punishing
some of their most active and notable men. And they
were particularly excited against him, now that his path in
the late expedition had been marked by the blood of several
of their favourite companions. Nothing, as subsequently
appeared, was to satisfy them short of his life. No sooner
had he departed from the neighbourhood of Cat Fish, than
a plan was set on foot to surprise him in the bosom of his
family, and put him to death. Knowing that his men
would be disbanded for a short time after his return, they
determined to follow on without delay, and make sure of
their prey.
Accordingly, a company of about fifty Tories collected at
the place now known as Tart's Mill, six miles above Marion
Court House.
Their leader was Captain Joseph Jones,* a native of that
neighbourhood. No time was to be lost. The more rapid
their movements, the more certain would be the surprise.
A few hours' hard riding would take them to the object of
their revenge, about thirty-four miles distant. It was ar-
ranged that they should reach Colonef Kolb's at a late hour
of the night.
Riding up rapidly under cover of darkness, the surprise
was complete. The high qualities of the gallant Kolb, sud-
denly roused from sleep, with his loved ones around him,
and a brutal foe thirsting for blood at his door, were now
to be put upon their last and severest trial. His family
consisted of Mrs. Kolb, an only daughter,f then a child,
* James, in his " Life of Marion/' speaks of Gibson and his party as having
gone on this occasion against Colonel Kolb. Gibson may have been a pro-
minent character in connexion with the atfair, but Jones was unquestionably
the acting captain of th Tory party.
f The late Mrs. Anne J. Pouncey, wife of Major James Pouncey, of Marl-
borough, then but eight years old.
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 361
and two sisters.* Two young men, Evans', were also with
the family. They had probably accompanied the colonel
on his late expedition, and were members of his staff. The
house was well secured, and the inmates doubly armed. Well
knowing the bloody purpose and desperate character of the
foe, Colonel Kolb's first impulse was to sell his life as
dearly as possible. A determined resistance was accordingly
made, though in the face of overpowering numbers, and
as some accounts represent, but incorrectly perhaps, several
of the Tory party were killed. Not knowing the number
within, and excited to desperation by the resistance offered,
if not the havoc made in their ranks, the Tories threatened
to burn the dwelling with its inmates, if Colonel Kolb did
not at once surrender. It is said by one authority, the
house was actually fired. Reduced to the last extremity,
and moved by the entreaties of the ladies, whose consterna-
tion must have been great, the colonel agreed to deliver
himself up as a prisoner of war. The proposition was ac-
cepted; and he went forth, accompanied by his wife and
sisters, and when almost in the act of presenting his sword,
was treacherously shot on the spot. This deed was perpe-
trated, without the captain's orders, by Mike Goings, a pri-
vate in the Tory ranks. On some former occasion, Colonel
Kolb had excited this man's special hostility, and hence his
perfidious revenge. Thomas Evans, upon this murderous
breach of faith, attempted to escape, but was shot, and died
soon after from the effect of the wound.f The dwelling was
then plundered,^ and after setting it on fire, the Tories made
a hasty retreat.
Between the dwelling of Colonel Kolb and the ferry, a
few hundred yards below, stood a block house which had
been erected by the Whigs for the safe keeping of their
* These sisters were Ann James, who married Joshua Edwards, and Sarah
who married Evander M'lver, as heretofore stated.
f Thomas Evans succeeded in reaching a house on Spot Mill Creek (on the
west side of the river), near a p6int where it is now crossed by the Cheraw and
Darlington R. R., and died a few days after. Some authorities state that
another person named Evans, a brother probably, was shot on the spot and
killed.
J John Jones, a brother of the Tory captain, was seen on the return of the
party, as they passed old John Bethea's, riding Colonel Kolb's horse and saddle,
with a feather bed tied before him.
362 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
prisoners. It was called the " Bull Pen." On this occasion
a number were confined within its walls, among them two
British officers, and several soldiers. Simultaneously with
the assault on Colonel Kolb, the small guard which kept
watch at the " Bull Pen" were surprised, and the prisoners
turned loose. Two of the soldiers, on their release, went
down the river to the residence of old Mrs. Wilds, opposite
Long Bluff, in search of the treasure, which by some means
they had learned she kept on her person. Finding her unpro-
tected, they made a rude search and took her gold away.
At this stage in the history of this calamitous day, the
thrilling narrative of an eye-witness continues the story.
Lewis Malone Ayer,* the second son of Thomas Ayer, of
Hunt's Bluff, then a lad of twelve or thirteen years of age,
was on a visit with his mother to the family of John Downes,
a brother-in-law, who lived about three miles above Colonel
Kolb's on the river. Mr. Downes having died in the course
of the night, young Ayer was despatched at an early hour
in the morning to inform the colonel of the sad event.
He had proceeded about half way, when he was startled
by the firing of guns in the direction of Col. Kolb's resi-
dence. Upon going a short distance further, and alarmed
at the unusual sounds he had heard, he saw an old man,
William Forniss, riding out from his house to the road.
They were well acquainted ; and upon coming up, he ac-
costed the youth in an excited, hurried manner, saying,
" Lewis, what firing of guns was that a while ago ?" Ayer
replied, " I do not know ;" and just then, upon looking in
that direction, they saw Colonel Kolb's residence in flames.
Young Ayer then related the errand on which he was going,
and the old man replied, " Come along, let us go and see
what is to pay there. I will not lead you into danger."
On approaching the path which led out from Colonel
KolVs to the main Welch Neck road down the river, they
saw, from a number of fresh tracts, that a company of horse-
men had passed rapidly on but a short time before. " Who-
ever they are," said Forniss, " they are gone, and we may
* The venerable Lewis Malone Ayer, of Barnwell, to whom reference has
already been made.
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAW8. 363
now approach without fear/' Upon riding up, a mournful
spectacle was presented to their view. The dwelling was
enveloped in flames, and about to tumble in ; and a short
distance off were Mrs. Kolb and her two sisters-in-law weep-
ing over their dead.
They told the sad story of the surprise and resistance, of
the final capitulation and the closing scene; and how, not
satisfied with blood, the Tories had rifled the house of every
valuable, set it on fire, and fled. The bleeding corpse the
agonized females had been forced to remove beyond the
reach of the burning timbers. The lapse of nearly eighty
years had not dimmed the eye of memory as the once
youthful Aver looked back from old age upon the shocking
scene. His day's adventures had now just begun. Forniss,
well aware of the danger to which all those who might come
in the way of the retreating Tory party would be exposed,
informed young Ayer that a brother-in-law of his (Ayer's),
named M'Gee, was that day to come up to Col. Kolb's on
business, that he must hasten on, get around and ahead of
the Tories, so as to intercept M'Gee and apprize him of the
danger, or he would certainly be killed.
The youthful rider was mounted on a beautiful animal, a
piebald mare, with flaxen mane and tail, and noted for her
fleetness. He was confident she could bear him away un-
harmed from any pursuit that might be made, having out-
stripped the Tories on several previous occasions when they
had chased him to effect her capture. Excited by the scene
just witnessed, and alarmed at the prospect of the imminent
peril to which M'Gee would be exposed, he started at once
on the hazardous mission, secure, however, in the watchful
eye above that guided him, and the fleetness of his mare,
which had often eluded the pursuer before. After proceed-
ing a short distance, he met an old man, Willis by name,
small of stature, and a shoemaker by trade. Willis lived
out in the marshes, and being old and feeble, was allowed
to occupy ostensibly the position of a neutral. His heart,
however, was with the Whigs, and, as opportunity offered,
he rendered faithful service to the cause of liberty. On this
occasion he rode a shaggy pony, corresponding in age with
himself, and carried on his shoulder an old-fashioned, long-
364 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
barrelled fowling-piece, which he affectionately called " Old
Sweet lips." Upon meeting young Ayer, he asked what all
that shooting was he had heard above. In a few words the
story was related to him, and that of the errand upon which
the youth had started. " Very well/' said he, " hurry on ;
you will see two of the red-coats lying in the road ahead of
you." His words proved true, for a little further on the
youth found two British soldiers dead in the road, who had
bled profusely. They had paid the penalty of an untimely
plundering sally with their lives.
How the old man, feeble as he was, managed to kill them
both, he did not relate. Observing that their shoe-buckles
had been taken out, young Ayer concluded that they were
also stripped of every valuable about them. Hearing a few
days after that old Mrs. Wilds had been robbed by two of
the soldiers who escaped from the " Bull-pen," the old man
went down to see her, and found that they had taken from
her person one hundred and one guineas, which she had
kept for a long time concealed, supposing that no one out
of her own immediate family knew anything of it. Willis
then produced the package of coin, which she recognised as
her own. On opening and counting it out, not a piece was
found missing. She offered a portion to the honest reco-
verer, which he magnanimously refused to receive, saying it
was hers, and he was sufficiently rewarded in being able to
restore it to her. From the spot where the soldiers had
fallen, young Ayer pursued his way, the road running along
a ridge flanked on either side by swamp or' boggy marsh
land. He hastened on, for there was no time to be lost.
A few miles below, at a point where an abrupt turn was
made by the road to avoid the marsh, it reached the house
of a man named M'Daniel. Riding at a rapid pace, for he
expected not to overtake the Tories so soon, he was almost
upon them before he could rein his mare in. Some of the
party were on the piazza, but most of them within the house.
He was immediately discovered and pursued with a shout,
the Tories halloing at the top of their voices to the flying
youth to stop. Several shots were fired at him, but with-
out effect, having been aimed high, as he supposed, not to kill
his mare.
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 365
After wheeling round, young Ayer struck out of the
main road into a narrow cow-path, which crossed a large
and very boggy marsh.
It was so narrow and obscure that his pursuers did not
observe it, though he knew, being familiar with the locality,
that it was the only track by which a safe crossing could
be effected. Seeing him dash through, they attempted to
do the same, and by going directly across, hoped to get
ahead of him, as the path led around by an angle. But,
in this they were sadly disappointed. For as he reached
the opposite ridge, and looked back, lying close on the off-
side of his mare, the result was what he anticipated. The
whole party were in full view, riders and horses floundering
in the mud, in hopeless confusion. The chase was at an
end, the despicable pursuers deeply chagrined to have
been thus out-witted by a boy, and glad to get back to
the quarters they had left. The flying youth pursued his
way through the woods for several miles, until he reached
the road leading from Pledger's Mill* to the Welch Neck
road, with which it formed a junction near a house owned
by a Mr. Cogdell, but then occupied by a man named
Cotton. The Tories, as young Ayer afterwards learned,
supposed his object was to pass them in order to give infor-
mation of their coming to a party of Col. Murphy's men,
then at Brown's Mill, on Muddy Creek, and whom the
Tories intended to surprise. They hastened on therefore at
greater speed, after the escape of Ayer.
The latter had taken a somewhat circuitous route, to
elude them the more surely, and in that way the Tories got
ahead of him.
After leaving M'DaniePs, they wantonly killed a mulatto
man, the slave of Capt. Daniel Sparks, whom they found on
the way ; and Cotton, taken by surprise, was despatched at
his house. A few moments after they left Cotton's, young
Ayer came into the Welch Neck road again, but knowing
the party had passed the point where M'Gee would enter it,
he turned off into the road by which the latter was to come,
and after going a short distance, met him on his way.
Since known as the Old Saw Mills, in Marlborougli District.
366 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
The greater speed of the Tories after the chase of young
Ayer, was the means of M'Gee being saved.
The most of Col. Murphy's men had left the post at
Brown's Mill some days before.
A few, however, remained ; and of these, who were sur-
prised, Capt. Joseph Dabbs,* a useful citizen and well-tried
Whig, was killed. Another, Ned Threwitts, escaped with a
bullet in his shoulder.
After returning from this bloody expedition, the Tories
dispersed, taking refuge, doubtless, for a time in their
hiding places, knowing full well the vengeance with which
they would be visited by the Whigs. Thus ended for the
region of the Upper Pedee, the 28th of April, 1781, one of
the saddest days in its history. The leader, to whom all
eyes had proudly looked, was no more. Cut off iu the
prime of his manhood and in the midst of a career of use-
fulness for his country, before his noble qualities had yet
been fully developed, he would doubtless have reached much
higher distinction as a partisan leader, had his life been
spared.f
He was a man of retiring disposition, but firm and un-
yielding where principle was involved, decided in his views,
and of the highest order of courage. His education was
limited ; but a sound and discriminating mind made amends
for the want of early cultivation. He had amassed a com-
fortable fortune, and contributed liberally in means as well
as personal effort, to the cause of independence. In person
he was of medium size, and comely, though not striking in
appearance. His death, at such a juncture, was well cal-
culated to fill the minds of the Whigs of Pedec for a time with
despondency. A worthy successor, however, was at hand, to
revive the public spirit, and nerve those, who had already
suffered much, for other conflicts. His command devolved
on Major Lemuel Benton, who as Lieutenant-Colonel, nobly
sustained it to the close of the war. In a letter to Marion,
of the 6th May following, General Green alluded to the death
* Captain Dabbs lived on Crooked Creek, on lands near the site of the
mill owned in later times by Judge Ev.ius.
f The widow of Colonel Kolb subsequently married Jesse Wilds, a son of the
old Mrs. Wilds of whom mention has been made.
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 367
of Col. Kolb, with unaffected sorrow. Ramsay, the first
historian of the Revolution in Carolina, recorded it briefly.
On the hearts of his sorrowing countrymen, who knew him
best, his real worth was impressed in characters which time
could never efface. Tradition has assigned him the first
place, perhaps, in the confidence and affection of the people,
among the military men of that day.
Captain Jones,* the leader of the Tory party which sur-
prised Col. Kolb, was a man of some note. He possessed
a good property, and was ingenious to a remarkable
degree. He is said to have made the first surveyor's com-
pass ever used in Marion District. Notwithstanding his
course during the Revolution, he continued to live on Cat
Pish until about 180;!, and then removed to Colleton Dis-
trict, where he died not very many years since. Old
Willis, the shoemaker, an Irishman by birth, lived to a
very advanced age, and died, where he had lived, in the
marshes.
Prior to these events on the Pedee the shock of arms
had been felt again in North Carolina. Shortly before the
battle of Guilford Court House, after the two armies had
approached each other, and had some skirmishing, and one
or two engagements, Lord Cornvrallis and General Green
entered into a correspondence for t?- e exchange of prisoners
belonging to the Southern armies. Captain Broderick, who
was empowered to treat by the former, on account of some
difficulties which arose, could not bring the business to a
conclusion ; and being afterwards revived, it was finished by
Captain Cornwallis on the part of the British, and Colonel
Carrington as agent for the Americans, when the customary
tariff was signed and executed. It was done at the house
* Some years after the Revolution, Captain Jones was on his trial at George-
town for passing counterfeit money. Samuel Wilds, afterwards so distinguished,
but then quite a young man, and not yet at the Bar, was present, and proposed
to raise a company, take Jones out and hang him, saying ho deserved to die for
his connexion with the murder of Colonel Kolb. Thin incident was related to
the author by the late John D. Witherspoon, of Society Hill. It seems hardly
in keeping, however, with that kindness of heart and noble generosity for which
Judge Wilds \vas so remarkable. He \vas young, however, and the feeling
yet intt nse against the Tories Mr. W. also stated that he once spent the night
with Kirby, the murderer of Joseph Dabbs.
368 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
of Claudius Pegues, on Pedee, May 3rd, 1781.* The de-
clining fortunes of Cornwallis, after the battle of Guilford,
as related by Tarleton, is a sad story. It touches the
heart even now to look back upon the scene, and contem-
plate the agonizing trials as he went down, of one who was
actuated by generous impulses and sentiments of patriotic
devotion to his king and country. After the close of the
winter campaign in North Carolina, Comwallis withdrew
his forces into South Carolina, followed by Green. Soon
after he advanced to Cross Creek, and then to Wilmington.
" The aspect of affairs at this juncture," said Tarleton, " pre-
sented various and opposite designs to the noble earl at
Wilmington. Upon the different investigations of the
subject it was too successfully described, that the country
between Cape Fear River and Camden was barren, and
intersected with creeks and rivers ; that the road to George-
town was replete with the same difficulties, that an embark-
ation for Charles-town was disgraceful, and would occasion
delay whilst the transports were coming round ; and that
Virginia was more accessible, where Gen. Phillips com-
manded a respectable force."f The noble earl was evidently
looking with wistful eye toward South Carolina. There he
had fondly hoped to maintain undisputed sway, and it was
hard to give up the cl u ~ished design.
" Hearing of Green's approach, Lord Rawdon, who com-
manded the frontiers of Soutli Carolina, was greatly alarmed,
fearing a total defection of the inhabitants, an interruption
of all communication with Charles- town, and the attack of
a continental army, superior to his own in numbers."
" Though the expresses from Cross (/reek did not reach their
destination, he gained by some other means such early in-
telligence of the approach of Green, that he made judicious
arrangements to counteract the designs of the enemy, and
to advertize Earl Comwallis of his embarrassed situation at
Camden." His leader, however, could render Rawdon no
assistance. The unhappy earl was himself in a position of
the most trying embarrassment. He knew not where to
* Moultrie's " Memoirs," vol. i. p. 178.
f Tarletou's " Memoirs," p. 283.
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 369
look for reviving prospects. On 23rd of April he wrote
from Wilmington to Lord George Germaine, as follows :
" Although the expresses I sent from Cross Creek to inform
Lord Rawdon of the necessity I was under of coming to
this place, and to warn him of the possibility of such an.
attempt of the enemy, had all miscarried, yet his lordship
was lucky enough to be apprized of Gen. Green's approach,
at least six days before he could possibly reach Camden ;
and I am therefore still induced to hope, from my opinion
of his lordship's abilities, and the precautions taken by him
and Lieutenant-Colonel Balfour, that we shall not be so unfor-
tunate as to lose any considerable corps. The distance from
hence to Camden, the want of forage and subsistence on the
greatest part of the road, and the difficulty of passing the
Pedee, when opposed by an enemy, render it utterly impos-
sible for me to give immediate assistance, and I apprehend
a possibility of the utmost hazard to this little corps, without
the chance of a benefit in the attempt; for, if we are so
unlucky as to suffer a severe blow in South Carolina, the
spirit of revolt in that Province would become very general,
and the numerous rebels in this Province be encouraged to
be more than ever active and violent. This might enable
General Green to hem me in among the great rivers, and,
by cutting off our subsistence, render our arms useless; and
to remain here for transports to carry us off would be a
work of time, would lose our cavalry, and would be other-
wise as ruinous and disgraceful to Britain, as most events
could be. I have, therefore, under so many embarrassing
circumstances (but looking upon Charles- town as safe from
any immediate attack from the rebels), resolved to take ad-
vantage of General Green's having left the back parts of
Virginia open, and march immediately into that Province,
to attempt a junction with Gen. Phillips."* Broken in
spirit, threatened on all sides, knowing from recent expe-
rience the strength of Green, and fearing him as an antago-
nist, Cornwallis, in his desperate extremity, decided upon a
step which soon led to his ruin. He was evidently afraid
to risk a passage through the country bordering on the
* Tarleton's " Memoir*," pp. 325, 326.
B B
370 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
Pedee. For the same expresses which had brought him the
disagreeable news alluded to in the opening of the foregoing
extract, also informed him " that the upper parts of South
Carolina were in the most imminent danger from an alarm-
ing spirit of revolt among many of the people." His star
was now on the wane, and soon to go down. His favorite
legion leader thus commented on the earFs resolution to go
to Virginia. " Happy would it have been, as far as general
probability can be determined, had Earl Cornwallis directed
his chief attention to the critical state of South Carolina,
and commenced his return by any route to secure it"
On the 24th of April, Cornwallis wrote thus to Gen.
Phillips : " My situation here is very distressing. Green
took the advantage of my being obliged to come to this
place, and has marched to South Carolina. My expresses
to Lord Rawdon, on my leaving Cross Creek, warning him
of the impossibility of such a movement, have all failed ;
mountaineers and militia have poured into the back parts
of this Province, and I much fear that Lord Rawdon's posts
will be so distant from each other, and his troops so scat-
tered, as to put him into the greatest danger of being beat
in detail, and that the worst of consequences may happen to
most of the troops out of Charles-town.
" By a direct move towards Camden, I cannot get time
enough to relieve Lord Rawdon ; and, should he have fallen,
my army would be exposed to the utmost danger from the
great rivers I should have to pass, the exhausted state of
the country, the numerous militia, the almost universal spirit
of revolt which prevails in South Carolina, and the strength
of Green's army, who%e continentals alone are at least as
numerous as I am ; and I could be of no use on my arrival
at Charles-town, there being nothing to apprehend at present
for that post; I shall, therefore, immediately march up the
country by Duplin Court House, pointing towards Hills-
borough, in hope to withdraw Green ; if that should not
succeed, I should be much tempted to form a junction with
you."
The stratagem as to Green failed most signally, and
Virginia became the theatre of Cornwall is's final overthrow.
The partisan warfare on the Pedee continued now to rage
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 371
with unabated fury. Colonel Benton, wise in counsel and
efficient in action, possessed of those peculiar qualities calcu-
lated to inspire confidence in all who were associated with
him, or under his command, was equal to the trying emer-
gencies of his position. Colonel Murphy, on the eastern
side of the river below, was battling valiantly ; while Major
Thomas, and the Captains Sparks, Pledger, Council, M'Intosh,
Ellerbe, Pegues, Jackson, and others, on both sides of the
river, were doing gallant service for their country. A strong
guard had been placed at Kolb's Ferry, an impqrtant point
on the river, under command of Captain Edward Jones,*
and continued there until the close of the war.
The " Bull Pen," which stood very near the Ferry, an-
swered the purposes of a substantial prison house. It was
often in use. A stockade was also erected at the gaolf on
Long Bluff, and a guard kept there as occasion demanded.
In a letter to Marion, of May 1st, Gen. Green cautioned
him to keep a good look-out for Tarleton, saying :
" I think it probable he is in the George-town route ; but
it is possible he may be on the upper route, as I hear of a
guard being lately surprised near the Cheraws.^J Gen.
Sumpter was then at the Congarees, M f Arthur on his way
to Camden, and the gallant Lafayette, with a large detach-
ment from the Northern Army and Pennsylvania line, on
the march to join the Southern forces.
Mr. Pugh's Journal contains a few brief entries at this
period :
" Tuesday, 17th of April. Had news of the Tories in
Cashway.
* The following was one of many accounts rendered in after the war ;
" State of South Carolina.
" March 3rd, 1781. Received of Win. Dewitt, 480 Ibs, of pork for use ot
guard at Kolb's Ferry.
" EDWAED JONES,
" Captain of Guard."
f "State of South Carolina, Cheraw District.
" This may certify that William Dewitt, Esq., furnished a guard of my regt.,
at the Cheraw Gaol, with 2 hogs, 126 Ibs.
" LEM. BENTON,
" Lieut-Colonel Commandant of Militia.
" 20fti Deer., 1782."
J Gibbes's " Documentary History," 1781-82, p. 66.
B B 2
372 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
" Saturday, 28th. Went to the Mill. Col. Kolb is
killed, and 6 or 7 men by the Tories.
" Friday, May 4th. All the men come home from Gen.
Marion's camp.
" Tuesday, 15th. We hear Camden is burnt. British
gone."
The report of six or seven men killed, besides Col. Kolb,
if it was true, must have included others who were murdered
by the Tory party on their return down the river.
In August of this year, Colonel Murphy was stationed,
with a small force, near the mouth of Black Creek. He
sent word to old Moses Bass, who kept a noted public-house
at the mill on Naked Creek, across the river and about four
miles distant, that he would be there with his men on a cer-
tain day, and to have a good dinner, with plenty of cider,
in readiness. By some means, the Tories in the neighbour-
hood were informed of the expected visit, and made prepa-
rations for attacking Murphy at Bass's. The house stood
on a small island, made by a sudden bend of the creek,
forming almost a circle, and a canal cut across the neck of
land leading out to the main road near by.
On the appointed day, Murphy and his party went over,
suspecting no danger.
While at dinner, they were suddenly surprised by the
enemy's approach. Two men came rapidly up on horseback,
and were in the act of crossing the creek by a causeway when
first discovered. They were followed by the main body,
under Major Barfield.
Some of th^ Whigs, who happened to be on the piazza,
were fired upon, and for a moment all was confusion. By
this time, the Tories had approached within fighting distance,
and the conflict began.
The Whigs having the benefit of a cover, soon gained a
decided advantage, killing several of the enemy, with the
loss, however, of two of their own number, Harper and
Mixon. Giving way under the effective fire from the house,
the Tories were in the act of retreating, when one of Murphy's
men, named Daniel, who had a stentorian voice, cried out,
" Good Heavens ! what shall we do ? the powder is out."
Upon hearing this, the Tories returned to the fight ; and the
HISTOKY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 373
Whigs, no longer able to keep up an equal fire, were forced
to escape in every direction across the creek, to the cover
of the thick timber beyond. It ran but a short distance
in the rear of the dwelling. Reaching it by a few bounds,
they tumbled down the steep bank, and got off without fur-
ther loss.
One of their number, a man named Thompson, fro*n the
Poke Swamp settlement, on the west side of the river, as he
jumped the fence near the creek, found a large and powerful
mulatto, Shoemake by name, pressing closely upon him,
with his rifle aimed and in the act of firing. Happily for
Thompson, the rifle missed fire, and before it could be re-
adjusted, he made his escape. Twenty years after, Thomp-
son heard of Shoemakers going to Camden, caught him on
his return, and inflicted severe punishment. Peter Boze-
man, a valiant soldier of liberty, who afterwards settled and
died in Darlington District, was one of Murphy's party.
Malachi Murphy was another, and received a wound in
the shoulder as he reached the creek, which disabled him for
the time. He fell down the bank, and crawling under a
large log, remained there undiscovered, though the Tories
several times passed near him. Daniel, whose unfortunate
exclamation led to the disaster, was a man of powerful frame,
and carried Murphy on his shoulders to Black Creek, making
some amends thereby for his untimely blunder.
Thus ended their day's frolic for the Whigs, teaching them
the lesson which so many have learned too late, that vigi-
lance is the price of liberty.
The civil affairs of the country were now sadly deranged.
No Circuit Court had been holdcn on the Pedee since
November, 1778, nor had any district officers been ap-
pointed. The estates of deceased persons were neglected,
aud for orphans no legal provision was made. On the 13th
of August, Governor Eutledge wrote to General Marion, and
in the course of his letter alluded to this subject. He said :
" I think of appointing immediately an ordinary in each
district, by whom wills may be proved, and letters testa-
mentary and administration granted ; and other business
with the ordinary jurisdiction transacted. The Constitution
directs that this shall be done ; and I think it is a measure
374 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
absolutely necessary for a number of reasons. I wish you
would recommend proper persons, who are able to undertake
the office of ordinary for George-town, Cheraws, and Charles-
town Districts."
By proclamation of 13th September, appointments were
made, Claudius Pegues being commissioned ordinary for
Cheraws District. "The Royal Gazette, as it was called, of
Charles-town, made merry over this business. On the 3rd
November, it said : " The following proclamation, appointing
ordinaries in the several districts of the Province, has been
lately received from the country." Here followed the pro-
clamation, with these comments : " Most of the persons
appointed ordinaries are commanders of parties of rebel
mounted militia. They, and their followers, have, by the
murders they have committed, afforded sufficient business
for a Court of Ordinary. Mr. Rutledge seems to think it
but fair that they should enjoy the fruits of their own labor."
The time was not far distant when words of bitter sarcasm
were to be heard in reply !
Colonel Murphy, in his active and vigorous movements,
was giving much trouble to Major Gainey and the Tories
under his command. The latter addressed General Marion
on the subject, as follows :
" Pedee, September 8th, 1781.
" Sir, Your answer of the 5th pf September came to
hand this day, and in perusing the same, I understand that
your honor wrote to the North Carolinians concerning our
truce, which I never received or heard of before ; it has mis-
carried by some means or other. My full desire, Sir, is to
be at peace with all parties, if they will with me. I am very
sorry, Sir, to acquaint your honor that I am under the dis-
agreeable necessity of complaining to you of Colonel Murphy.
I wrote several orders to him to restore their plunder, which
they refused to do, except such as is of no service to them-
selves ; all that is of value they keep, so that I found there
a stumbling block. The way, just about the time that
Murphy first broke out and ruined me, and broke me up,
for which reason, I first revolted my constancy to my
country, was he took some horses from me, one of which he
has yet in his possession ; then I wrote an order, and sent to
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 375
him for said horse, which he refused to send, without I would
hunt up and get all his horses which he has lost, which was
six or seven head, he says ; and I don't know his horses ;
I never saw them ; and in like manner, they detain several
horses and negroes, and a number of cows.
" I have no reason to complain of any of your men, save
that same regiment of Murphy's. The list you wrote to me
about, you shall faithfully have given up very shortly to
Colonel Irvin's order.
" I am, with respect, Sir,
" Your very humble Servant,
(t MICAJAH GAINEY."
The truce alluded to in this letter grew out of articles of
agreement concluded on the 17th June previous, between
Colonel Peter Horry, in behalf of General Marion, and Major
Gainey, commanding officer of the Tories, or King's subjects
inhabitants lying between Great Pedee River and North
Carolina.* By these articles, Gainey and his officers agreed
to lay down their arms and remain neutral, to deliver up
all those who refused to comply with the treaty, and all
deserters from the Americans, and also to restore all negroes
and other plundered property. The terms of the agreement
were not strictly complied with by Gainey, and hence the
course pursued by Colonel Murphy. The continued non-
observance of their solemn stipulations led to a projected expe-
dition in June of the next year, concerted between Governor
Matthews, of South Carolina, and Governor Martin, of
North Carolina, to subdue Gaiuey and his party, who were
marauding in both States. General Marion was to have the
command ; and as soon as it became known, it brought
Gainey to terms. At Burch's Mill, on Pedee, a treaty was
signed (June, 1782), by which the Tories agreed to lay down
their arms as enemies of the State, to demean themselves
thereafter as peaceable citizens, to deliver up all stolen
property, to apprehend all who did not accede to the
treaty then made, to take all deserters from the American
army and deliver them up, to return to their allegiance, and
* Gibbes's " Documentary History," 1781-82, p. 98.
376 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
abjure that of his Britannic Majesty. From this treaty,
Gibson, who killed Colonel Kolb, and Fanning and his party,
were excepted, but they escaped.*
In his letter to Marion, Gainey gives a reason for having
taken up arms against his country. If that which he as-
signed was the leading motive, and was founded in truth,
it only proved that, like others, he allowed feelings of
resentment against an individual, to extinguish every
patriotic impulse. But his heart was not right in the
matter, and an excuse was readily framed for his traitorous
course. As a reward, and because of his influence, doubt-
less, he was promoted by the British to the position of
major, which he subsequently filled. He lived six miles
below the site of the present village of Marion, between
Cat Fish and the river. His father, Stephen Gainey, was
an Englishman, and emigrated at an early period to this
part of Carolina. In person, Major Gainey was large and
powerful, and in mind above the ordinary standard. He had
a respectable property, and might have made, if so disposed,
a most efficient champion of liberty. He was, however, a
man of violent passions and overbearing disposition, and
before the Revolution, had made himself obnoxious to many
of his neighbours. After the war, the feeling against him
was so strong, that he was compelled to leave, and removed
to Richmond County, North Carolina. It is said, that fifty
years after the struggle of the Revolution had ended, there
were men in Marion who would have killed him on sight.
An incident may be mentioned in connexion with a mem-
ber of this family, illustrative of the summary method of
ending disputes, and of the bloody spirit that marked these
days.
Stephen, a brother of Major Gainey, was killed by
William Dewitt of the same neighbourhood. They had
agreed upon a race with two noted steeds. The winner
was to take the horse of his competitor. Gainey won the
race, and carried off the stakes. Dewitt claimed and took
back his horse with violent hands, on the ground of some
unfairness in the race. Gainey succeeded in recovering
* James's "Life of Marion," pp. 123, 166.
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAW3. 377
him, and at the same time took Dewitt, carrying him bound
to his house. He went to sleep, leaving his prisoner tied.
Dewitt managed to get loose (by the aid, it was said, of
his captor's wife), took down Gainey's own gun, and shot
him dead on the spot.
In the battle of Eutaw, fought on the 8th of September
of this year, some of the militia from Pedee took part.
Among them was Captain Claudius Pegues with his com-
pany.
Joshua David, a private, was badly wounded in the hand,
and permanently disabled. Thomas Quick, also a private,
a brave and active Whig, was a near neighbour of his cap-
tain, and warmly attached to him. Before the battle com-
menced, it was agreed between them, that if either should
be wounded or killed, the other would take special care of
him. During the engagement, Captain Pegues was wounded
in the leg, but continued for some time to maintain his
ground, seemingly unconscious of the injury he had sus-
tained. But, bleeding profusely, Quick discovered his con-
dition as he was about to fall, and with the aid of Nero, a
faithful body servant of the captain, bore him from the
field. Quick then requested permission to return, if to take
only one shot more at the enemy, and resumed his place in
the ranks. Thomas Quick lived many years after the war,
and left a son, bearing his name, who was long a worthy
citizen of Marlborough District.
On the 17th of September, Governor Rutledge wrote to
General Marion, informing him that Benton's regiment had
been allotted to his brigade.* This position the regiment
continued to hold to the close of the war. Subsequent re-
cords show that most of the militia from Pedee were more or
less in constant service under Marion. On the 23rd of No-
vember, the Governor inclosed to General Marion writs of
election for Members of the Senate and House of Repre-
sentatives, as embraced within the limits of his brigade.
Some difficulty was felt in determining upon the best places
for holding the elections, in the then unsettled state of the
country. It was left by the Governor to Marion and the
* Gibbes's "Documentary History/' 1781-82, p. 214.
378 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
managers appointed, to decide. Tristram Thomas, Philip
Pledger, William Dewitt, and William Pegues, were four of
the six representatives elected for St. David's, and took their
seats in the House, at Jacksonborough, on the 18th of Janu-
ary following. On the 30th of January, John Wilson was
appointed Sheriff for Cheraws District. Owing to some
accident or oversight, he did not receive his commission for
some time afterwards. In a letter to General Marion, Go-
vernor Matthews alluded to the subject, saying, " I sent
Mr. Wilson, the Sheriff for Cheraws, his commission three
months ago, and am surprised to find he did not receive it.
It must be lying somewhere at George-town; but if he can-
not get it, I will send him another. However, his not
having the commission need not prevent him from acting.
The appointment by the Legislature is the substantial part ;
the commission is now a matter of form."* Among the
matters to be disposed of at this session of the Legislature,
was that relating to the banishment of certain persons, and
the confiscation of their estates.
On this proscribed list, was the name of Charles Augustus
Steward. While a bill was pending on the subject, the
wife of Colonel Steward presented the following petition,
viz. :
" To the Honorable, the Senate of the State of South
Carolina :
" The humble petition of Sarah Steward, humbly sheweth :
That your petitioner is the wife of Charles Augustus
Steward, of the District of Cheraws, whose name, she is
informed, is inserted in a list of persons whose estates are
to be confiscated, and themselves to be banished from this
State, by a bill now before your Honorable House. Your
petitioner begs leave to set forth, that her husband, about a
year ago, returned to South Carolina from Great Britain,
where he went in the year 1775, with leave of the Honor-
able House of Assembly ; that ever since the Revolution, he
has entertained the most warm and friendly attachment to
the American cause, and on all occasions done every friendly
* Gibbes'g "Documentary History," 1776-82, p. 191.
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 379
office in his power to relieve American prisoners distressed
in England, which he has the evidence here to prove. Your
petitioner assures your Honors, that after her husband's
arrival in Charles-town, the Commandant offered him a
military commission, supposing, from his extensive acquaint-
ance in the district where he lived, and having been formerly
a colonel of the militia, that he might have had considerable
influence over the inhabitants; but, that he peremptorily
refused to take up arms against the Americans.
" She also declares, that on his refusal to take a com-
mission, he was summoned to mount guard as a private in
the garrison of Charles-town; but he refused this, and said
he would rather be sent to the Provost ; and that, from
time to time, he has been, and is now, not only suspected to
be an enemy to the British Government, but is shaken off
by all his acquaintance ; he not only lives retired from
society in town, but he has been so much distressed
for want of the necessaries of life, that your petitioner,
though brought up in ease and affluence, has been for
months past obliged to the necessity of making shirts, and
even submitting to drudgery, in order to maintain herself,
her child, and husband, whose low state of health could not
permit him to come out of town.
"Your petitioner now comes before this Honorable
House, to beg that he and his family may be restored to the
bosom of this country ; and she implores the mercy and
protection of her countrymen, in behalf of a husband, who
has never done a single act of hostility against a country
that is dear to him, and of which his wife and child are
natives.
" And your petitioner, as in duty bound, &c.
" SARAH STEWARD.
" Jacksonborough, 18th Feby., 1782."
The touching appeal of Mrs. Steward was successful. Her
husband, once prominent and highly esteemed, but now
broken in spirit and health, was relieved from banishment,
and his estate from confiscation. Colonel Steward appears
to have been possessed of an amiable character and excellent
traits.
380 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
His unfortunate error in setting at defiance the resolves
of the Provincial Congress, prohibiting the collection of debts,
was the turning point in his political career. The fact of
his departing soon after for England, and on his return of
remaining in Charles-town until action was about to be
taken by the Legislature, doubtless tended to confirm the
suspicions of the public as to his fidelity to the American
cause. He again took up his residence on his plantation
near Cheraw Hill, and died in less than three years after.*
The Royal Gazette of March 26th, contained the follow-
ing notice of the action of the Legislature on the Confisca-
tion Bill, &c. :
" Charles-town, March 20th, 1782.
" The following has been sent to us from the country,
as a correct list of those persons whose estates have been
confiscated by an Act of the rebel Assembly at Jackson-
borough ;
" They are divided into six classes,
" Class I. Comprehends all British subjects who have pro-
perty in this country that is to say, such
persons as never have submitted to the
American Government.
" Class II. Such of the former inhabitants of this country,
as presented congratulatory addresses to Sir
Henry Clinton and Admiral Arbuthnot.
" Class III. Those who petitioned to be armed in defence
of the British Government, after the con-
quest of this Province.
" Class IV. Those who congratulated Earl Cornwallis on
the victory gained at Camden.
" Class V. Those who have borne commissions, civil or
military, under the British Government, since
the conquest of this Province.
" Class VI. Obnoxious persons."
Under Class V., the names of Daniel Clary, "Robert Gray,
and William Henry Mills, citizens of Cheraw District, were
* The following notice appeared in the Columbian Herald ; or, Patriotic
Courier of North America, of January 13th, 1785 :
" Lately died, at his seat at Fairy Hill, Cheraws, Charles Augustus Steward,
Esq."
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 381
included. The latter was banished, and his estate confis-
cated. He was, years after, known to be in Jamaica, engaged
in the manufacture of sugar. It is somewhat remarkable,
up to how late a period he appears to have retained the
confidence of the people. Before his banishment he became
very obnoxious.
The Royal Gazette sometimes made a show of merriment
at the expense of the Whigs.
On other occasions, it indulged in bitter sarcasm, as in
the following announcements of 13th March, 1782, under
the head of " intelligence extraordinary from Philadel-
phia " :
" The following books are in press there, and will speedily
be published ;
" A Treatise on Bills of Exchange, with observations on
Protests, according to the newest and most approved methods,
by Robert Morris, Esq., Financier to the United States.
" A Dissertation on the difference between Mexican and
Spanish Milled Dollars, by the same.
" Killing Tories, no Murder. Embellished with a beau-
tiful Frontispiece, representing the death of Mr. Dawkins,
and dedicated, by permission, to his Excellency, General
Green, by Colonel Wade Hampton.
" The Sacred Obligation of a Military Parole, stated and
illustrated, by Brigadier- General Pickens.
" Ways and Means for the year 1782, by a Member of
the Assembly at Jacksonborough, with a Supplement by
John Rutledge, Esq., on the Advantages of Converting
Indigo into Paper Certificates.
" A Topographical Description of the Northern Parts of
South Carolina betwixt Pedee and Santee, illustrated with
a Map, wherein are accurately delineated all the Thickets
and Swamps in that Country from an actual survey, by
Brigadier. General Marion.
" Select Manoeuvres for Cavalry, to which are added Prac-
tical Observations on the most soldier-like manner of swim-
ming rivers on a route, by the same.
" Description of the Strong Brick Castle at the Eutaws,
by General Green."
Had these choice volumes been republished a little while
382 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
after, it would have been with very marked notes and
emendations, and a terrible significance. The delay in
getting them out of press was fortunate indeed !
The Government was forced to keep a watchful eye on
the retention, for its own use, of the supplies furnished
within the limits of the State. The removal of cattle had
excited attention, when Colonel Brown, of the North Carolina
Militia, was stationed on Pedee for that purpose. On tne
19th of May General Pinckney wrote to General Matthews
on the subject.
" Pon Pon, May 19th, 1782.
" Dear Sir,
" By a letter this moment received from General
Huger, dated the 10th of this month, he desires me to in-
form your Excellency that a Colonel Perkins, a trader from
Virginia, has contracted for five or six hundred head of
cattle on Pedee and Cheraw, and which, in a few days, will
be driven off for Virginia, if not immediately stopped. The
consequences of such a speculation (for our Commissioners
have it not in their power to go to market with ready
money), are truly alarming.
" I am,
" Your Excellency's most obedient Servant,
" CHARLES COTESWORTH PINCKNEY."
The result of the information that was thus given is not
known. The trial of the Whigs of Pedee, and the story
of their conflicts with the Tories by day and by night would
fill a volume, could it be written out in full. The sufferers
and actors, however, in these scenes have long since passed
away; and amid the uncertainties of tradition but little
which is reliable can be collected. Enough remains to con-
tinue the narrative through another chapter, and to the
commemoration of the terrible strife that chapter will be
devoted.
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHEBAWS. 383
CHAPTER XVI.
Depredations of Tories on Poke Swamp, Jeffrey's, Black, and Lynche's Creeks
James Gregg and Charles Evans among the sufferers Duke Glen's en-
gagement Daniel Hicks's encounter William Pegues' losses John
Wilson's escape Skirmishes of Benton' s forces Alexander M'Intosh's
adventure His prowess Close of 1782 Colonel Benton commands on
Pedee His letters to Governor Matthews and General Marion Marion's
Brigade State of feeling between Whigs and Tories Whigs attack Tories
between Lumber River and Little Pedee Colonel M'Ree's adventure
William and John Bethea and the Tories Hawthorne's revenge Jef.
Butler, the Tory Captain Account of him and his punishment Andrew
Hunter's escape from Fanning Their meeting in Charles-town Fanning's
attack on Robert Gregg Fanning's character and end Adventure of
General Harrington Curious sequel of the same General Harrington's
character and death Singular end of Claudius Pegues Maurice Murphy
Incidents connected with him His character and end Tristram Thomas
Some account of him Lemuel Benton His character delineated His
course after the war Colonel George Hicks Joshua Ammons His re-
markable career His meeting with Lafayette Jacob Brandler His un-
equalled gift to his country Notice of William Shaw The close of the
Revolution List of some of those from Pedee engaged in active service.
WHEREVER a few defenceless Whigs could be found, or
superior numbers seemed to promise the foe an easy victory,
there the Tories hovered around. From the lower settle-
ments on Lynche's Creek up to the North Carolina line
above, depredations were committed.
Among others, Captain James Gregg had been forced,
for a considerable time, to conceal himself in Poke Swamp,
where he slept in a hollow log, fed by his family, occasionally
visiting his residence under cover of darkness. His house
was eventually burned, his property destroyed, and his wife
and children turned out of doors.
Along the borders of Jeffrey's and Black Creeks many
similar scenes were witnessed. Those neighbourhoods which
were remote from the river settlements, and consequently
weak and exposed from their isolated position, suffered most.
In these instances a few persons here and there, of property
and prominence in the struggle for liberty, were made the
special objects of this retaliating warfare. The Blakeneys
384 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
and Evans' on Lynche's Creek, in what is now Chesterfield
District, had made themselves particularly obnoxious.
Charles Evans* was possessed of a good property, and noted
for his fine stock. On one occasion the British and Tories
surprised and captured him. His best horses, with other
property, were taken. Evans himself was securely tied,
put upon an inferior animal, and carried a prisoner to
Charles-town, where he remained in confinement until the
war was over. Near the North Carolina line, bordering
upon the Cheraw District, many bloody conflicts took place
with the Tories. Duke Glen, whose name appears before
the Revolution as a resident of St. David's Parish, removed
to Anson County, and settled near the mouth of Mill Creek,
on Pedee. He was a noted captain of the Whig forces in
this partisan strife, and especially inimical to the Tories.
The latter had been for some time on the look-out for him,
and hearing on one occasion of his return, collected a party
to surprise and capture him at his own house.
Fortunately, Glen heard of their plan, and prepared for
them by gathering a tried company of Whigs. He divided
his force into three parts, taking the main body into the
dwelling under his immediate command. One portion was
stationed in the loft of a stable near the path by which he
knew the approach would be made, and the rest in ambush.
They were to let the enemy pass, and upon a signal, to be
given by Glen, rush up and surround the Tory party. The
plan was well laid. Of those in the stable loft, the late
Colonel Benjamin Rogers, of Marlborough, was one. The
Whigs became so impatient for the attack, as to fire too
soon, which enabled the Tories to escape in time to save
themselves from serious loss. Only one of their number
was wounded ; and he managed to get off a little distance
and conceal himself through the night. The next morning
he was followed by his bloody track, found alive and begged
* Charles Evans was the first husband of the late Mrs. Mary Blakeney, of
Chesterfield, who continued to reside in that immediate neighbourhood. She
lived to a very advanced age, and was remarkable for her physical and mental
vigor and activity to the last. When past eighty, she rode over her plantation
daily, and superintended in person her own business. Such were the hardy
characters formed in the cradle of the Revolution and the times preceding it.
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 385
for his life, but William Pratt, of Anson, seized a gun and
shot him dead. On the eastern side of the river, near the
dividing line between Richmond County and what is now
Marlborough District, lived two young men, named Skipper,
of mixed blood, but peaceable and inoffensive. They had
taken parol, however, and for no other offence, were seized
by the Whigs on both sides of the line, and hung. Such a
course was well calculated to excite a feeling of bloody re-
taliation, and thus the murderous conflict continued. Daniel
Hicks, a staunch Whig, married the widow of Colonel John
Donaldson, already mentioned, who died about the year
1781. Hicks had excited the special hostility of the Tories,
who laid many plans to capture and kill him. In one
instance, they collected a party to surprise him at his own
house, at night. Having notice of their approach, he
directed his wife to say, that no one was at home but her-
self. They were satisfied Hicks was there, however, and
threatened to break the door open if she did not admit
them. It was a desperate emergency, but the fearless
Whig, brave and collected, was equal to it. Directing his
wife to open the door, and stand behind it, as she did so,
there was Hicks with his gun ready, but so as not to be
perceived in the darkness. As the party advanced, he shot
a Tory, named Brigman, who first presented himself, inflict-
ing a desperate wound. Suspecting thereupon, that they
were about to be set upon by a party concealed in the house,
the wretches immediately fled. Hicks gathered a company
of his neighbours forthwith and pursued, but not in time
to overtake them. Brigman was found in the morning, and
put to death.
William Pegues, was an ardent Whig, and suffered
much from the depredations of the Tories. On one
occasion as a party of them approached his house, he
succeeded in making a hasty retreat to the river, and was
pursued, but by means of a canoe, effected his escape. After
plundering the dwelling, they set it on fire, and went off,
taking forty negroes with them, of whom, only a few were
afterwards recovered. Mrs. Pegues, then in delicate health,
had to fly with two little children, an infant but a few
weeks old, and a young negro girl. She remained some
c c
386 HISTORY OP THE OLD CHERAWS.
time on the banks of the river, crying for help, until some
one from the family of her husband's father came to her
relief, taking her helpless party across to a place of safety.
John Wilson, while on a Whig excursion into North
Carolina, was taken by the Tories. They started down
with him from Haley's Ferry, having given him the benefit
of riding an inferior horse.
After proceeding some distance, he pretended to have
been hurt in the leg, and putting it across the saddle, rode
on for some time, apparently in great agony. His guard
having become careless, allowed him to fall somewhat be-
hind, which he soon managed to increase to a respectable
distance, when, putting spurs to his horse, he succeeded in
making his escape.
The troops under Colonel Benton were engaged at diffe-
rent times in skirmishes with the Tories on Black Creek.
On one occasion, a detachment of Benton's forces, and those
of a Captain Baker, of Georgia, united against the foe.
The former happening to be sick, requested Baker to take
command. The Whigs were at breakfast when the enemy
came upon them near the ferry on Black Creek, on the
George-town and Cheraw Road. Thrown for a moment
into confusion, they soon rallied, and forced the Tories to
retreat, pursuing them some distance. Several of the
latter were killed, and some wounded too severely to escape.
Among the killed, was a DuBose, the only one of a very
large connexion who took sides against his country. A
noted Tory, Hughes, was one of the wounded. When the
Whigs returned from the pursuit, and were about to des-
patch him, he pleaded for mercy, and urged that he had often
fed the Whigs. The commanding officer replied, that if he
could prove this, he would be spared. Peter DuBose con-
firmed the statement, but added, that he had fed them with
the provisions of the Whigs. The old offender was spared,
his age probably touching the hearts of his captors. He
had been shot on former occasions, and several times left
for dead. He was once hung by a Whig, named Baxter,
at Daniel DuBose's, to a gate-post. Thus left suspended,
his wife came to the rescue, and finding him still alive, cut
the rope and saved his life.
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 387
Another skirmish took place about this time, higher up
on Black Creek, Colonel Benton commanding. The Tories
were routed and fled, but being overtaken and surrounded,
were forced to make a hand to hand fight, suffering very
severely. Colonel Benton had no fire arms except his
pistols. One man, pressed by the colonel, turned about,
and was in the act of firing his musket, but, before he could
do so, Benton discharged his pistol at him, missing him,
however, then threw it at him and knocked him from his
horse to the ground.
In another skirmish on Black Creek, at a point nearest
Society Hill, Captain Alex. M'lntosh,* then a young man,
commanded the Whigs. A brother of M'Intosh was
wounded, and the latter, excited to desperation, killed every
Tory he caught. On this occasion, Hughes was wounded.
M'Intosh coming up, fired his pistol at him, but did not
kill him, and desisted from any further attempt upon his
life. Captain Mlntosh was a man of large size, and ex-
traordinary strength and activity. He is said, in one
instance, when hotly pursued by the Tories, to have leaped
his horse across Black Creek. Many incidents have been
handed down of his personal prowess, some of them in this
age almost passing the bounds of credibility. A noted
character, known long after as Old Mrs. Croly, lived about
this time two miles below Society Hill, afterwards in
the flat woods on Black Creek. She often harbored the
Tories. John Lucas and a few other Whigs once found a
party of Tories at her house, who managed to escape. Lucas
took her out, and was about to hang her, when Captain
M'Infosh and Major John Mikell came up, and by their
intercession, caused her to be released. Thus the year
1782 opened, and advanced. The region of the Pedee was
left open to the incursions of the Tories ; but, unsupported
as they were by any neighbouring British force, their allies,
were for the most part unsuccessful, and gradually the
light began to dawn upon Carolina, which was soon to grow
into a bright day of emancipation from a foreign yoke,
* Captain M'Intosh held many offices of trust in after life, but was not a godd
manager. He lost his property and died about the year 1828. He was the
executor of General M'Intosh. George M'Intosh, formerly of Marlborough
District, was his only surviving son.
c c 2
388 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
and of a government of their own. Lieut. -Colonel
Benton was now the principal leader on the Pedee. He
had many difficulties to contend against, some of which
were pressing him sorely. In the following letter to Gov.
Matthews, while he pays a justly merited tribute to the
inhabitants of St. David's, touching allusion is made to
certain evils from which they were now suffering.
"St. David's, Great Pedee, August 20th, 1782.
"Sir, Though I have not the honor of a personal acquain-
tance with you, I am now under the necessity of humbly
addressing you on this manner, in behalf of the Parish and
Regiment I have the honor to represent and command ; a
people that have ever stood among those who are foremost
for their inflexible attachment to their country; suffered
many capital distresses, nor have ever despaired of success
in our greatest extremity. Although we have so long been
at such a distance from the enemy's lines, and suffering every
murder, plundering, and cruelty that could be perpetrated by
a banditti of the most desperate villains and mulattoes, im-
mediately bordering on our settlements, we have, on all
occasions ; turned out, and kept in General Marion's camp
equal numbers with any in his brigade. Parfc of those who
were under a truce that have not surrendered, and many
other villains in this part of the country, that still continue
their outrages, render the lives and property of the good
citizens very unsafe ; and this disorder, in all probability,
must continue, and the re-establishment of good order and
civil law be hindered, except you, in your goodness, will in-
dulge my regiment with a sufficient guard to the gaol,
as it is insufficient for its use ; with orders for supplies of
provisions for that and the poor inhabitants ; and an armed
party to detect and bring to punishment the refractory and
disobedient, which my warm desire for that purpose will in-
duce me to engage to have punctually performed, with all
due moderation, for the good of this country, and agreeably
to any instructions you may think proper to give me ; which
I could do, and keep one-fourth on the field on common
occasions, and on extraordinary emergencies with cheerful-
ness turn out one-half. My feelings will not let me omit
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHEBAWS. 389
mentioning to you some characters, among them, of Mr.
Gainey's truce men, who have been received by General
Marion as citizens, and are now doing military duty, and
enjoying equal privileges with your best soldiers and citi-
zens, who have borne the burden and heat of the day.
Such, I mean, as were meant to be exempted by an Act of
the late General Assembly at Jacksonborough men, who
have burned, plundered, and in cold blood (after many of
our worthiest men had surrendered as prisoners of war), in
the most ignominious and cruel manner, taken their lives,
particularly Colonel Abel KolVs, my worthy predecessor,
and a gentleman formerly a member of the Assembly, a
justice of the peace, a good officer, and a useful citizen, and
capital loss to this part of the country : and the very vil-
lains that perpetrated this wanton, horrid murder, burning
and plundering, are now, in the face of his distressed family
and friends, received and restored to equal privileges with
the men who have suffered everything by them that it was
in their power and savage disposition to inflict.
" I am, Sir,
" Your most obedient and very humble Servant,
*' LEMUEL BENTON,
" Lieut.-Col. Commanding Cheraw Militia.
" N.B. Your answer and instructions I shall hope to
receive by the bearer, Mr. Vinow, in regard to the above.
I do not doubt but General Marion will acquiesce in it, as
I mentioned the matter to him not long since, about provi-
sions, men, and ammunition.
" If you will be so kind as to furnish us with the Militia
laws, passed by the last Assembly, it will be of singular ser-
vice, and the people and myself will be instructed."*
Governor Matthews appears to have been sufficiently im-
pressed by this letter to address the following brief note to
General Marion :
"Uxbridge, August 24th, 1782.
" Sir, I enclose you a letter I have just received from
* GibWt "Documentary History," 1776-82, pp. 207-209.
390 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
Lieut. -Col. Benton, and wish*you to take such orders therein
as you shall think proper.
" I am, Sir,
" Your most obedient, humble Servant,
" JOHN MATTHEWS."*
What specific orders, if any, this communication of Col.
Benton induced, is not known. Doubtless Gen. Marion did
all in his power for the inhabitants of the Upper Pedee.
A few days after, Col. Benton addressed the general
again :
St. David's, August 29th, 1782.
" Sir, Yours from Watbo, of the 18th inst., I received,
and in answer, I assure you, that I have constantly been,
since my arrival at home, and still am, using my utmost
endeavors to send you the full one-third of my regiment.
" The twenty men with whom I had your permission to
guard the jail, have been constantly on hard duty, catching
and bringing in the disobedient ; so that, inclusive of what
you have lately ordered and the guard will bring you, in
addition to Major Thomas's class, there will be at least fifty
men ; and I hope to have it in my power, about the 3rd of
next month, to send you some more, as I expect by that
time to have another squad gathered.
" But, without this armed party to be constantly on duty,
and monthly relieved, I cannot do anything ; for the dis-
trict is so extensive, the duty so hard, and the distance to
your camp so great, that it can't be expected that the men
who have just been discharged from your camp can perform
that duty. This mode would have been better executed if
the commanding officer of my regiment at home, when I
was in the camp, had not have hindered part of my orders
(that was in his power) for that purpose. There are but
fourteen of the twenty men mentioned that are at this time
fit for duty, six of whom I send with the party, and the
others will come with the next I have mentioned ; though,
I hope, you will send them back, as the law cannot be en-
forced without them. The people are, at this time, very
* Gibbes's "Documentary History," 1776-82, p. 214.
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 391
sickly about home, as has appeared by the trials of a num-
ber of men by a regimental court I lately ordered, and held
four days, when I used every lawful and reasonable method
in my power to turn out the men. There are several men,
whom the guard will bring down, sentenced to some
extraordinary duty, a list of whose names, and their term of
service, I will send to Major Thomas.
" I am, Sir, with all due respect,
" Your obedient, humble Servant,
" LEML. BENTON,
" Colonel.-*
" N.B. If you permit me to continue the guard at the
jail, please to give some instructions about salt, &c., for
them, as it is scarce here."
To what commanding officer reference is made in this
letter, is not known. Petty jealousies doubtless affected
some who were otherwise patriotic. It was a happy cir-
cumstance for the people of this region, that a man of the
firmness and unfaltering devotion of Benton was left to
plead and defend their cause.
Again he writes to Marion a letter of the same date with
the foregoing :
" St. David's, August 29th, 1782.
" Sir, Yours from Watbo I answered, and expect it will
be handed you with this, as also yours from Land's Ferry,
of the 26th, which is just come to my hands.
" One-third of my regiment I have under orders to join
you, and expect with this will come in about fifty men, in
addition to Major Thomas's division ; and those that may
remain behind I will send with all possible expedition, so
that if in my power the public service may not be hindered.
As to the men being relieved monthly, it is so late now
that it will be impossible for me to get them in camp until
near the middle of the ensuing month.
" I am very sensible that it will make a considerable
confusion in the regiment, as the men do not look upon
themselves liable to go to camp yet, and the law will not
* Gibbes's "Documentary History," 1776-82, pp. 214, 215.
392 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
oblige them until each division does two months' duty agree-
ably to law ; therefore, I must beg to be excused in that
particular, and I will send relief early in October, when their
tour will be out, according to law.
" I remain, with all due regard,
" Your most obedient Servant,
" LEML. BENTON,
" Lieut.-Col. Commandant.*
" N.B. Excuse my paper, &c., which hindered me from
writing more fully.
" L. B."
Marion's brigade consisted about this time of the follow-
ing regiments: Lieutenant-Colonel McDonald's, Cols. Rich-
ardson's, Irvin's, Benton's, and the regiment formerly
Maybank's.
Of the efficient service it performed in the closing work
of the Revolution it is needless to speak. Upon Colonel
Benton's command devolved the additional duty of pro-
tecting an extensive territory from the incursions of the
Tories.
The Whigs, however, were not to suffer much longer, for
the protracted struggle of the patriots of Carolina was now
drawing rapidly to an end. The evacuation of Charles-town,
though officially announced by General Leslie as early as
the 7th of August, was not to take place until the 13th of
December, 1782.
Nothing of special note occurred on the Pedee during the
remainder of the year. The conflict with the Tories did not
cease at once with the withdrawal of the British forces.
The state of feeling was too intense, the animosities which
had been engendered were too deadly to be suddenly done
away.
Old feuds were to be settled and retaliations inflicted,
until, by degrees, a state of internal peace and quiet was
restored. In the skirmishes which subsequently took place,
the Tories were the sufferers. Of these some traditional
accounts remain.
* Gibbes's Documentary History," 1776-82, p. 216.
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 393
In the fork between Lumber River and Little Pedee was
a noted band of Tories, who continued to hold out against
the Government, even after it became firmly established. A
party of Whigs, consisting, with others, of Jordan Gibson,
William and Thomas Neville, Enos Tart, John Bethea, sen.,
John Bethea, jun., and Levi Odom, banded together to
bring these outlaws to terms. A man named Courtney, who
had acted as commissary for the enemy in these parts, was
particularly obnoxious to the Whigs. They had often tried
to take him, but in vain. He was in the habit of going to
old Shoemakers, a noted Tory, and at length, this Whig
party in passing found him there. Shoemake lived in an
open field, and in order to make sure of Courtney, his pur-
suers stationed themselves at some distance around. Court-
ney, seeing their approach, attempted to escape on his horse,
which was a very fleet animal. He came first upon Gibson,
who fired, but missed him. He then approached Tart, who
took better aim, and broke his leg, bringing him to the
ground. As they gathered around him, Odom, who was a rela-
tive of the Betheas, and had served as a soldier in Virginia,
called on the Nevilles to shoot the wounded man, but they
refused. He then said if no other would he would shoot
him himself, and did so, putting an end to his life. Long
afterwards, when sick and in delirium, Odom was seen to
exhibit the utmost terror at the vision of the bloody victim
of his revenge.
Proceeding from this place, the Whigs, having reached
the neighbourhood of the Tories, succeeded in capturing
several, and determined to execute them without delay.
But, the alarm being given, a sufficient number gathered
from the adjacent country to rescue the prisoners, and bring
their captors to treat with them. The result was that the
Tories, satisfied by this demonstration of the fate that
awaited them should they persist in their course of opposi-
tion, agreed to submit to the Government of the State, and
henceforth keep the peace. The agreement continued to
be observed, and no further difficulties of consequence oc-
curred in this locality.
On the east side of the river, in the neighbourhood of
Poke Swamp, Colonel M'Ree resided after the war. In
394 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAW3.
company with two others, he succeeded in capturing one
Bradley, a Tory, who had been guilty of notorious depreda-
tions. M'Ree tied him, and carried him to his house. Soon
after their arrival, a party approached for the purpose ot
rescuing Bradley, one of them, Lewis Johnson, firing upon
M'Ree as he sat in his door, but without effect. M'Ree,
immediately closing the door, seized his gun, and from a
window shot Johnson and killed him.
Bradley was taken the next day to George-town gaol,
but afterwards escaped. He was subsequently arrested and
hung. During the war several Tories, hearing that William
Bethea, who lived near the present dividing line between
Marlborough and Marion Districts, had a large quantity of
money concealed in his house, set out for the purpose of
securing the treasure. They found Bethea at home ; but
he had taken the precaution to select some other place of
security for the fruits of his labor. They used every means
to extort the secret from him, and as a last expedient, poured
melted pitch upon his head, but all in vain. They found
he would pay the penalty with his life, and left without
further molestation. Some time after, and when the revo-
lutionary struggle was over, John, a son of William Bethea,
met Snowden, who was- one of this marauding party, in the
woods, and without difficulty overpowered him. With a
loose bridle which he happened to have, he attempted to
hang his victim, but was not able to get him suspended high
enough. He then broke his legs, and carried the murderous
design into execution. Bethea, commonly known as " Sweat
Swamp John," because of his residence thereon, was a man
of remarkable strength and activity. On a previous occasion,
he met at night a Tory, who was also a man of much
physical power, but, after a short struggle, succeeded in
tying him, putting him on his horse, and carrying him as
a prisoner to Colonel Hicks.
Another singular instance of revenge is related as having
occurred in this neighbourhood. A Whig, named Hawthorne,
was plundered and murdered by a party of seven Tories.
His son took a vow that he would not sleep on a bed or
eat at a table until he had killed five of the seven. He
pursued them for years, and followed one or more of them
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 395
to Tennessee, and is said actually to have fulfilled his vow
to the letter.
In the neighbourhood of the DuBoses, on Lynche's Creek,
was a famous Tory captain, Jef. Butler. He had been guilty
of many acts of plunder, and at different times treated the
family of Elias DuBose with great rudeness and cruelty.
William Dick, a brother-in-law of Mr. Du Bose, who moved
to that neighbourhood after the war, went to Butler's with
a small party, and found him on the ridge pole of a corn
crib which he was covering. Dick ordered him down, and
upon Butler's refusal to obey, knocked him off with an ear
of corn. He was then tied and carried to DuBose's resi-
dence, and upon being confronted with Mrs. DuBose, denied
having ever see.n her. She knew him, however, too well.
He was then taken out, tied up, severely whipped, and told
if he did not leave the country in a given number of days,
he would be dealt with more severely. Knowing what the
result would be, he went off without delay, and was never
heard of afterwards. As a Tory leader, the courage and
ferocity of Butler were well known on the Pedee.
" During the Whig ascendancy/' says Sabine, " in that
part of South Carolina, he went into Marion's camp at
Birch's Mills, and submitting himself, claimed the protection
which the Whig officer had granted to some other Loyalists
who had preceded him.
" Against this some of Marion's officers, whose friends had
suffered at Butler's hands, protested. But Marion took the
humbled Butler to his own tent, and declared that he would
protect him at the hazard of his own lifer The officers,
still determined to indulge their hatred, sent their com-
mander an offensive message, to the effect that Butler should
be dragged from his tent, and that to defend such a wretch
was an insult to humanity. Marion was not to be intimi-
dated ; and though the meeting among his followers threat-
ened to be formidable, he succeeded in conveying Butler,
under a strong guard, to a place of safety."*
How far the account of this partial writer is to be relied
upon is very questionable. One thing, at least, the course
* Sabine's "American Loyalists/' p. 189.
396 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
of events subsequently proved, that Butler was not so
fortunate upon falling into the hands of the Whigs of St.
David's, who, but for his timely removal, would have made
him pay the forfeit of his life.
Towards the latter part of the war, Andrew Hunter, of
St. Davidfs, was the chief actor in connexion with the well-
known adventure which gave him celebrity. Hunter was a
bold and daring spirit, and had gone on the occasion re-
ferred to, with a small force, in search of the notorious
Fanning, on Drowning Creek, North Carolina. Fanning
met him with a much larger /party than he was supposed to
have at the time. The Whigs were soon routed, and then
commenced the memorable flight. Hunter rode a favorite
mare, and relied on her fleetness to save him. But Fanning,
mounted pn as fast a horse, and with better bottom, as the
result proved, singled out Hunter as his special object of
pursuit. The chase was long, and exciting in the extreme.
At length the mare failed, and Fanning overtook and cap-
tured her rider. Several of his men soon came up, and all
dismounting, made themselves merry at the expense of the
discomfited Whig, who had engaged in the luckless adven-
ture. The whole party sat carelessly about for some
time, resting themselves and their horses. At length
Hunter, who knew it to be a case of life or death with him,
having watched his opportunity, managed to get near enough
to leap astride the horse of Fanning, and putting spurs, very
unceremoniously bade his captors adieu. A few shots were
fired at him, but without effect, as they were aimed high in
order to save the horse.
Hunter had called his mare the Red Doe, and ever after
the horse was known by the name of the Red Buck. After
the war, Hunter and Fanning met in Charles-town. Fanning
demanded his horse, which Hunter had ridden down, and
high words passed between them. Fanning challenged
Hunter to fight. The latter, having choice of weapons and
the mode of combat, agreed to meet his adversary the next
morning, on horseback, with swords, on the green near the
city* It was soon noised about, and many persons assembled
the following day to witness the novel encounter. Hunter
rode out on the Red Buck. But Fanning, afraid at heart
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 397
to meet one who was as active and powerful as lie was fear-
less, did not make his appearance, and kept out of sight
during Hunter's stay in town. Afterwards, Fanning brought
an action, in Darlington, for the horse, but failed to get a
verdict. Hunter was subsequently elected a member of
the Legislature from Darlington. He died in his sixty-
second year.
On one of his expeditions for the recapture of his horse,
Fanning made not a few of the scattered Whigs along his
route feel the effects of his vengeance. Robert Gregg, a
brother of Captain James Gregg, was one of the sufferers.
Upon Fanning' s approach to his house, Gregg attempted to
shoot him, but his gun snapped. He then endeavoured to
make his escape to the swamp, which was near by, but
was fired upon and severely wounded in the hip. He fell,
and being covered with blood, played his part so well as the
Tories came up, that they supposed him to be dead, and left
without further molestation. He continued a cripple for life.
Fanning was a notorious marauder, of considerable
talent, but reckless and sanguinary in disposition. When
Marion admitted Major Gainey and the band of Loyalists
and Tories under him to terms, Fanning was specially ex-
cluded. But both he and his wife succeeded in reaching
Charles-town, which was then in possession of the Royal
troops, in safety. Previous to his flight to the coast, he
made a fruitless attempt to reanimate the friends of the
Crown, with whom he possessed influence. There was, in
the region to which he belonged, no more determined enemy
of the Whigs and the cause of liberty. He lived to a great
age, and died not very many years since, it is believed, in
Canada.*
A singular incident is related of General Harrington.
He had been on a visit to his family in Richmond County,
and was returning with his aids to his command at Cross
Creek. When not very far from the end of his journey,
and within a mile or two of M'Kay's, a place of public en-
tertainment, he directed his aids to go on there, turning off
himself from the main road, to spend the night with an old
* Sabine's " American Loyalists," p. 282.
398 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
friend. Early the next morning, while on the way to
M' Kay's, and alone, he was suddenly accosted by a man,
very near him, who, protected by a tree, should the general
attempt to discharge his pistol, presented his gun, and
ordered him to dismount. Thus taken by surprise, and
completely in the power of the robber, there was no alter-
native but to obey the command.
The general accordingly dismounted, and asked what was
wanted. He was told to deliver up his money. The general
put down five guineas ; and being questioned, assured him
it was all he had on his person. Upon which, having eyed
alternately for a moment or two the general and the money,
turning the latter about in his hand, he returned three of
the guineas, with the remark, that their owner looked like a
man who would need some money to get along with. He
then told the general to walk off, and not attempt to mount
his horse or touch his holsters until he had gone more than
a hundred yards, or he would shoot him on the spot. Sub-
sequently, on the removal of his quarters to a point near
Wilmington, this individual, with others, was brought in a
prisoner to General Harrington's camp. They immediately
recognised each other, but without any expression of the
fact, until after this man, with several other of the pri-
soners, had been tried and condemned to death.
General Harrington, thinking from what had transpired
on the road, that there were some peculiar circumstances
connected with him, and that he was not the abandoned
villain which such an act of highway robbery would seem
to indicate, took him aside and questioned him closely. In
explanation of his course, he said that he lived in a neigh-
bourhood where all had taken British protection, or were
Tories, and that it was impossible for him to remain there
and be anything else, pleading extreme necessity for the
robbery. Upon being asked if he was willing to swear
allegiance to his country and serve under General Harring-
ton throughout the war, on condition of his life being
spared, he replied that he was ; and thereupon took the
oath, and proved himself ever after faithfully devoted to the
general, and a true soldier of liberty.
After the war, General Harrington was elected a member
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 399
of the Legislature of North Carolina, and in that and other
positions' of trust, served his adopted State with unswerving
fidelity. Strongly inclined, however, to retirement, he
rather avoided than sought the excitements and distinctions
of public life, and gave his latter years to the peaceful pur-
suits of agriculture, the cultivation of the social relations,
and the sweets of domestic life. Happily jconstituted for
contributing to the endearing pleasures of home, he was
peculiarly blessed in having to share with him in those de-
lights, one who was not more admired for her understanding
and excellence of character, than beloved universally for
those beautiful traits by which the life of woman in every
relation is adorned.
In person, General Harrington was small, but well
formed and handsome. His education was good, and his
mind highly cultivated. After a life of eminent public ser-
vice and private virtue, he died at his seat in Richmond
County, on the 31st of March, 1809, in the sixty-second
year of his age ; spoken of in the papers of the day, " as an
active and useful officer, who had acquired honor in the
Revolution, which secured to this country its indepen-
dence."
One of the friends of his earlier and later years, Claudius
Pegues, of Marlborough, preceded General Harrington to
the tomb. Mr. Pegues was too advanced at its commence-
ment to take an active part in the war, presenting to his
country, however, a son, who bore his name, to render gal-
lant service in that cause to which he was ardently devoted.
A singular circumstance is related in connexion with his last
moments. Residing at the time alone, he sent for both of his
sons, and told them he would die that day, although walk-
ing about the house, and apparently in his usual health.
After conversing with them some time, and while they were
talking together on the subject, he took up an arm-chair,
moved it a little, and seating himself, quietly breathed his
last.
Colonel Maurice Murphy, of whom such frequent and
honorable mention has been made, continued, after the Re-
volution, to serve his country, as opportunity offered, to the
close of his life. He was a bad manager, and never pos-
400 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
sessed much property. On one occasion, when in Charles-
town, he was arrested for debt, and while in jail-bounds, met
on the streets one Harrison, who had taken many negroes
from the region of the Lower Pedee during the French and
Indian war, and was then a resident of St. Augustine.
Colonel Murphy rushed on him with his sword, saying that
he had taken from him property to a larger amount than
the debt for which he was then confined, and that if he did
not pledge himself to cancel the debt and costs, he would
kill him on the spot. Well knowing Murphy's determina-
tion, the alarmed and con science- stricken Harrison at once
acceded to the demand, and forthwith carried his promise
into execution. In passing Jeffrey's Creek, on his return
from Charles- town, it happening to be a muster-day, Colonel
Murphy saw in the ranks one who had been a noted Tory,
and by whom he had probably been made to suffer. Excited
by the recollections of the past, he leaped from his horse
and made rapidly towards him, the man only escaping from
severe chastisement or death by instant flight. These in-
stances show that Murphy was of quick and ungovernable
passion; and yet, notwithstanding the violence of his
temper and occasional dissipation, he maintained a cha-
racter for generosity and integrity, commanding always the
confidence of the people, and ever retaining a high place in
the popular regard for his active and devoted services
throughout the war. There was no more gallant or devoted
Whig on the Pedee. In person he was straight as an arrow,
rather bald, and of great physical strength. His end was
a sad one. Imprisoned for debt, he died in the jail at
Long Bluff; a touching example of the charge often made,
of the ingratitude of Republics !
Tristram Thomas was a name respected and honored by
all classes on the Pedee. General Thomas was modest and
retiring in disposition, but firm and decided whenever prin-
ciple was involved in the conduct of life. Sturdy by habit,
and resolute in character as circumstances might demand,
he was happily fitted by nature for the perils and labors of
the Revolution. The discouragements to which the actors
of that stormy period were often subjected, never unnerved
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 401
or intimidated his soul. Possessed of a solid understanding,
a practical turn of mind, and virtuous principles, he faithfully
discharged the duties incumbent upon him in every station
to which he was called in the administration of the affairs
of his own district and the councils of the State. He was
the first Brigadier-General on the Pedee after the war. He
lived to a good old age, universally esteemed, and died at
his residence* in Marlborough District, in 1817.
Lemuel Benton, the compeer of Thomas, and the succes-
sor of Kolb as commander of the forces on the Pedee, was
a man of very marked character. His early opportunities
of improvement were quite limited, but with talents of a
superior order, and an energy that nagged under no diffi-
culties, he rose by the native force of mind and character
to a position of commanding influence. Ardent in feeling,
and of strong and violent passions, he was a bitter enemy
and as fast a friend. He had the peculiar faculty, which
few possess, of gaining the confidence of the masses and
leading them at will. As a stump-speaker he had no
superior in his day. On more than one occasion he con-
ducted his own defence in Court with signal success. This
talent as a speaker, with his efficient military services, was
the means of securing him a seat in Congress as the first
member from the Pedee District. He encountered a strong
opponent in a Mr. Wilson of Williamsburg, a gentleman of
popular manners and influential connexions, but unequal
to Colonel Benton before the people, and hence doomed to
defeat. Previously to this election Colonel Benton had
been returned as one of the first two members of the Legis-
lature from Darlington. At the next canvass for Congress,
two years after, he was opposed by Benjamin Huger, of
George-town, and defeated. The fact that he had opposed
Mr. Adams's administration probably contributed to this
result. His career as a public man was now closed.
Colonel Benton was about six feet in height, stout, but well
formed, and of handsome and commanding person. He
died at his residence in Darlington about the year 1819.
* General Thomas lived at the place now known as Ellerbe's Mills, near the
public road leading from Society Hill to Beuuetsville.
D D
402 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
Colonel George Hicks survived the Revolution several
years, though advanced in age. From the time of his emi-
gration to the Pedee he took a high position in the confi-
dence and esteem of the people. He was distinguished for
purity, benevolence, and general excellence of character.
Remarkably considerate and humane, conscientious and faith-
ful in the discharge of every trust, his course through life
was such as to inspire universal regard, and to call forth
the unaffected regrets of all classes at his departure from
earth. His name never ceased to be mentioned with affec-
tionate veneration by those of his contemporaries who sur-
vived him an example of the kind which has seldom been
known.
A name which should ever be remembered with respect
by the descendants of the Whigs of St. David's, is that of
Joshua Ammons. Of humble pretensions through life, this
man won for himself a position second to no other for active
and unceasing devotion to the cause of liberty. He emi-
grated from Maryland and settled before the war in what
is now Marlborough District, but a few miles from the pre-
sent county seat. No one on the Pedee, perhaps, took a
more varied part, or at more distant points in the revolu-
tionary struggle. He appears to have been almost ubiqui-
tous. Engaged actively, in the partisan warfare under
Marion; then in the Continental line ; in most of the battles
of Carolina, v and under Lafayette's command when hasten-
ing to join Washington before York-town, he was continu-
ously in the field, acting most of the time as orderly -ser-
geant. It was while on the march of Lafayette, between
Charlottesville and Scottsville, Virginia, when he encountered
the British army which had been stationed on the route to
intercept his progress, that the gallant Frenchman received
a severe wound. Mr. Ammons happened to be near the
person of the general when he fell, and was the first to
reach him. He bore his commander from the field, placing
him under the shade of a tree. In ] 824, when Lafayette
visited America as the nation's guest, and journeyed to the
southward, Joshua Ammo as, with many others, hastened
to the North Carolina line to meet the noble old chief.
He was introduced to Lafayette as a soldier of the Revolu-
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 403
tion, and one who had borne him from the field when he
was wounded near Scottsville. The name was still familiar
to his ear, but the person of the humble soldier forgotten.
But this did not matter. The past rushed upon him in an
instant and thrilled his soul. Recognising in the lowly
individual before him the bold and faithful supporter on the
battle-field, he embraced him as a friend, and invited him
to head -quarters. There, doubtless, they communed in
spirit, calling up stirring reminiscences of the times that
tried men's souls, and passing again, though in the evening
of life, through the throes of struggling liberty in which
they had participated as youthful combatants. The exploits
of Joshua Ammons would make an extended narrative if
written out in full. Daring almost to a fault, he shrank
from no danger, nor shunned any responsibility. Prison
ships presented no terrors to his dauntless soul, nor did a
view of the gallows affect his nerves. He lived to a very
advanced age, and passed away amid the grateful benedic-
tions of the descendants of those with whom he had fought
in unwavering devotion to his country.*
Another name which has no place in history, and is now
unknown in the region where he lived, deserves, in one
respect at least, the first place in the annals of the Pedee,
if not in the story of the Revolution throughout the thirteen
colonies. Jacob Brawler gave his own life and the lives of
twenty-two sons to the cause of liberty in Carolina. He
removed from Tar River, North Carolina, to Liberty Pre-
cinct, and settled on Cat Fish, sixteen miles below the
present village of Marion. He was married twice, and had
large families by both wives, of whom all were sons, except
one, a daughter. After the fall of Charles-town, some of
his sons were drafted ; but the old man said there should
* When Lee's " Memoirs of the Southern Campaign " first appeared, Mr.
Ammons read the book with absorbing interest. His running comments are
said, by an intelligent friend and neighbour, who was often with him at the time,
to have been extremely interesting and instructive. Many statements he cor-
rected, the memory of numerous incidents was recalled, and the most varied
emotions were excited by the perusal. It seemed to revive, as an expiring flame,
the spirit of '76 a flame which continued to burn in him with enthusiastic
devotion to liberty, dear in the recollection of its early conflict!?, until ex-
tinguished in death.
D D 2
404 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
be no division among them, that if one went, all should go,
and that he would accompany them. Twenty-four in all,
they embarked in the strife, and almost incredible to relate,
but one of the sons returned to tell the tale of their
slaughter. Overwhelmed by the calamity, the frantic wife
and mother went off, not knowing whither, in search of her
loved ones, but only to return, after a fruitless search, a
broken-hearted mourner. She was eventually put upon the
parish, and lived to old age. The surviving son, who was
of weak mind and body, died a few years after, and the
name became extinct in Marion.*
With the close of 1782, the Revolution may be said to
have ended in Carolina. The long and anxious struggle
was then over. And, with returning peace, prosperity came.
Again attention was to be turned to the material develop-
ment of the State, to the subject of education, and other
departments of progress. The halls of justice, long silent,
were to be re-opened ; and now that those who had been
sorely oppressed, were to be henceforth free and independent,
they were to feel, in the work and fruits of peace, the full
measure of the responsibilities assumed, when they solemnly
pledged to each other their lives, their fortunes, and their
sacred honor.
The following very imperfect list collected from the
Archives of the State, will give, in addition to those already
mentioned, embracing also some of them, the names of not a
few others on the Pedee, who took part in the war, and may
* This account, which may appear almost incredible, was related to the Author
by the late Hugh Godbold, of Marion, and confirmed, in every particular, by
William Shaw, a humble but worthy and respectable man, who was of age at
the time, lived in the same neighbourhood, and knew the family of Brawler well.
Mr. Shaw was born in March, 1759, and in the spring of 1859, when the Author
spent a night with him at the house of Mr. Godbold, was possessed of astonishing
vigor of body and mind for one of his years. Neither his sight nor hearing was
very seriously impaired. He sat up to a late hour, listening with unabated in-
terest to a conversation about the early days of the Pedee, taking part himself,
and was as cheerful as a man in his prime. He said a red oak was then living
which stood in Brawler's yard. Brawler was poor, but ingenious. He adopted
the following method of catching bears : Driving sharp nails, pointing down-
ward, in a bee-gum, he baited it at the bottom, having secured it well. The
bear, putting his head down, would be caught beyond the possibility of extrica-
tion. William Shaw had passed his hundredth year when the Author saw him for
the first and last time ; and, considering his activity, was one of the most re-
markable cases of longevity on record.
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHEEAWS. 405
fitly bring this narrative of the Revolution to a close.
Other services were doubtless rendered by most, if not all
of those included in this list. Many either neglected or
declined; after the Revolution, to present any account
against the State ; while a large number of those who lost
their lives during the struggle, were not afterwards repre-
sented. The records of the Continental line, had they been
accessible, would have added many more names. Frac-
tional as it is, the list here given is well worthy of pre-
servation.
Allen, Jeremiah, lieutenant of Militia, in ... 1782
Ammons, John, private in Capt. Thos. Parrot's ,
Company of Horse ,
Ammons, Thomas, private, in
Andrews, John, adjutant of Col. Hicks's Regt. from
Feb. to Nov 1780
Arnold, William, private, in 1 782
Askew, John} tinder Marion ....
Ayer, Hartwell in . . . . ..... 3778
Bacot, Samuel, 1st Lieut, in Marion's Brigade, in . 1782
Ben ton, Lemuel, private in Benton's Regt. .
Beasley, Daniel
Beasley, William
Berry, Wm., sergeant, in
Bird, Wm., private .
Blackwood, Abram, private, in .......
Blakeney, John, sergeant in Marion's Brigade . .
Blakeney, Robert, private
Blakeney, Thomas ^
Bozeman, John . 1783
Bryant, Gray Benton's Regiment . . 1781
Bryant, Hardy .
Burkitt, Ephraim
Burkitt, Samuel .
Butler, John, Captain
Campbell, James, sergeant, in 1782
Cassity, Zachariah, private in Benton's Regiment .
Champ, Richard v . . ,
Cherry, William Marion's Brigade . . ,,
406 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
Clark, Harman, private in Marion's Brigade . . . 1782
Clayton, Lawrence
Clements, Joseph
Coker, Benjamin
Coker, Nathan
Coker, Thomas 1781
Cole, James, sergeant and private 1782
Coleman, James, private, in
Coleman, John
Collier, John
Conn, Thomas, adjutant and private in Benton's
Regiment 1781
Cone, Matthew, private, in 1782
Conner, James
Cook, William, sergeant and private in Continental
line ;.
Council, William, private under Marion ....
Courtney, Stephen in
Coward, William 1780-81-82
Cox, Emanuel
Cox, James
Cox, John Capt. Standard's Com-
pany, Benton's Regiment 1781
Cox, Josiah, private in Capt. Moses Pearson's Comp. 1782
Cox, Samuel,
Cox, William
Croker, James 1780-82
Daniel, Aaron
Daniel, John
Darby, Jacob
David, Azariah 1782-83
Ezekiel Marion's Brigade .... 1782
John, sergeant and lieutenant alternately 1779-82
Joshua, private, Capt. Thomas Ellerbe's Com-
pany, Hicks's Regiment 1780
Davis, John, private, in 1 782-83
Davis, Thomas
Davis, William 1782
Dewitt, Charles, second-lieut. in Marion's Brigade 1781-82
Dewitt, Martin
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHEBAWS. 407
Dial, John, private, in ......... 1782
Doney, Peter, private, in ... i? ., ^ } . . .
Douglass, Jesse ....... . 1781-82
Douglass, Joshua .......
Du Bose, Andrew Benton's Regiment in
1780, and captain, in ........ 1781
Du Bose, Daniel
Du Bose, Elias, lieutenant and private
Du Bose, Isaac, private, in Mahan's Cavalry Regiment 1782
DuBose, Samuel
Du Bose, William, sergeant, Benton's Regiment,
Marion's Brigade
Duling, James, private, in ... ..... 1782
Duling, John ........
Ellerbe, Thomas, captain, in . ...... 1781-82
Ellerbe, William, private, ........ 1782
Evans, Benjamin under Major Amos Wind-
ham
Evans, Burwell, private, in . . . . . . . . .
Evans, Enoch, first-lieut., Capt. Irby's Company,
Hicks's Regiment, siege Charles-town . . . 1780
Evans, Ezer, private, in Captain Irby's Company,
Hicks's Regiment, siege Charles-town ...
Evans, George, lieut., in ........ 1781-82
Evans, John, private, in ..... ... 1782-83
Evans, Josiah Benton's Regiment . 1781-82
Evans, Thomas Hicks's Regiment, siege
Charles-town .......... 1780
Evans, William
Fort, Moses, private, Irby's Company, Hicks's Regi-
ment, siege Charles- town .......
Faulkner, John, private, under Marion
Fountain, William, private, in ....... 1783
Flowers, John . t ,,, " ..... 1782
Fitzpatrick, James ..... . .
Ford, Albert ...... 1781-82
Frasher, .......
Fuller, John ....... ,,
Farmer, Zachariah ,, . . . Yl * ; ...
Gardner, Stephen
408 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
Gardner, William, private in 1782
Gay, , lieutenant 1781 -82
Gibson, Thomas, sen., private, in
Gibson, Thomas, jun.
Gillespie, James, sergeant, Martin's Troop, Sumpter's
Brigade
Gillespie, Samuel, private, Robuck's Regiment
Goodson, Arthur in 1782
Goodson, Thomas
Goodwyn, Britain
Goodwyn, David
Goodwyn, Lewis
Gregg, James, captain, Britton's Neck Regiment,
Colonel Ervin
Griffith, Joseph, captain
Grimes, James, private, Irby's Company, Hick's Re-
giment, siege Charles-town 1780
Hagin, David, private, in Benton's Regiment . . 1782
Hales, Silas
Harrall, Levi
Harrington, Wm. Henry, commanding South Caro-
lina Militia, both sides of Pedee, November . 1780
Harrison, Henry, private, in 1782
Hendley, Jesse
Hendricks, William, captain, Marion's Brigade . .
Hewstess, James, sergeant
Hicks, George, colonel 1779-80-81
Hickson, John, private, in 1782
Hindley, Edward Benton's Regiment
Hinds, John, lieut. and private, in
Hines, Samuel
Hinson, Clayburn, commanding detachment pri-
soners to Long Bluff April, 1781
Hinson, William, private, Round O Company Militia 1779
Hird, John, lieut., in 1782
Hodge, Elias, private, in 1779
Isham, private under Major Tristram
Thomas, Hicks's Regiment 1780
James, private under Lieut. John Pledger,
Murphy's Regiment 1782
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 409
Hodge, John, private in Capt. Standard's Company,
Hicks's Regiment 1780-81
Joseph, private under Major Thomas, and in
Hicks's Regiment, in 1782
Robert, sergeant, Captains Standard's and
Pearson's Companies, Benton's Regt. 1780.82
Thomas, private, in 1782
Welcome, sergeant, Benton's Regiment,
siege Charles^ town 1780
Hollis, Moses, lieut., in 1783
Hubbard, Noah, private, in 1782
Huckaby, Isham, sergeant and private, in ...
Samuel . . . .
Thomas, private, in
Huggins, John, captain, Col. Hugh Giles' Regt. . 1779
Hunt, Criswell, private, Benton's Regiment
Irby, Edmund, captain, Hicks's Regt., M'Intosh's
Brigade, siege Charles-town 1780
Irby, Charles, commissary * . 1782
Jackson, John, lieutenant, in
Stephen, captain, Kolb's Regiment . . . 1780
Stephen, junr., private, in 1782
William
James, Alexander, lieut., in mar 11$
George, private
James ,,
Jenkins, Charles ... ^ ....
James
Reuben, lieutenant and private ....
Jinkins, James, lieutenant in Benton's Regiment .
John, Azel, private, Benton's Regiment .... 1782
Jesse .... 1783
Thomas .... 1782
Johnson, John Capt. Standard's Company, Ben-
ton's Regiment . 1781
Johnston, John, private . . 1782
Jolley, Joseph
Jones, Edward, Captain of Guard, Kolb's Ferry 1780-83
. James, private 1782
William
31 3)
33
410 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
Keil, William, private 1782
Keith, Cornelius
Kennedy, Stephen
Kilgore, Henry
Kirby, James .,
Knight, Niglet ,,
Kolb, Benjamin, Benton's Regiment 1781
John, sergeant and corporal 1780-81
Peter, private, in 1782
Large, David
Lee, William
Lide, Robert, Major, Marion's Brigade
Lowther, Edward, private in 1781-82
Lowry, Robert Marion's Brigade .
Luke, Owen
Lundy, Drewry 1781
John 1781-82
Lyons, Guthridge, captain, Benton's Regiment . . 1781
William, private ...... 1781-82
Mario, James 1782
Mannings, James
Marsh, John Lewis Benton's Regiment . 1781
Martin, Jeremiah .
William .
Mason, Charles, commissary under Marion, and private 1 782
Joseph, private, in
M'Call, George under Marion ....
Henry, sergeant of horse 1 782-83
John, lieut. and private, Marion's Brigade 1781-82
William, private in 1782
M'Carter, James
M'Cullogh, George, captain, in
M'Donald, John, private
M'Dowell, Samuel
M f Gee, James
M f lntosh, Alexander, captain, Benton's Regiment 1781-82
a Lacklin, private, in ....... 1782
William Captain Nelson's Com-
pany, Marion's Brigade 1781-82
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 411
M'lver, Evander, private and clerk in Captain Irby's
Company, Hick's Regiment, M'Intosh's Brigade 1780
M'Muldrough, Andrew, private, in 1782
Hugh, sergeant-major, in ....
James ....
William, lieutenant .
M'Natt, Joel, private, Murphy's Regiment, Marion's
Brigade
Mackey, private
Mikell, James
John, jun., lieut. and private, Marion's Bri-
gade 1780-82
Miles, William, private, in 1782
Mixon, Maraday under Lieut. John Rushing,
Benton's Regiment, at Long Bluff, in ... 1783
Samuel, private in 1782
Moody, Andrew Captain Standard's Com-
pany, Benton's Regiment 1781
Roderick, private in Captain Standard's Com-
pany, Benton's Regiment
Moore, Gully, private, in 1782
Jeremiah .
Munnerlyn, James, lieutenant
Murphy, Maurice, captain in Hick's Regiment, in
1779-80, major, in 1780-81, and lieut.-col. com-
manding, in 1781-82
Murray, William, private, in . 1782
Nettles, George Pedee Regiment, Ma-
rion's Brigade 1780-82
Nettles, Joseph, private, in 1779-82
Robert Marion's Brigade
Noland, William 1782
Northent, William
Norwood, John, captain in Marion's Brigade, in .
Samuel, private, in
Nugent, Thomas
O'Neal, John, commissary of detachment under
Col. Benton, in , ,
Outlaw, Benjamin, private, in , i-.*:*^ !'-.
Parker, Moses 1781-82-83
412 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
Parrott, Thomas, Captain of Horse, in .... 1782
Pasley, Robert, captain, in 1781
Pearson, Aaron, private 1782
Moses, lieutenant in Hick's Regiment, in
1780, and captain in Benton's Regiment, Ma-
rion's Brigade, in 1781-82
Perkins, David, private, in 1782
Isaac, sergeant
Lewis, private
William
Pigot, John, sergeant, in
Nathanael, private, in
Pledger, John, lieutenant in Marion's Camp, 1781-
82, and lieutenant commanding in Murphy's
Regiment, in July, 1782
Poke, Daniel, private, in .
John
Luke
Pouncey, Anthony, quarter-master, in .... 1780
Powe, Thomas, commissary, Hick's Regiment . .
Powers, Nicholas, private, in ....... 1782
Preswood, Jonathan, sergeant, in })
Thomas, private ,
Purvis, Alexander
Gilbert
John, lieut.-col., in 1780
Raburn, John, private, Captain Daniel Spark's Com-
pany 1779-80
Raspberry, John, private, in 1782
Rasher, Michael
Rawlinson, John Benton's Regiment .
Rivers, Frederick .
Roan, William
Roberts, Philip
Rogers, Edward
Rouse, Neal
Rushing, John, lieutenant, Benton's Regiment, at
Long Bluff, in 1782-83
Russell, Stephen, sergeant and private, in ... 1782
Sansbury, Daniel, private, in 1781-82
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 413
Saunders, Nathanael, lieutenant and private under
Benton, in 1780-81
Sellers, William, private, in 1782
Sexton, Edward, ........ 1782
Shoemake, Samuel
Simons, David, sergeant, in
Samuel, private
Smith, Charles Capt. Thomas Ellerbe's Comp.
John, private .
Richard
Jeremiah, private, in Andrew Du Bose's and
Thos. Ellerbe's Companies, Benton's Regiment
Sparks, Daniel, captain, in . . . *od/*i'. . 1781-82
Spears, David, private, in iy
Standard, William, captain in Benton's Regiment 1781-82
Spencer Calvin, assistant quartermaster-general,
June to August . 1780
Stanley, Shadrack, private, in ....... 1782
Starks, Henry
Stephens, John ........
Strother, George, lieutenant, in
Teal, Edward, private, in )}
Terrell, Edward
James, lieutenant, Benton's Regiment at
Long Bluff 1783
Samuel, lieutenant, in 1781-82-83
Thomas, Tristram, captain in Hick's, Kola's, and
Benton' s Regiments, 1780-81, and major in Ben-
ton's Regiment 1781-82
Thorp, Eleazer, private, in 1782
Tootles, Obed
Townsend, Light Benton's Regiment ,
Veal, John .:'#
Vickers, Jacob
Vining, Jesse 1782-83
Waddell, Abel 1781
Warwick, Abraham, private, in 1 782
Watkins, Samuel under Capt. Amos Windham
Weaver, Hartweil, private, in
White, James, private, in 1782
414 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
Whittington, Barnett, private, in 1782
Ephraim, lieut., Benton's Regt., in 1781-82-83
Francis, private in 1 782
.Levi
Nathanael ,
Richard
Wilds, Abel, private, in
Jesse, lieutenant, in
Samuel, private, in 1782
Williams, Daniel, captain in Ben ton's Regiment, in . 1781
Williamson, Jesse, private, Marion's Brigade . . 1782
Shadrach, lieutenant and private, in .
Stephen
Sterling, private, in
William
Willis
Wirgate, Edward
Windham, Amos, captain under Kolb, and major, in
Jesse, private
., William . 1782
Wise, James
WiUiam
Wood, Benjamin
Woodward, Thomas
Wright, Amos, private, Capt. Amos Windham's Com-
pany
Gillis, private
Joseph
Solomon, private, Capt. Windham's Com-
pany
Yates, William, private
Youngblood, David, private
Peter, captain .
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 415
CHAPTER XVII.
Members of Legislature elected for St. David's Parish Petition of Elizabeth
Mitchell, and action of Legislature thereon Petition of Robert Allison
Relief extended Elections for Cheraws District First Circuit Court at
Long Bluff after the Revolution Charge of Judge Grimke Presentments
of grand jury Tobacco inspectors appointed for Cheraws Ordinance for
opening navigation of the Pedee Commissioners appointed Ordinance of
following year Commissioners Course of Legislation on the subject
Elections to Legislature for St. David's Captain Dewitt resigns his seat
Re-elected County Court Act St. David's Parish divided into three counties
Boundary lines Provisions of the Act County Justices for Marlborough,
Chesterfield, and Darlington Locations made for the several county sites
Prevailing crime at that day Presentment of County Court for Chester-
field Burning of records in Darlington County Practising lawyers in St.
David's Names of counties Greenville, why so called St. David's Society
revived Its history Teachers Thomas Park Life and character
Members of St. David's Society Notices of Welch Neck Church Removal
of church building Account of William Falconer Other settlers in Cheraw
District after the Revolution.
THE state of public affairs urgently demanded the atten-
tion of the Legislature, which was to meet in January,
1783. At an election holden for members on the 25th and
26th of November, Major Tristram Thomas was returned
Senator; and Lemuel Benton, Thomas Powe, William
Pegues, William Strother, William Dewitt, and Claudius
Pegues, ~jun., Members of the House for St. David's.
" On the 15th of February, was received the petition of
Elizabeth Mitchell, widow of John Mitchell, in behalf of
herself and the heirs and devisees of her deceased husband,
setting forth, that he had been dead almost two years, and
left his estate, real and personal, to herself and children
that she had observed, with concern, that his estate was con-
fiscated by an Act of the General Assembly, and begged
leave to state, that for many years preceding his death, her
husband was of very distracted mind, and if he had been
guilty of any acts to occasion the displeasure of the Legis-
lature, such misconduct must have been the result of his
insanitythat he was confined frequently as an absolute
416 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
madman that he never held any commission under the
British that herself and the heirs are well affected to this
State; and one of the heirs, though a youth of tender
years, had lately turned out a volunteer in the State ser-
vice ; and she therefore prayed relief from the said Act of
Confiscation, &c." The petition was favorably received,
and relief extended, except as to such part of the estate as
would descend to a daughter who had married Captain
Campbell, a British officer.
On the 24th of February, the petition of Robert Ellison
was read, setting forth "that he was an officer in the
militia before the fall of Charles-town, and always exerted
himself in the service of America that he was made a pri-
soner in Camden, and confined on James's island under
very unhappy circumstances, and therefore prayed relief
from the penalties of an Act for amercing certain persons
therein mentioned, &c." The case of Mr. Ellison seems to
have been misunderstood. He was consequently relieved,
and continued to enjoy the confidence and esteem of his
fellow-citizens to the close of his useful life.
At this Session of the Legislature, Claudius Pegues, jun.,
was elected Ordinary for Cheraws District, and William
Dewitt, Sheriff. The latter having accepted the appoint-
ment, vacated his seat as a member of the House. A new
election was ordered for 24th and 25th of March, and Peter
Allston returned.
The first court holden at Long Bluff, after the Revolution,
was on the 15th of November, of this year. It was an oc-
casion of unusual interest.
Judge Grimke, who had been appointed on the 20th of
March previous, appeared for the first time on the Northern
Circuit, and made it the occasion of a timely and eloquent
charge to the grand juries which came before him. The
feelings of animosity, so recently cherished towards the
Tories, were deeply rooted in the hearts of the people ; and
a disposition was manifested on the part of many to keep up
the distinction, chiefly for the sake of appeals to popular
feeling in connexion with elections.
Judge Grimke did not shrink from what he conceived to
be his duty under the. circumstances, and gave expression to
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 417
such wise counsels, mingled with patriotic sentiments, as
tended much to quiet the public mind, and convince the re-
flecting classes of the error and excess into which many
had fallen. The Charge, together with the Presentments of
the Grand Jury of Cheraws, was published in the Gazettes
of the day.
The most interesting chapter in our annals, perhaps, ex-
cept the account of the struggle itself, is that of the few
years preceding the Revolution, and next, the narrative of
the times immediately succeeding.
The charge of Judge Grimke was as follows :
" Gentlemen of the Grand Jury :
t( This being the first time that I have had the honor of
addressing the grand jury of this district in my judicial
capacity, I must confess I feel myself impressed with an
anxious awe, the offspring of diffidence ; and when I reflect
upon the respect due to this place, upon the merits and
dignified stations of the gentlemen to whom I am delivering
my sentiments, upon the honor conferred on me by the
voice of my country, and upon the important trusts com-
mitted to my charge, the consciousness of my inexperience
to perform the momentous duties of my office rushes in
upon my mind, and almost overpowers my senses. But,
persuaded of this distinguished mark of my country's favor,
of the dignity of the office, and of the importance of its ob-
ligations, I perceive myself bound by the indissoluble ties
of honor to merit the confidence that has been reposed in me.
" I will endeavor to regain those moments which the
service of my country employed during the late war, in the
military line, and by the most unwearied assiduity, render
myself competent to appear in this capacity. It shall be
my pride, always to make the law of the State my rule in
the administration of justice, and to aim at the most im-
partial and punctual, though merciful execution of them.
And the contemplation of the present situation of this
country, excites an ardor in forming such resolutions, and
of carrying them, without delay, into execution. For the
war which has for so many years suspended our power of
opening the courts, has delayed justice to the good citizens
of this State ; and has protected many daring offenders in
E E
418 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
the outrages they have committed on the public tranquillity,
in their violation of the security of property, and in the
repeated insults which they have offered with impunity to
our inhabitants. This intermission in the public proceed-
ings of courts of judicature, has been of so long a con-
tinuance, and the offences committed since the capitulation
of Charles-town so seldom punished, that the idea of the
penalties affixed to the crimes, has been absorbed by the
familiarity and frequency of their occurrence. Our be-
wildered minds seemed no longer alarmed at the commission
of crimes of the first magnitude ; and carnage, and all the
havoc of war let loose upon our unfortunate country, had
in some degree hardened the hearts of the most compas-
sionate amongst us. But I hope the barbarous mode in
which the enemy carried on their war, and which of neces-
sity produced several instances of retaliation on our part,
has not totally annihilated the merciful dispositions of our
nature, and irremediably tempered our minds to violence,
cruelty, and oppression. True it is, that men have long
exercised a habit of consulting their own bosoms, their own
resentments, and their own arms, for a redress of injuries ;
but the impolicy and injustice of such appeals are too evi-
dent to need a comment thereon.
" At that period, indeed, when such unnatural and alien
principles were forced upon us for our creed, and when we
were compelled to adopt as the only means of probable
salvation (the means which in some instances were used),
perhaps we might stand exculpated before God and the
nations of the earth. The convulsions of our country, the
desolation of our farms, the conflagrations raging through
our settlements, and all the ravages of our moveable pro-
perty, presented a scene capable of agitating the minds of
men who were not even sufferers in so general a calamity.
But, when the cruelties of these refined barbarians extended
themselves to the families and relatives of our countrymen
when women were upbraided and accused as guilty of a
crime for the loyalty of their husbands and sons to our
great and just cause when they were turned out of their
hospitable dwellings, deprived of every comfort and con-
veniency of life, robbed of their personal clothing, and even
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 419
of the necessary covering to intercept the intemperate ardor
of the sun, or the mighty falling dews of an inclement sky,
without any refuge or asylum than the wild and desolated
plains of their country ; when their cattle, the only resource
of sustaining themselves and infant families, during the exile
or captivity of those to whom they looked for succor, were
cruelly driven into their barns, and inhumanly consumed by
fire with the buildings ; when men, whose age and infirmi-
ties alone should have been their protection, and who were
rather subjects even of an enemy's sensibility and com-
passion ; I say, when such men, who were but lingering out
the glimmering remains of a painful life, without the addi-
tion of any sharper misery, became the objects of the
indignation of an enemy, powerful and in arms, were
dragged from their homes, and thrust into the sepulchres of
our forefathers ; when our brave citizens, who had become
captives by the fortune of war, were not allowed the usual
privileges annexed to this unfortunate condition, but were
daily perishing for the absolute want even of the common
necessaries to sustain their miserable lives ; when the most
repeated and violent infringements of the capitulation of
Charles-town were not only practised, but impudently
avowed; when British faith had become as proverbial with
us, as that of the ' Carthaginians was amongst her con-
temporary nations / when even the puerilities of our
children could excite the malice of these heroes ; when the
disgrace and disappointment of the panic-struck Rawdon,
flying before the terror of our arms, had instigated them to
give a loose to their fury, and to sacrifice, though not even
by their mock forms of justice, by an ignominious execution,
a martyr to our glorious cause ;* when their impious hands
were not restrained from pillaging the temples of the
Almighty; from disturbing the ashes of the dead, who
ought to be in peace ; or from polluting the sacramental
pales of the Holy Communion, which it is sacrilege to
violate; then were the banners displayed, which aroused
men's souls into action. Then it was, that we girded on
our swords, and couched our quivering lances. Then it
The noble and devoted Hayne.
E E 2
420 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
was that we became familiar with the din of arms, embraced
the fatigues of marches and of the camp, and courted the
dangers of the field. These were the alarms that roused
our drooping spirits, and quickened our hearts with an
enthusiastic spirit of opposition. At this moment, to have
remained indifferent or neutral ; to have artfully reasoned
from moderate, peaceable times, to times which were not
moderate, and could not be peaceable ; or to repose our fears
on the soft lap of hope, would have been deceiving ourselves.
For no other alternative (so dreadful was our situation) re-
mained for us, but to await the assassinating arm of our
perfidious foe, or resorting to the conditions of a state of
nature, to assert the vindication of our wrongs by our own
hands. To have been weak enough, affecting the hypocriti-
cal mask of moderation, to have silently and obediently
acquiesced under such enormities, would have left it pro-
blematical to posterity, whether our early and national
character was stamped with cowardice or treachery. But
now, the scene is changed ; the ravages of our country and
the afflictions of our friends no longer excite the tumultuous
passions of the mind. Our foe is fallen, and hath retired
with envy and disgrace to the dominions of their tyrants.
Our mighty adversary has been compelled to acknowledge
our freedom, our sovereignty, and independence ; and we
now behold him an humbled solicitor at the throne of the
dignity of our State for a return of our commercial favors.
Pause, therefore, at this important and critical juncture,
and contrast your present situation with that from which
you are but just emerged. Behold the olive branch of
peace extended wide o'er your towns and fields, and all
your country reviving under its genial influence. Our
citizens can now in tranquillity enjoy the sweet converse of
their families and their connexions, and find a peaceable
and safe asylum at their own farms. They are no longer
alarmed by terror or suspense, but exercise their different
vocations without interruption. No longer are their abodes
infested by the bloody-minded ruffian, nor our temples
turned into a den of thieves ; but benevolence and hospitality
mark again our plantations, and respect and piety our places
of public worship.
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 421
" Were I, gentlemen, to pursue this theme, and enter
upon a description of the relative and exalted station you
stand on with the other powers of the earth, it is a subject
yielding so much rapture to the mind of the Americans, I
fear I should be tempted to deviate from my original design.
With what transport should I relate the admiration which
our success has created in the minds of the distant nations !
Behold the honor you are held in by them, and with what
ardor they gaze upon the new constellation with which you
have enriched the political firmament ! See their glorious
contention; see how they press to your hospitable shores.
Look forward to the immense empire, the work of your
hands, that you are creating, and hearken to the loud accla-
mations of your posterity, re-echoed to you by the azure
vault of applauding heaven ! These are prospects that
attract as they dazzle our fascinated attention. These are
scenes that the intenseness of reflexion can never be wearied
with ! These, these are the rewards of your virtue and
bravery !
" But I must leave this subject, though with reluctance,
and call your attention to an object of more immediate and
of very considerable importance. I have described to you
the necessity there was of our citizens assuming the reins
of justice, and of inflicting punishment upon the unconvicted
offender. I have shown you what your situation is at pre-
sent compared with a former, and reminded you that peace
was once more diifused through our commonwealth. This,
then, is a conjuncture in which it is incumbent on us to
exert our abilities. Here is room for the heart to conceive,
and the understanding to direct. It would be a worse than
perfidy united with timidity to desert the state vessel which
we have anchored in a safe haven after the perils we have
voluntarily endured for her sake, and negligently to suffer
her to perish by a fatal indifference to her interests. Should
we grow remiss in our duty at this period to the Republic,
we sacrifice the dignity of our country, and disgrace will be
brought upon us for ever.
" The distressed condition of this country calls loudly for
the assistance of its individuals, and we have it now in our
power to prevent a longer delay of justice, and the conse-
422 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAW6.
quent relaxation of our laws. Therefore it becomes the
pointed and indispensable duty of each of our citizens to
endeavor to re-establish the harmony and order of our
community, and to revive the good discipline of its members.
We must resolve, then, to renounce the empire of the pas-
sions, to correct that licentiousness which has pervaded the
State, to resign ourselves to the calm operations of our
judgment, and to embrace the temperate admonitions of our
reason.
" The distempered emotions which alarmed our breasts,
like the threatening meteors of the heavens, shall disappear,
and our hearts resume their wonted serenity. But, in a more
particular manner does it become you, gentlemen of the
grand jury, to second and support the judicial departments
in the attainment of this important and desirable end. For
you are selected by your country for the rank you hold
amongst her citizens, and for the superior understanding
attendant on your enlightened stations of life. You officially
compose the grand inquest of your district, and are here
the representatives and guardians of its inhabitants. It is
to you that these, our countrymen, look up for advice to
pursue, and for patterns to imitate. Wherefore it lies
much in your abilities, as I make no doubt you are excited
thereto by your inclinations, to divest them of prejudice, to
instil into their minds just and constitutional principles, to
hold up examples which may deter them from evil, and to
impress them with a proper sense of the duty they owe to
their magistrates, and of the implicit obedience they should
pay to the laws of their country. Were I to undertake
the task of pointing out to you minutely, the respective
duties of your office as grand jurors, I should enumerate
almost all the civil obligations of society ; but, as I am per-
suaded it will be unnecessary for me to detail these exhor-
tations to you, I will leave you to your own hearts and
consciences ; the best directors, the most irreproachable
monitors of mankind. Nevertheless, there is one division
of the duties which fall to your lot, which I must request
you to consider with me in the most impartial and dispas-
sionate manner. Let us not deceive ourselves, and vainly
H1STOKY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 423
imagine, because our enemy is fled, that our dangers are
over. I fear we nave an enemy of a more pernicious ten-
dency amongst us, whom it will require the most obstinate
resolution to overcome. I mean the dominion of the pas-
sions, the gratification of our private resentment. It is
time, however necessary and politic it was lately to draw a
bold and visible line of discrimination between the inhabi-
tants of this country, that such a distinction should now be
obliterated, wholly and irrecoverably. The terms of Whig
and Tory are no longer useful, and the commotions of our
country, which gave rise to and supported these denomina-
tions, having subsided, these popular characteristics must of
course be sunk also into oblivion. I will contend, that
there cannot at this moment exist such characters as Tories
amongst us ; for however willing some men, inveterate in
folly, might be, even as yet to be considered in that light,
the variation of the condition of our State will not any
longer justify the appellation. For that person alone, in
my idea, may justly be stigmatized with toryism, who
basely taking advantage of the subjugation of the govern-
ment under which he lived, during the suspension of the
laws and the jurisdiction of the criminal and civil courts,
who joined the enemies of his country, and revelling in its
calamities, being sensible of his security from punishment,
exercises a wild and brutal dominion over his fellow-citizens,
depriving them illegally of their property, and according to
the intemperate dictates of his passions, of their precarious
lives. Wherefore, then, since our Government is re-estab-
lished, our laws in full force, and offenders presented to
you for punishment, should we cherish so idle, so unprofit-
able a discrimination ? Is it the quality of a good citizen,
or the policy -of a wise administration, to render the inha-
bitants of their country inimical to their Government ?
Surely not ; but if you were industriously to keep up the
idea that certain persons amongst you are Tories, what is it
but declaring that such men are out of the protection of
your laws, and that a citizen would be justified in putting
them to death without the ceremonies of a trial ? Were
this the case, in vain have we contended for the sovereignty
424 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHEBAWS.
of this country, in vain have we attained the independency
of our State, for the will of each individual is the sovereignty
and independency thereof.
" It may be inquired here, and with propriety, what right
have we, as individuals, to inflict punishment upon those
who have violated the laws, or have injured us in our per-
sons or property ? None but a bad citizen would revolt at
the idea of appealing to the laws of his country ; they are
our protection and redress. And whoever infringes them,
be he distinguished by the title of Whig, or stigmatized with
that of Tory, can find no refuge from their justice, no escape
from the punishment annexed to their offence. Surely
there can be no just distinction drawn between those who
violate the laws of a country ; but the inhabitants thereof
must be subject to their operation equally as to the certain
and immutable stroke of death.
" To hear the language which has been held forth upon
this subject, one would be naturally led to believe that none
but Tories could commit crimes, or, at least, that the same
actions, if committed by Whigs, are not only pardonable,
but commendable. Away with such trivial distinctions, and
let us learn again to consider the transgressor of our laws as
the only enemy of our State. Let us reflect calmly and
deliberately upon the offences of which these persons stand
accused. Black as the catalogue is of rapine and murder,
I see no offence which did not exist before the commence-
ment of the present war. And were men, who were
familiarly guilty of these crimes, branded at that period
with the appellation of Tories ? What ! were murder and
the various offences composing our calendar of felonies,
deemed Toryism in that age ? And were criminals punish-
able unheard and uncondemned, by the fiat of an individual,
barbed, perhaps, with private revenge ? No, gentlemen,
however illegal their conduct, however enormous their
offences, they still had the benefit of a fair trial. The only
reason, the impracticability of making examples of offenders,
which could justify the conduct of our citizens during the
war, exists no longer. If, therefore, notwithstanding this
manifest alteration in our circumstances, there are any who
still dare industriously to irritate men's minds by this dis-
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 425
crimination, I shall class them with those offenders^ artful
knaves, who, despairing of mining our commonwealth by
the force of arms, sow the secret and insidious seeds of
jealousy and suspicion amongst us. These are the detestable
weapons of designing men, whose ambition or avarice is not
yet sated. They but make a plea, of this cant language to
embroil again in civil discord our peaceable citizens, that
they, forsooth, may once more reap the harvest of our con-
fusion. I cannot take my leave of this subject without re-
minding you that many of the persons hitherto designated
by the title of Tories, and remaining amongst us, have
thrown themselves upon the mercy of their country, and are
entitled to the benefit of our laws.
" In future, therefore, if any man commits murder, or
robs a citizen, or perpetrates any other enormous offence,
let him be apprehended, examined before a magistrate, and
committed to gaol. Let him take his trial by his compeers,
arid be condemned by the justice, as well as by the voice of
his country. But, if there is any one so lost to his duty as
to seek for redress by an extra-judicial vindication of his
wrongs, or by any other mode of proceeding more summary
than a trial by jury, I will not hesitate to affirm that he is
in effect a more dangerous enemy to the constitution of this
State than the implacable adversary we have just driven
from our shores. But here, then, I must beg leave to assure
you that if any citizen has been injured during the late
British usurpation over this country, although I will dis-
countenance any man's arrogating satisfaction to himself by
force of arms, that I will use every encouragement in my
power to bring the offender to trial, and cause him to make
exemplary compensation for the injury committed. For the
pardon, which such men may have received from the Legis*
lature, extends only to offences against the Government, and
by no means to injuries done to individuals. But, above all,
let us recollect our national characteristic of humanity, and
preserve it untainted in the bosom of peace. The enemy,
because we would not rival or countenance them in their
barbarities, during the course of a long and bloody war,
have uniformly charged us with a want of spirit. And
should we not give them just reason to suppose that the
426 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
charge was well grounded, if, as soon as they who pretend
to have been a restraint upon our inclinations, have re-
treated, we give a loose to the wanton dictates of our passion
and revenge ? Let us examine what we owe to ourselves
as men of sense and humanity, and what is due to the dig-
nity of the State, rather than what such offenders deserve
to suffer from our hands for their manifold misdeeds.
" I have already, gentlemen, taken up so much of your
time, that I will not delay you longer than to take a cur-
sory view of the duties incumbent on you as a grand jury,
and to recapitulate the offences cognizable by you.
" You are entitled, according to the uniform and estab-
lished custom of this State, to the privilege of first enquiring
into the crimes committed within the jurisdiction of this
Court. And the oath which has been just administered to
you, requires your diligence and activity in investigating the
truth of all such matters and things as shall be given you
in charge, or shall come to your knowledge, in examining
the evidences which are brought against the accused, and in
forming a conscientious decision, after mature deliberation,
upon the testimony supporting these allegations, or upon
the knowledge which you yourselves have respecting the
subjects of your inquiry.
" It is then prescribed to you to make a true and just
report thereof, for your determination (formed privately
amongst yourselves, and in which twelve of your number
must indispensably concur to give weight and effect to the
indictments) is the great spring that sets in motion all the
wheels of prosecution. Your reports furnish the Court with
subject-matter to proceed on, are the first means of intro-
ducing the citizen into a secure situation, and lay the foun-
dation of bringing offenders to their merited punishment.
But it is not to be understood that you are to make so
minute an investigation into such matters as are the proper
subjects of your inquiry, as to establish the fact itself. You
are to find the bill, though founded only on probable grounds
of suspicion, that the accused is guilty. For, notwithstand-
ing the Petit Jury cannot exceed the crime laid in your
indictment, yet they have the power, nevertheless, of ex-
tending it to the least degree of offence that can be in that
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 427
kind. Your report, therefore, is an information or declara-
tion in favor of the State (founded upon anexparte inquiry
against the accused, which precludes the least possible chance
of an offender escaping without punishment. And in
conformity to that wise maxim which declares, that it is
better that ten guilty men should elude the justice of the
courts of law, than that one innocent person should suffer
uiimeritedly, it is likewise preferable that ten guiltless per-
sons should undergo the inconvenience of an examination
before you, than that one offender should triumph in his
crimes with impunity. Since, therefore, you are authorized
to examine only the evidences against the prisoner, and that
your verdict can neither acquit nor convict, it is not neces-
sary that you should find the specific crime of which the
prisoner stands accused. For instance, if one has by acci-
dent killed a person, it does not lie with you to discriminate
the degree of offence.
" You are further, gentlemen, obliged by virtue of your
oath, to be secret in your councils, and silent upon the rea-
sons of your decisions ; unless the Court demand some
questions of you. You should not divulge whatever has
been debated upon in the course of your business, nor the
sentiments which are delivered ; nor make public the per-
sons who made use of these arguments, nor the opinions
which you yourselves held in discussion of the point in
question : for certain it is, that such discovery is accompa-
nied by perjury. The remainder of the oath illustrates with
what integrity you ought to conduct yourselves in the execu-
tion of your duty.
" You must not suffer your minds to be clouded by the
passions, but suppress all emanations of prejudice or malice,
and give a full and absolute sway to the dictates of reason
and justice. You must not omit presenting for punishment
offenders against the law, either through partiality, favor,
love, reward, or any expectation thereof.
" This, I confess, is a very difficult task ; but, notwith-
standing the repugnant impulses of our tender nature, be
assured that your oath will cause you to make a free inquiry,
and to deliver a just account of the result. For it is also
enjoined you to present the truth, the whole truth, and
428 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
nothing but the truth, according to the best of your skill
and knowledge. If, therefore, there is any mental reserva-
tion, any concealment of the truth, or any part thereof, any
suppression of facts which have come within your own
knowledge, you betray the trust which your country has
generously committed to your prudence, fidelity, and in-
tegrity.
" But, at the same time that you are required to present
all that you shall learn relative to the subject of your inqui-
ries, you shall not report anything but what is true ; that is,
no known falsity, no unjust accusation, which might be the
occasion of drawing on an innocent person the suspicion of
being criminal, and of subjecting him to the reproaches of
his fellow- citizens. For it is as much incumbent on you
to protect the virtuous, as to accuse and bring to trial the
guilty transgressor.
" If, therefore, it appears to you that the evidences are
false, or that the charges appear founded in prejudice and
malice, you ought to present such notorious offender. The
consideration of this part of your duty, is a sufficient com-
pensation to the generous and humane, for the disagreeable
office imposed upon you of pointing out the wicked for the
animadversion of the Court, since nothing surely can yield
a more substantial gratification to virtuous minds, than the
reflection that, besides being naturally possessed of the
inclination, the laws of the country have invested them with
the power of shielding the weak, unprotected, and honest
from the calumnies and unmerited aspersions of the base
and flagitious.
" The crimes which are cognizable by you are two-fold :
the first are capital, for which the offender loses his life ; the
second are fineable, to answer which the goods and lands of
the guilty are subject, and to the fine is sometimes annexed
corporeal punishment.
" It will be sufficient, at present, that I only mention to
you in general terms, the denominations of the crimes which
comprise many more of an inferior degree. The capital
offences are felony; the fineable offences are those com-
mitted against the public justice, against the public peace,
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 429
against the public profit, against the public health, and also
such as introduce nuisances to the damage and destruction
of the property of the good citizens of this State.
" And now, gentlemen, I take my leave of you, congra-
tulating you on the great event, which we have been so
instrumental in accomplishing by the succor of divine Pro-
vidence.
" It is with pleasure we look back upon the difficulties
and dangers we have been obliged to undergo in the esta-
blishment of our independence, and our perils and labors
for the sake of our country, will render it dearer to us. Let
us therefore exert ourselves to cherish and preserve that
freedom, which has cost us such an expenditure of blood and
treasure. Let us emulate those martial efforts of which we
now are experiencing the benefits, and endeavor to secure
the civil peace, order, and tranquillity of the State. The
former have made us a free people ; the latter will render us
for ever happy."
This charge, in the generous feelings and moral courage
exhibited, was highly honorable to the character of the
judge ; and though doubtless, with other efforts of the kind,
productive of beneficial results, could not allay the deep
feelings of animosity and revenge which had taken posses-
sion of many of the people, or save society from the unhappy
scenes attending the redress of a varied class of wrongs
sustained during the war, which the ordinary administration
of justice could not possibly reach. Only the lapse of time
could extinguish resentment, and the passing away of the
actors in other days, bring repose. For more than a gene-
ration, the evil was sorely felt.
The grand jury made the following presentments :
" State of South Carolina. We, the Grand Jurors for
the District of Cheraws, present, as a grievance, the want of
a road leading from the Long Bluff Court-house, the most
direct way to Camden ; also, another road, leading from the
Long Bluff Court-house to Murray's Ferry on Santee; like-
wise, another road leading from Kolb's Ferry to Rain's Bridge
on Gum Swamp, to meet a road leading from Cross Creek
to that place.
430 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
" II. We present, as a grievance, the want of a bridge
over Black Creek, on the road leading from the Long Bluff
to George-town.
" III. We present, as a grievance, the dangerous naviga-
tion of the River Pedee, arising from the great number of
logs lodged in the different parts of the same.
" IV. We present, as a very great grievance, the want of
the laws now in force in this State to be printed, and the
magistrates and other officers to be furnished with the
same.
" V. We return our most hearty thanks to his honor, the
judge, for his learned charge delivered to the grand jury,
and request that it, together with these, our presentments,
be printed in the Gazettes.
" George Hicks, Foreman.
Morgan Brown.
Moses Pearson.
Richard Brockington.
Thomas Lide.
Tristram Thomas.
Philip Pledger.
John Pledger.
Thomas Ellerbe.
Aaron Daniel.
Joseph Ellison.
John Andrews.
William Ellerbe.
John Westfield.
John M'Call."
At the following Session of the Legislature, January,
1784, Thomas Powe was appointed Commissioner of Loca-
tion for Cheraw District. Under an Act passed to regulate
the inspection and exportation of tobacco, the growth and
produce of this State, and for other purposes, a warehouse
or warehouses were ordered to be established at Cheraw
Hill ; and Benjamin Hicks, jun., John Westfield, and Wil-
liam Pegues appointed inspectors. The presentments of the
Grand Jury of Cheraws, the November previous, called the
attention of the Legislature to the important subject of
making some provision for improving the navigation of the
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 431
Pedee. The matter had been pressed upon it before, but no
relief yet afforded. In an ordinance passed on the 26th of
March of this session, for appointing commissioners to clear
out certain streams, the Great Pedee was included. Ben-
jamin Hicks, sen., George Hicks, Thomas Powe, William
Kershaw, and William Pegues, were the commissioners ap-
pointed under the same for Cheraws District, and empowered
to contract for the removal of all obstructions in the Pedee
as high up as the North Carolina line ; and for that pur-
pose were authorized to draw on the Treasury for any sum
of money not exceeding 300/. sterling.
Of the action of the commissioners, nothing is known.
The same subject, as will be seen, continued to receive the
attention of the Legislature ; but, either from the want of
adequate appropriations, or the inefficient execution of the
work, or other causes perhaps beyond the control of those
entrusted with it, the navigation of the river continued to
be seriously obstructed until a period long subsequent. By
an ordinance passed the following year, for clearing out
certain rivers, Benjamin Hicks, sen., George Hicks, Thomas
Powe, William Pegues, Captain William M'Cotry, James
Grier, Francis Greaves, Colonel John Ervin, Colonel Hugh
Giles, Henry Davis, sen., and Archibald Odom, were ap-
pointed commissioners for making navigable the Great
Pedee from Euhany to the North Carolina line. To defray
the expense thereof, they were authorized to assess what far-
ther sum might be requisite on all lands, in proportion to
their value, as assessed for the payment of the general tax,
situated within six miles of the said river, from Euhany to
the Warhee Bluff, and within ten miles of said river, from
the said Bluff upwards ; and on all male inhabitants, from
sixteen to fifty years of age, living within six miles of the
river, from Euhany to the Warhees, and within ten miles
from the Warhees upwards. They were also authorized to
make the like assessment afterwards, from time to time, to
keep the river navigable. The history of the legislation of
the State on this subject, like that of some of its judicial
decisions, will be found to have gone through a certain
course of changes, returning at last to the plan first adopted,
as the courts have done to principles, once established, then
432 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
modified, and finally made the settled rule of law. Com-
missioners were first appointed to improve the navigation of
the river, then a board of public works, than a general
superintendent, and at length, after the failure of these
plans to a great extent, commissioners, as at the beginning,
the system of all others that has proved most effective.
At an election for the Legislature, held on the 29th and 30th
of November, 1784, William Dewitt was returned Senator,
and Morgan Brown, Elias Du Bose, Colonel Lemuel Ben-
ton, William Pegues, Thomas Powe, and Calvin Spencer,
Representatives for St. David's Parish. One of the seats
having been subsequently vacated, Tristram Thomas was
elected a member for the session of the following year. The
Legislature met on the 20th of January. On the 29th of
that month, Captain Dewitt, who was sheriff of Cheraws at
the time of his election, appeared, and having taken the
oath, informed the House of the fact ; upon which, it was
resolved, that, agreeably to the constitution, he was not
qualified to take his seat. Having returned home, and re-
signed the office of sheriff, he was re-elected, and took his
seat in March. Allen Chapman was elected Sheriff, and
George Hicks, Robert Lide, and William Thomas, Commis-
sioners of Caveats for Cheraw District.
The Session of 1785 was rendered memorable by the
passage of the celebrated County Court Act. As the
population of the country extended, the Circuit Court
system, established in 1769, was found inadequate to the
due and equal administration of justice. To remedy this
evil, it was proposed to establish Courts of Inferior Jurisdic-
tion, after the model of the County Court system of
Virginia and North Carolina. Mr. Justice Pendleton, one
of the Associate Judges, and an active member of the
House of Representatives (for these offices were not then
incompatible) was the able advocate of this scheme. By
his influence and strenuous exertions, it was adopted.*
By this Act, it was provided "that the District of
Cheraws should be divided into three counties, that is to
say, one county lying and being on the south-east side of
* Introduction to Brevard's " Digest," p. xw.
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 433
Pedee River, bounding on the said river on the one side,
the district line of George-town on the other side,
and on the other side, the North Carolina boundary, and
shall be called and known by the name of Marlborough
County ; one other county, beginning at the mouth of
Cedar Creek, on Pedee River, thence up to the head of the
southernmost branch of the said creek, and thence by
direct line to the fork of Lynche's Creek, being the upper
county of the said northern division of the District, and
shall be called by the name of Chesterfield; one other
county, beginning at the mouth of Cedar Creek, thence
down Pedee to the District line, thence along the said line
to Lynched Creek, thence up the same to the fork, being
the lower county of the said division, and shall be called
Darlington County/' By the 11 sec. of the Act, the Justices
of the said counties were empowered to build Court
Houses, &c., to cause taxes to be laid for the erection of
public buildings, and to select for the same the most con-
venient part of each county. The County Courts, thus
established, were to be held once in every three months, by
the justices of the peace of the several counties respec-
tively ; and their jurisdiction extended to the hearing and
determination of all causes at common law, to any amount
where the debt was liquidated by bond or note of hand, or
where the damages in certain actions did not exceed fifty
pounds, and in other personal actions where the damages
did not exceed twenty pounds, or where the titles of land
did not come in question. In criminal cases their jurisdic-
tion was extremely limited. The modes of proceeding were
prescribed, the forms of process, and the manner of trial. The
right of appeal to the superior, or Circuit Courts was provided.' 3 *'
On the 21st of March, the joint committee of the Senate
and House, appointed for that purpose, reported a list of
justices for the several counties. For Marlborough, Claudius
Pegues, sen., Geo. Hicks, Morgan Brown, Tristram Thomas,
Claudius Pegues, jun., Moses Pearson, and Thomas Evans.
For Chesterfield County, Thomas Powe, William Pegues,
Benjamin Jackson, William Strother, Calvin Spencer, Joseph
Pledger, and Charles Evans.
* Introduction to Brevard's " Digest/' p. xvi.
F P
434 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
For Darlington County, William Dewitt, Lemuel Benton,
Zachariah Nettles, James P. Wilson, Elias Du Bose, Robert
Lide, and Charles Dewitt.
The office of justice, under this Act, was one of high
trust, and much importance. Men of experience and posi-
tion were selected. The school of the Revolution had
brought out conspicuously not a few citizens of solid judg-
ment and unblemished integrity on the Pedee. At no
period since, perhaps, in proportion to the population, have
as many such characters been known.
For the Court House of Marlborough, a location was first
made near Gardner's Bluff, the most of the settlements
being then on the river, or in the region adjacent. After-
wards, it was removed lower down, to the site of the old
Court House, as it has since been known, on the main
river road, above Crooked Creek ; and there continued until
the extreme unhealthiness of that locality rendered a change
necessary, the population also having extended out from the
river into the pine lands ; and the present country seat,
Bennettsville, was selected. For Chesterfield, the site of
the present Court House was chosen. For Darlington,
there was some difficulty in effecting an agreement among
the justices. Col. Benton made strenuous efforts to have
the location fixed at Mechanicsville. Elias DuBose, an in-
fluential justice, was as anxious to have Coffee Town, a point
on Swift Creek, six miles above the present Court House,
selected. As a compromise, the present site, nearly midway
between the other two, was chosen. So sparse were the
settlements in that neighbourhood, that only a few years
before, nothing but an old Indian trail led from that point
to Camden. The Courts for Marlborough were to be holden
on the 1st Mondays in March, June, September, and Decem-
ber. For Chesterfield, on the 2nd Mondays of the same
months ; and for Darlington, on the 3rd Tuesdays in January,
April, July, and October.
Such records of the County Courts as have been pre-
served, exhibit but little matter of interest. The country
was sorely embarrassed with debt, and suits were numerous.
There were many prosecutions in the County Courts, par-
ticularly for cow stealing, which appears at that period to
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 435
have been the most frequent crime. The only presentment
which has been found, was one made in Chesterfield, March
13, 1787; and the only subject matter of it, certain per-
sons therein named, as having been guilty of offences
against the public morals. The grand jury on this occa-
sion, so far as the names appear on the records, consisted
of the following persons :
Thomas Ellerbe, Foreman.
Wm. Lyons.
Ephrairn Home.
Abraham Cook.
John Evans.
Thomas Leonard.
Benjamin Outlaw.
Jason Meadow.
Joel Yarborough.
Joseph Booth.
Joseph PowelL
John Blakeney.
Moses Hollis.
John Carter.
Many of the records of Chesterfield County remain in a
good state of preservation. But few are to be found in the
public offices of Marlborough, and unfortunately for the
history of justice as administered in Cheraws District, all
the Circuit Court records, with those of Darlington County,
were destroyed by the burning of the Court House about
1804.* The fire occurred during Court week, and an old
woman, who was party to a cause then pending, and whose
interest it was to get rid of the records of the Court, was
suspected of having been privy to the burning. Beyond
this suspicion, however, no clue was ever discovered as to
the origin of the conflagration.
* A strong wind blew in the direction of the gaol, carrying a burning shingle
to the roof and setting it in a blaze. The late John D. Witherspoon, of Society
Hill (who related the circumstances to the Author), was present, and being then
a young man, and of great activity and decision, rendered very efficient service
on the occasion. There being no ladder at band, he ascended by a smooth pole
to the roof of the gaol, and saved it, with the prisoners in it, from destruction.
The loss of documentary matter, connected with the history of the Pedee, was
irreparable.
PF2
436 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
The Circuit Court for Cheraws District continued to sit
at Long Bluff. The lawyers whose names appear in the
records of this period at the Cheraws Bar, were Elihu Hall
Bay, Joseph Brevard, Thomas Waties, and Thomas Parker ;
a few years later those of William Falconer and John
Dibble are frequently mentioned, and John Caulkins. By the
close of the century a number of others were added to the list.
In 1785 there was no resident lawyer within the bounds
of Cheraw District.
The three counties are supposed to have been named,
respectively, in honor of the Duke of Marlborough, the
Earl of Chesterfield, and Col. Darlington, who distinguished
himself in the war of the Bevolution.* By the County
Court Act, that portion of the Judicial District of George-
town, now constituting Marion District, was formed into a
county under the name of Liberty Precinct, and the site of
the present Court House selected. The name was most
appropriately given, as in that region, under Marion, the
struggle for liberty on the Pedee was chiefly waged.
About this time the name of Greenville appears for the
first in the records of the day instead of Long Bluff as
before. It was so called in honor of Gen. Green, to whom
South Carolina was largely indebted for the successful issue
of the struggle which secured her independence.
The St. David's Society, which had been suspended
during the latter years of the war, was now revived, and
immediately took rank among the most distinguished schools
of learning in the State.
From its walls, in subsequent years, went forth those
who were to fill the highest positions of usefulness and dis-
tinction in Carolina.
The following notice appeared in the South Carolina
Gazette and Public Advertiser of Aug. 13, 1785 :
" The St. David's Society met on the 23rd ultimo, at
Greenville, in the District of Cheraw, and chose the follow-
ing gentlemen as officers for the year then commencing :
James P. Wilson, Esq. ; President; William Dewitt, Esq.,
Vice-President ; Thomas Powe, Esq., Treasurer ; and Evan-
Mill's " Statistics of So. Ca.," p. 512.
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 437
der Mlver, Secretary. They also appointed the following
gentlemen a committee to superintend the erection of suit-
able buildings, engage tutors, &c. Thomas Powe and Wil-
liam Dewitt, Esqrs., Rev. Edmund Botsford, Mr. Abel
Edwards, and Mr. Evander M'lver. This laudable society,
formed for the benevolent purpose of erecting an academy,
was instituted in the year 1778 ; but, owing to the calamities
of the late war, had been entirely neglected. However, we
hope, from its happy revival, and the very liberal subscrip-
tions already made, that it will soon flourish, and that their
intended plans may be prosecuted and carried into effect/'
In the following year William Pegues, Esq., was elected
President, Samuel Wilds, Treasurer, and'Enoch Evans, senr.,
Secretary ; which offices the two latter continued to hold for
years afterwards.
Andrew M'Culley took charge of the academy in the
early part of 1786, and taught until October of the follow-
ing year. Of Mr. M'Culley nothing more is known than
that he appears to have discharged his duties to the satis-
faction of the society. He was succeeded for a short time
by Ezekiel Hitchcock, who had probably been his assistant,
Eli King was Principal for three years, beginning with
1788. He was from New England, and a friend of Thomas
Park, who succeeded him in 1791. Samuel Wilds assisted
Mr. King in 1788, and was afterwards, for a time, the Prin-
cipal. Mr. King, after giving up the school, embarked in
mercantile pursuits. Thomas Park had charge of St. David's
from 1791 to 1800. About that time he engaged with Mr.
King in business. Better fitted, however, for teaching
than merchandizing, their enterprise proved a failure. Mr.
Park then took charge of the academy at Ebenezer, in the
lower part of Darlington, and was transferred from that
position, upon the organization of the South Carolina College,
to the Professorship of Languages, having been elected in
November, 1806. There he continued in the uninterrupted
discharge of duty until 1834-5. He was then elected
Treasurer and Librarian of the College, and faithfully dis-
charged the duties of these offices until his death in 1844,
in the 79th year of his age. Mr. Park was a native of
Uxbridge, Massachusetts, and graduated at Brown Univer-
438 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
sity, Providence, E.I., in 1791. In the latter part of that
year he came to the Pedee. Without experience as a
teacher, but with a well-trained mind, correct scholarship,
particularly in the ancient classics, and a conscientious
devotion to duty never surpassed, he entered at once upon
that highly useful and most successful career as a teacher
of youth, which was only to terminate with his declining
strength more than forty years afterwards. With neither
genius nor learning, few men did more than Thomas Park for
the education of the youth of Carolina, and no one ever
retired from a position so difficult to fill, whether in the
academy or the college, with a larger share of the confi-
dence and affection of those with whom he had been con-
nected. A just and beautiful tribute has been paid to his
character and services by Professor Laborde in his History
of the South Carolina College. It was a tribute richly
deserved, and touchingly rendered by the writer of that work.
Mr. Park was succeeded in St. David's by the Rev. Frame
Wood, who continued in charge until 1804. He was fol-
lowed by Enoch Hanford in 1804-5, and the latter by Elias
Jones in 1806-7.
After the revival of St. David's, in 1785, it continued to
flourish. Public examinations were held annually, and com-
mittees appointed to act on such occasions. The exhibitions
of the pupils excited much interest in the country around
for a considerable distance, and were numerously attended.
The records of its early history would serve as a model for
many of the academies of more recent times, which, though
more pretentious, are not so thoroughly conducted as was
this noted school of old.
In 1795, an Act was passed by the Legislature, providing
that all the confiscated property to which the State was
then entitled in the Circuit Court District of Cheraws, as
also all the property already escheated, or which might there-
after escheat, should be invested in the incorporated society
of St. David's.
Death had already made sad havoc among the members
of the society. Between the years 1780 and 1788, the fol-
lowing, as entered on the records, had died, viz. : General
Alexander M'Intosh, Colonel Thomas Lide, Abel Wilds,
HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS. 439
William Terrell, Thomas Evans, sen., Joshua Edwards,
Colonel Abel Kolb, Thomas James, Captain Philip Pledger,
Richard Hodge, Charles Mason, Joshua Terrell, Captain
Edward Jones, Philip Singleton, William Blassingame, Rev.
John Conner, Adam Cusack, Hugh Jones, Benjamin William-
son, Captain Edmund Irby, Charles Irby, Captain George
King, Captain Simon Connell, and John Thompson.
The following members were dismissed from the society
at their own request, for the most part, doubtless, because
of the distance at which they lived, rendering it incon-
venient to attend the meetings : May 3rd, 1787 Benjamin
Rogers, Colonel George Hicks, Colonel Lemuel Benton,
Captain William Pegues ; May 1st, 1788 Major Robert
Lide, Captain Thomas Ellerbe, William Ellerbe, Captain
Benjamin Hicks, Josiah Evans; May 6th, 1790 Alexander
Craig, David Roach, Jesse Wilds ; June 18th, 1791 William
Thomas; August 6th, 1792 Rev. Evan Pugh, and Major
John Kimbrough.
The following were members after 1788 : Daniel Sparks,
Rev. Elhanan Winchester, William Dewitt, Rev. Evan Pugh,
Nathanael Saunders, John Hodge, Abel Edwards, Thomas
Powe, John O'Neal, William Thomas, Jeremiah Brown,
John Kimbrough, Peter Allston, Charles Gee, Claudius
Pegues, James Blassingame, John M'Call, David Roach,
Jethro Moore, Alexander Craig, Robert Gibson, Moses
Pearson, Rev. Edmund Botsford, Morgan Brown, Evander
M'lver, James P. Wilson, Maurice Murphy, Peter Kolb,
Benjamin James, Tristram Thomas, Jesse Wilds, Benjamin
Kolb, Thomas Evans, Enoch Evans, sen., Enoch Evans,
jun., Samuel Wilds, Edward Duke, Henry Clark, and William
Falconer.
The cause of religion partook largely of the general de-
pression caused by the troubled state of things during the
Revolution. After the resignation of Mr. Winchester, in
September, 1779, the Rev. Edmund Botsford took charge
of the Welch Neck Church. Mr. Botsford was very highly
esteemed. He remained until the 1st June, 1780, when,
upon the threatened approach of the British troops, he went
to Virginia; returning to Pedee, however, in 1782. During
his absence, the church was supplied a part of the time by
440 HISTORY OF THE OLD CHERAWS.
the Rev. Joshua Lewis, an excellent man, who long con-
tinued his faithful labors in this region. It is mentioned
in the records of the church, that of the 220 white members
l